新视角研究生英语2加课文翻译1——10单元

1 大学课堂：还有人在听吗？

Toward the middle of the semester,Fowkes fell ill and missed a class. When he returned, the professor nodded vaguely and,to Fowkes’s astonishment,began to deliver not the next lecture in the sequence but the one after. Had he,in fact,lectured to an empty hall in the absence of his solitary student? Fowkes thought it perfectly possible.

在学期中间，Fowkes因病缺了一次课。他回到课堂的时候，教授毫无表情地向他点了点头。接着令Fowkes大吃一惊的是，教授并没有按照顺序讲下一课，而是讲了后面一课。难道他真的在他唯一的学生缺席的情况下对着空教室讲了一课？Fowkes认为这太有可能了。

Today American colleges and universities (originally modeled on German ones) are under strong attack from many quarters. Teachers,it is charged,are not doing a good job of teaching,and students are not doing a good job of learning. American businesses and industries suffer from unenterprising,uncreative executives educated not to think for themselves but to mouth outdated truisms the rest of the world has long discarded. College graduates lack both basic skills and general culture. Studies are conducted and reports are issued on the status of higher education,but any changes that result either are largely cosmetic or make a bad situation worse.

今天美国的大学（原本是以德国的大学为模型的）受到了各方面的严厉指责。人们指责老师没有教好，学生没有学好。美国的商业和工业饱受无进取心的、缺乏创造力的管理人员之苦，这些人受的教育是自己不用思考，而是说一些过时的、在世界上其他地方早已抛弃的陈词滥调。大学毕业生即没有基本技能也没有全面修养。有人对高等教育的状况做了研究并发表了报告，但由此引发的变化很大程度上不是表面的，就是使已经糟糕的情形变得更糟。

One aspect of American education too seldom challenged is the lecture system. Professors continue to lecture and students to take notes much as they did in the thirteenth century,when books were so scarce and expensive that few students could own them. The time is long overdue for us to abandon the lecture system and turn to methods that really work.

美国教育中很少被挑战的方面是讲课制度。教授不停地讲，学生不停地记笔记，就想十三世纪时的情形一样，那时因为课本缺乏又昂贵，很少有学生买得起。我们早就该舍弃讲课制度，开始使用真正有用的方法。

Some days Mary sits in the front row,from where she can watch the professor read from

a stack of yellowed notes that seem nearly as old as he is. She is bored by the lectures, and so are most of the other students,to judge by the way they are nodding off or doodling in their notebooks. Gradually she realizes the professor is as bored as his audience. At the end of each lecture he asks,“Are there any questions?”in a tone of voice that makes it plain he would much rather there weren’t. He needn’t worry—the students are as relieved as he is that the class is over.

有几天玛丽坐在前排，她可以看到教授在读一叠几乎和他年纪一样老的发黄的讲义。她听课听烦了，其他大部分同学也听烦了，这从他们的行为中可以做出判断：他们要么在打盹，要么在笔记本上涂鸦。渐渐地她意识到教授和他的听众一样感到无聊。每次课结束时他都问道：“有问题吗？”他的语气明显表明他更希望没有问题。他不必担心，学生和他一样感到下课是一种解脱。

Mary knows very well she should read an assignment before every lecture. However, as the professor gives no quizzes and asks no questions,she soon realizes she needn’t prepare. At the end of term she catches up by skimming her notes and memorizing a list of facts and dates. After the final exam,she promptly forgets much of what she has memorized. Some of her follow students,disappointed at the impersonality of it all,drop out of college altogether. Others,like Mary ,stick it out,grow resigned to the system and await better days when,as juniors and seniors,they will attend smaller classes and at last get the kind of personal attention real learning requires.

玛丽清楚的知道她应该在每次上课前阅读布置的作业。但是，因为教授不做小测验也不提问，她很快就认识到她不必准备。学期末她只要看看笔记，再记记一些事件、年代就可以跟上进度。期末考试后她会立刻忘掉她背下来的大部分内容。她的有些同学对这种无人情味的学习很失望，干脆辍学。其他人像玛丽一样坚持下来，无奈地接受了这种制度，等待着到大三大四时的好日子，那时他们就会有较小的班级，最终也会得到真正的学习所需要的那种针对个人的关注。

I admit this picture is overdrawn—most universities supplement lecture courses with discussion groups,usually led by graduate students;and some classes such as first-year English and always relatively small. Nevertheless,far too many courses rely principally or entirely on lectures,an arrangement much loved by faculty and administrators but scarcely designed to benefit the students.

我承认上面的描述言过其实。大多数大学有讨论课来补充听力课，通常讨论课是由研究

生主持的。而且有些班级，如一年级的英语课，也总是相对较小的。但是，还有太多的课主要或者完全依赖于讲课，这种安排受到教师和管理人员的青睐，但绝不是为学生的利益而设计的。

One problem with lectures is that listening intelligently is hard work. Reading the same material in a textbook is a more efficient way to learn because students can proceed as slowly as they need to until the subject matter become clear to them. Even simply paying attention is very difficult;people can listen at a rate of four hundred to six hundred words a minute,while the most impassioned professor talks at scarcely a third of that speed. This time lag between speech and comprehension leads to daydreaming. Many students believe years of watching television have sabotaged their attention span,out their real problem is that listening attentively is much harder than they think.

听课存在的一个问题是：会听是件很难的事。阅读课本中的相同内容是更有效的学习方法，因为学生可以根据其需要慢慢阅读直到他们理解这些内容，甚至仅仅做到专心听课都很难。人听的速度可以达到每分钟400---600个词，而最富有激情的教授说话的速度也很难达到这个速度的1/3。讲课和理解之间的时间差异导致开小差。很多学生认为多年来看电视已经削弱了他们保持注意力的能力。但是他们真正的问题是专心听课比他们认为的要难得多。

Worse still,attending lectures is passive learning,at least for inexperienced listeners. Active learning,in which students write essays or perform experiments and them have their work evaluated by an instructor,is far more beneficial for those who have not yet fully learned how to learn. While it’s true that techniques of active listening,such as trying to anticipate the speaker’s next point or taking notes selectively,can enhance the value of a lecture,few students possess such skills at the beginning of their college careers. More commonly, students try to write everything down and even bring tape recorders to class in a clumsy effort to capture every word.

更糟的是，听课是被动学习，至少对没有经验的听众如此。主动学习时学生些文章或做实验，然后由教师评价他们的作业，因此主动学习对那些还没有完全学会如何学习的学生来说益处要大得多。的确，积极听讲的技巧，如设法预测说话人的下一个要点或有选择的记笔记，能够提高听课的价值，但是很少有学生在大学学习的开始阶段就已经掌握了这些技巧。更为常见的是学生试图写下所有的内容，甚至还带着录音机去听课，以这种笨拙的方式来记录每个词。

Students need to question their professors and to have their ideas taken seriously. Only then will they develop the analytical skills required to think intelligently and creatively. Most students learn best by engaging in frequent and even heated debate,not by scribbling

down a professor’s often unsatisfactory summary of complicated issues. They need small discussion classes that demand the common labors of teacher and students rather than classes in which one person,however learned,propounds his or her own ideas.

学生需要向教授提问，也需要别人重视他们的想法。只有这样他们才能开发出聪明的、创造性的思考所必需的分析能力。大多数学生通过参加频繁的、甚至激烈的辩论才会学的更好，而不是通过胡乱记下教授对复杂事件所作出的常常不能令人满意的总结，他们需要小型讨论课，这种课需要教师和学生的共同努力，他们不需要那种让一个人提出自己观点的课堂，无论这个人多么有学识。

The lecture system ultimately harms professors as well. It reduces feedback to a minimum,so that the lecturer can neither judge how well students understand the material nor benefit from their questions or comments. Questions that require the speaker to clarify obscure points and comments that challenge sloppily constructed arguments are indispensable to scholarship. Without them,the liveliest mind can atrophy. Undergraduates may not be able to make telling contributions very often,but lecturing insulates a professor even from the beginner’s na?ve question that could have triggered a fruitful line of thought.

讲课制度最终也会危害到教授们。反馈减少到了最低点，因此讲课者既不能判断学生对材料的了解程度，也不能受益于学生的提问或评论。学生要求说话者澄清模糊论点所提出的问题，以及挑战结构松散的论据的评论，这对于学术是必不可少的。没有这些，最活跃的头脑也会萎缩。大学生也许还不能够常常做出显著的贡献，但是讲课把教授同新生天真的问题阻隔开了，而这些问题很可能会引起一系列思考。

If lectures make so little sense,why have they been allowed to continue?Administrators love them,of course. They can cram far more students into a lecture hall than into a discussion class,and for many administrators that is almost the end of the story. But the truth is that faculty members,and even students,conspire with them to keep the lecture system alive and well. Lectures are easier on everyone than debates. Professors can pretend to teach by lecturing just as students can pretend to learn by attending lectures,with no one the wiser,including the participants. Moreover,if lectures afford some students an opportunity to sit back and let the professor run the show,they offer some professors an irresistible forum for showing off. In a classroom where everyone contributes,students are less able to hide and professors less tempted to engage in intellectual exhibitionism.

如果说讲课如此不同情理，为什么还一直允许继续下去呢？当然是因为教学管理者喜欢了。他们可以把更多的学生塞进演讲厅，而无法把这么多学生塞进讨论班。对许多管理者而言，这基本上就是他们所关心的了。但是，事实上，教师，甚至学生和管理者联合起来使得这一制度继续存在，且运行的很好。对任何人来说，讲课都比辩论容易。教授可以通过讲课假装在教，就像学生可以通过听课假装在学，这一点没有人意识到，包括参与者（指老师和学生）。此外，如果听课给某些学生袖手旁观，而让老师唱主角的机会，这也给一些教授提

供了炫耀其才学的不可抗拒的舞台。如果课堂上人人参与，学生就无法躲藏，教授也不太会被吸引去进行学识上的自我表现。

Smaller classes in which students are required to involve themselves in discussion put an end to students’passivity. Students become actively involved when forced to question their own ideas as well as their instructor’s. their listening skills improve dramatically in the excitement of intellectual give-and-take with their instructors and yellow students. Such interchanges help professors do their job better because they allow them to discover who knows what—before final exams,not after. When exams are given in this type of course, they can require analysis and synthesis from the students,not empty memorization. Classes like this require energy,imagination,and commitment from professors,all of which can be exhausting. But they compel students to share responsibility for their own intellectual growth.

如果班级较小又要求学生参加讨论，这就会消除学生的被动性。学生被迫对他们自己和老师的思想表示怀疑时，他们就变得主动参与了。他们听的技巧在与老师和同学的学术交流所带来的刺激中大大得到提高。这种交替互动能够帮助教师做得更好，因为他们会发现谁知道什么---在期末考试前，而不是之后。这种形式的课程考试要求学生分析和综合，而不是空洞的记忆。这样的课程需要教授们的活力、想象力和投入，所有这些都会令人精疲力竭的。但是，这也使得学生为他们自己的学术成长分担责任。

Lectures will never entirely disappear from the university scene both because they seem to be economically necessary and because they spring from a long tradition in a setting that values tradition for its own sake. But the lectures too frequently come at the wrong end of the students’educational careers—during the first two years,when they most need close,even individual,instruction. If lecture classes were restricted to juniors and seniors, who are less in need of scholarly nurturing and more able to prepare work on their own, they would be far less destructive of students’interests and enthusiasms than the present system. After all,students much learn to listen before they can listen to learn.

讲课这一方式不会完全从大学消失。一是因为讲课似乎从经济角度考虑是必需的，二是讲课起源于悠久的传统，而且人们又把传统本身看得很重。但是，讲课通常出现在学生接受教育生涯的错误的那一端------在大学的第一和第二年。那时他们最需要密切是甚至是针对个体的辅导。如果讲课这一形式局限于三、四年级的学生，则对学生的兴趣和热情的破坏力会比目前的制度小得多，因为三、四年级的学生不太需要学科上的指导与帮助，而且更有能力自己制定学习计划。毕竟，学生在能够从听讲课中学到知识之前必须先学会去听。

课后翻译

1、那位教授很可能在他唯一的学生缺席的情况下对着空空的教室讲了一课。

The professor might probably have delivered his lecture to the empty classroom in the

absence of his solitary student.。

2、现行的教育体制遭到了公众的批评，公众已经开始意识到这种体制给学生带来的危害。

The present educational system has been under attack from the public,who have begun to realize the harm the system has done to students.

3、老师告诉这些大四学生他每次都会点名，因为这门课是必须要听的。

The professor told those seniors that he would take attendance every time because attendance at this course was compulsory.

4、我真想参加你的乔迁聚会。但是很抱歉我无法去, 因为我有一大堆事情要做。

I’d love to go to your housewarming party,but I’m sorry I can’t make it because I’ve got a stack of things to do.

5、中学辍学的年青人可以上夜校或通过电大和函授课程恢复他们的学业。

Youths who dropped out of middle school can resume their studies at night school or through television and correspondence courses.

6、她不喜欢那位著名作家的讲座，但她为了在讲座后得到他的签名还是耐着性子听完了。

She didn’t like the famous writer’s lecture,but she stuck it out to get the writer’s autograph after the lecture.

7、我对讲座制所体现的冷漠无情非常失望，但是最终我还是无奈接受了它，并耐心等待成

为大三的学生。

I was disappointed at the impersonality of the lecture system,but eventually I grew resigned to the system and waited patiently to become a junior.

8、我们不得不承认讲座体制会把教师和学生天真的问题隔绝开来，而这些问题很可能会引

起学生很多有用的想法。

We have to admit that the lecture system insulates a teacher from students’naive questions,which could have triggered a line of useful thought.

9、我不同意那些评论家的意见。你得出的结论绝不是没有价值的。对我而言，这些结论很

有道理。

I don’t agree with those critics’opinions. Your conclusions are far from wort hless;they make a good deal of sense to me.

10、为了学生本身的缘故，应该在第一节课就告诉他们这门课的目的，内容以及要通过

这门课的要求。

For the sake of the students,they should be told on the first class about the objective

and content of the course and the requirements to pass the course.

3濒危物种VS人类需求

Martha Grace Low

1、The most famous endangered species on earth were the dinosaurs. They died out in one of five "great extinctions "that have occurred in the millions of years since life began on this planet----periods in which,for natural causes,a large percentage of the species that existed simply disappeared .We are now in the middle of a six great extinction ,but this one has been caused by human activity. Consequently,the importance of preserving species is a popular topic today ,particularly in the industrialized world .

地球上最著名的濒危动物是恐龙。自从地球上有生命以来，发生过5次“大灭绝”，每次都是由于自然的原因使得曾经存在的很多物种消失。恐龙就在几百万年中5次“大灭绝”中的其中一次灭绝。现在我们正处在第六次“大灭绝”的中期，但这次人类活动造成的。因此，物种保护的重要性成了当今的热门话题，尤其是在当今工业化世界。

2、But no discussion of endangered species is complete without an examination of the reasons behind its causes,which are human needs.In Africa,where the world's population is growing the fastest are shrinking as people clear lands for homes and farms and cut wood for fuel.Herds of goats and sheep eat the vegetation,leaving the bare soil to be carried away by wind and water .Human kill wildlife to protect their crops ,and may also kill them for the illegal trade in ivory,rhinoceros horns,furs.In Latin America and Southeast Asia,rainforests are cleared for farmlands and for fuel and timber .The loss of the forest endangers many species of plants and destroys many animals'habitats.or natural homes .And in the oceans ,fish supplies have been greatly reduced by overfishing and by pollution.

但是，如果不考察导致物种濒危背后的原因而去讨论物种灭绝是不全面的。其背后的原因就是人类需要。在全球人口增长速度最快的非洲，森林在不断萎缩，因为人们为了住房和农场而开垦土地，为了燃料而砍伐树木。成群的山羊和绵羊吃掉草皮，造成土壤裸露而被风和水流带走。人们杀害野生动物以保护农作物，或去做非法象牙、犀牛角、皮毛贸易。在拉丁美洲和东南亚，为了农田、燃料和木材，雨林被砍伐。森林减失危及许多种植物，并破坏许多动物的栖息环境或自然家园。而在海洋，过度捕鱼和污染已使鱼的供应大大减少了。

3、Humans want to survive just as every other species does.we need food,shelter,and

a place to rear our young,So how do our activities endanger other species?Specifically,there are three major ways,We kill off animals directly in some cases,We may want their meat,bones.skins,tusks.horns,or feathers;or we may wantto protect our crops and livestock from them ,By overhunting ,Euro-Americans endangered the buffalo in North America ,and in the nineteenth century hunters drove to extinction the passenger pigeon ,which was probably the most populous species that have ever lived.

人类和其他物种一样都渴望生存。我们需要食物、住所和哺育后代的地方。那么，我们的行为是怎样危及其他物种的呢？具体说来，主要有三种途径。我们有时直接杀死动物，或许是因为希望得到它们的肉、骨头、皮、牙、角或羽毛；或许是为了保护农作物和牲畜。由于过度狩猎，欧裔美国人使北美的野牛濒于灭绝。19世纪灭绝的旅鸽就是由于过度狩猎所致，而旅鸽曾经可能是生活在地球上的数量最多的鸟类。

4、Another way that we endanger native life-forms is by introducing foreign species into their habitat .A prime example of this was the introduction of European rabbits into Australia.where they multiplied until they endangered the native species of grazing animals by eating all the vegetation .This became a terrible problem that has finally been brought under some control,though not completely solved.

我们危及当地生态的另一种方式是引进外来物种。一个突出的例子是把欧洲的兔子引入澳洲。在澳洲，它们的数量倍增，以至吃掉所有植被，危及当地其他的吃草动物。这就造成了一个可怕的问题。虽然这一问题最后得到了一定的控制，但并没有完全解决。

7、Many people's answer is thatevery life-form has a right to exist,and that no other reason is needed for preserving it,A more common reason is the beauty of many species .Certain species also provide humans with economic value ,But scientists identify two additional reasons which may not be obvious to most of us.

许多人的回答是：每个物种都有生存的权利，因而保护它们不需要其它任何理由。而一个更加普遍的理由是物种多样化可使地球更加美丽。况且某些物种对人类还有经济价值。然而科学家却给出了另外两个我们大多数人可能没有意识到的理由。

8、one of these reasons is that each life -form occupies a special place within its ecosystem--that is.its community of plant and animal life,in combination with the nonliving components of its environment such as the climate ,soil.water .and air.For instance within a forest the larger trees drop off little twigs and debris,making a layer that holds water in the soil for other plants to use .The roots hold the soil and prevent it from washing away

in rainstorms.Whether living or dead,the tree provides shelter for animals and birds and food for insects.As the dead tree rots away,it enriches the soil of the forest floor ,enabling other plants to spring up in its place Such large trees are an example of what we call keystone species;if they disappeared from their ecosystem .the consequences would be felt throughout the community of other species living in the forest,"The loss of akeystone species is like a drill accidentally striking a powerline ",says biologist Edward Wilson of Harvard University."It causes lights to go out all over"During the current sixth great extinction.three species of life-forms are dying out every hour ,or74per day .which equals2700.each year .Some of these ---and we donot even know which ones ---are undoubtedly keystone species.

理由之一是，每个物种在它所处的由所有动植物和无生命的气候、土壤、水和空气等组成的生态系统中都占有一个特殊的地位。例如，在森林中，较大的树掉下的残枝在土壤中形成一个水分保持层，供其它植物利用。它们的根可以固定土壤，防止土壤被暴雨冲走。无论是活树还是枯树都可以为动物和鸟提供栖息地，为昆虫提供食物。枯树腐烂以后还可以肥沃森林地里的土壤，得以使其它植物从原处拔地而出。这样的大树就是我们所说的主要物种；如果它们从生态系统中消失，其影响会遍及所有生长在森林里的其它物种。哈佛大学的生物学家爱德华威尔逊说:“一个主要物种的消失就像钻头意外地钻断电线，导致四处断电。”在当前第六次“大灭绝”时期，每小时平均有三个物种灭绝，也就是每天有74个物种灭绝，每年合计达27000个。其中有些物种（虽然我们不确定是哪些）毫无疑问是主要物种。

9、Natural ecosystems are characterized by biodiversity ,which means that a good variety of plant and animal life are present there ,In many parts of today's world .humans have replaced naturally diverse environments with monoculture ,in which only one species lives --one that we humans value ,A prime example in forested regions of the world is the monocultural"tree farms "that have been planted after the original forests have been cut down .The character of these tree farms is very different from that of the original forests.

自然界的生态系统以物种多样性为特征，这意味着种类繁多的动植物在其中生存。当今在世界许多地区，人类用单一环境替换本来自然形成的不同环境。在这些单一的；环境中，只有我们人类看重的某一物种得以生存。在世界上的森林地区就有一个突出的例子：在原森林被砍伐之后，人们在原处建造了“林场”，但只栽种了某单一品种的树木。这样的林场和以前的森林是有很大差别的。

10、In the case of forests .another extremely important reason for preserving species

is illustrated by the pacific yew tree ,which people used to down and never replant because they thought it had no particular value,But recently medical researches discovered that a substance called taxol.produced naturally in the bark of this tree,is an effective medication for treating certain kinds of cancer ,Suddenly harvesters began flocking to the forests of the North American Pacific Northwest in search of this tree,If it had become extinct before its value had been discovered .many cancer patients would have died needlessly.

谈到森林，还要再提一个及其重要的保护物种的理由。太平洋紫杉的例子就很好的说明了这一点。人们过去认为紫杉没有特殊价值，因而砍伐以后就不再重载。但最近医学研究发现，一种从紫杉树皮中自然产生的叫作紫杉醇的物质是治疗某些癌症的有效药物。突然之间，人们开始大批聚集到北美靠近太平洋的西北部地区森林里寻找这种树。如果这种树在它的价值被发现之前就已灭绝，那么许多癌症患者就难逃厄运了。

11、Now.consider for a moment that there are around1.6million species that we have identified on earth (plus uncounted others that we haven't identified )and most of them have never been studied to see whether they might be able to provide us with food or medicine About15percent of all our medicines are derived from tropical plants.But we have been able to test only about10percent of the plants that we know about.and have intensively studied less than 1percent .Of the 74species dying out each day .many of them are tropical plants from the rainforests. In most cases .we don't even know the value of what we are losing .

现在考虑一下，在地球上已经辨认的物种大约有160万个（加上我们仍未辨认的无数其他物种），它们当中大多数还未被研究，因而不知道它们是否为可以我们提供食物或药物。人类大约有15%的药物来自热带雨林，但我们现在能测试的只有我们所知道的植物10%左右，深入研究过的不到1%一天内灭绝的74个物种，大多数是热带雨林植物。在许多情况下，我们甚至不知道我们所失去的物种的价值。

12、If we turn from medicines to food sources ,we find that over 50percent of today's global food supply consists of just three grains——wheat,rice and corn.if climatic changes or a plant disease suddenly threatened one of these grains.many people would starve unless we could find another species to strengthen or replace it,It is dangerous to be so dependent on such a small number of species we need to preserve a wider variety of food species .

如果我们撇开医学而转谈食物来源，我们发现，目前全球食品供应的50%以上只包括三种谷类植物——麦子、稻子、玉米。如果气候变化或植物疾病突然威胁到这些谷类植物当中的一个。那么许多人就会挨饿，除非我们能找到其他物种来加强或替换它。人类对少数物种

对的过于依赖是很危险的。我们需要保护广泛的植物种类来作为食物来源。

13、Finally ,a very important reason for preserving forestland is that plants produce the oxygen that animals (like us )breathe ,and forests produce more of the world's oxygen than any other environment ,Forests also make the air more humid ,producing rain;and the loss of forests leads to the process of desertification ---the creation of deserts where little will grow.

最后还有一个保护森林的非常重要的原因，就是植物生产动物（如我们）呼吸的氧气，并且森林产出的氧气比其他任何环境都多。森林还使空气更加潮湿，并带来降雨；森林的消失会导致沙漠化，也就是形成几乎没有任何植物生长的沙漠。

14、Many methods of protecting endangered species are being practiced in different parts of the globe,Legislation is a common method:passing laws against killing endangered species or destroying their habitat ,Worldwide ,over 1200parks and preserves have been set aside in which wildlife are protected ,And certain endangered species are being raised in captivity for later release into their wild habitats .

在世界各地，人们实施着各种不同的保护濒危物种的办法。立法是一个普遍的方法：颁布法律来反对杀害濒危物种或毁坏他们的栖息地。在全世界范围内，已建立了1200个国家公园和保护区保护野生动物。有些濒危动物还由人工饲养，然后再放归大自然。

课后翻译

1、由生物多样性的丧失而引起的对人类和地球的威胁和由气候变化所带来的危险一样大。

The threat to humanity and the planet posed by biodiversity loss is as great as the dangers presented by climate change.

2、收到年轻读者表达他们对被囚动物的关心的信，并询问他们能帮助做什么，我们总是很

高兴。

We are always happy to hear from young readers expressing concern for animals in captivity and asking what they can do to help.

3、这两个最盛行的理论都认为恐龙之所以灭绝是因为地球大气和温度的变化而造成的。

The two most popular theories both say that dinosaurs died out because of changes in the earth’s atmosphere and temperature.

4、这场森林大火最终被消防队所控制住了，花费将近50万美元。

The forest fire was finally brought under control by the fire-fighting crews at a cost of nearly half a million dollars.

5、植物根茎能够固定土壤，使之不会被雨水冲蚀。

Plant roots can hold the soil in position and prevent it from being washed away by the rain water.

6、健康的生态系统以能源、营养物质、有机物质和水的可持续更替为特点。

Healthy ecosystems are characterized by sustainable turnovers of energy,nutrients, organic matter and water.

7、在世界野生动物基金会一份新的报告中，科学家警告说全球变暖可能在今后20年中灭

绝北极熊。

In a new report by the WWF,scientists have warned that global warming could kill off polar bears within the next 20 years.

8、犁过的地对流水没有防范能力，因而珍贵的表土常常在大雨和洪水中被冲走。

Plowed fields don’t have any protection against running water,and often the valuable topsoil is carried away during heavy rains or floods.

9、这个花园比前两天要安静多了，但周围还是有很多各式各样的鸟。

The garden was considerably quieter than it had been the previous two days,but there were still a good variety of birds around.

10、尽管有不同的预计，但总体上人们认为用于制作现代药品的活性成分有大约30%到40%是从植物中提取的，或同植物有关。

While estimates differ,it is generally believed that around 30%–40% of the active ingredients used in modern medicines are derived from,or related to,plants

5 建立婚姻新规范的七条准则

David Popenoe

I propose as a remedy for society’s confusion over marital gender-role expectations,

a pattern of late marriage followed,in the early childrearing years,by what one could call a“modified traditional nuclear family.”The main elements of this pattern can be summarized as follows. (I recognize,of course,that this pattern—being a set of normative expectations—is not something to which everyone can or should conform.)

为了解决社会对婚姻中性别角色期望的困惑，我提议一种婚姻模式：晚婚，然后在哺育

小孩子的前几年采纳一种可称为“改良型传统核心家庭”的家庭模式。这个婚姻模式的主要部分可以归纳如下(我当然承认这个模式包含的是一套规范性的期望，并不是每个人都能够或者应该遵循的。)

(1)Girls as well as boys should be trained according to their abilities for a socially useful paid job or career. It is important for women to be able to achieve the economic,social, and psychic rewards of the workplace that have long been reserved for men. It is important for society that everyone be well educated and that they make an important work contribution over the course of their lives.

不仅男孩而且女孩都应该根据他们的能力得到训练，以从事对社会有用的，并能获得报酬的工作或职业。能够在长期以来是男性领地的工作中获得经济的、社会的、心理的回报对女性非常重要。每个人都能够接受良好的教育并且在他们的生命历程中对所从事的工作做出重要的贡献，这对社会非常重要。

(2) Young people should grow up with the expectation that they will marry only once and for a lifetime and that they will have children. Reproduction is a fundamental purpose of life,and marriage is instrumental to its success. Today,close to90percent of Americans actually marry,and about the same percentage of American women have children:Although these figures have been dropping,the social expectation in these respects is currently quite well realized. Lifetime monogamy is not so well realized,however,with the divorce rate now standing at over 50 percent.

我们期望年轻人在长大成人后只结一次婚，并且这场婚姻能持续一生，我们还期望他们生儿育女。生命繁衍是人生的根本目的，而婚姻对于这一目标的实现至关重要。当前，接近90%的美国人确实结了婚，大约有相同比例的美国女性生育了孩子：虽然这些数字一直在下降，但是目前社会在这些方面的期望还是较好地得到了实现。然而由于当前离婚率超过50%，社会对终生一夫一妻的期望就不如人意了。

(3) Young adults should be encouraged to marry later in life than is common now,with an average age at time of marriage in the late twenties or early thirties (the average ages currently are twenty-six for men and twenty-four for women). Even later might be better for men,but better for men,but at older ages than this for women who want children,the “biolo gical clock” becomes a growing problem.

应该鼓励年轻人比现在的普遍年龄在晚一些，平均结婚年龄在30岁左右。甚至再晚一些对男性更好。但是如果超过这个年龄，对于想要小孩的女性来说，生物钟问题将越来越突

出。

Form society’s viewpoint,the most important reason why people should be encouraged to marry relatively late in life is that they are more mature,they know better what they want in a mate,they are more established in their jobs or careers,and the men have begun to “settle down”,sexually(partly due to a biological diminution of their sex drive). Age at marriage has proven to be the single most important predictor of eventual divorce,with the highest divorce rates found among those who marry in their teenage years. But we must also recognize that both women and men want to have time,when they are young,to enjoy the many opportunities for personal expression and fulfillment that modern,affluent societies are able to provide.

从社会的角度看，鼓励人们相对晚婚的最重要的上网理由是，那是他们更成熟，更明白想从自己另一半哪里得到什么，有更好的工作和事业基础，而且男性性生活趋于平稳。结婚年龄已经被证明是能够预测最终是否离婚的唯一的最重要的因素。离婚率最高的群体是那些十几岁就结婚的年轻人。但是我们也必须承认男性和女性都希望在年轻的时候有时间享有现在富有社会所提供的表达自我，实现自我的诸多机会。

We should anticipate that many of these years of young adulthood will be spent in nonmarital cohabitation,an arrangement that often makes more sense than the alternatives to it,especially living along or continuing to live with one’s family of origin. I am not implying, much less advocating,sexual promiscuity here,but rather serious,caring relationships which may involve cohabitation.

我们应该预料到成年初期的不少年头将会在非婚同居中度过。比起其他选择。特备是独居胡哟这继续生活在原来家里的，这是一个更加合乎常理的生活安排。我这里不是在暗示，更不是在倡导滥交，而是指严肃，相互关爱的，可能涉及同居的恋爱关系。

(4)From the perspective of promoting eventual family life,however,the downside to late age of marriage is that people live for about a decade or more in a nonfamily,“singles”environment which reinforces their personal drive for expressive individualism and conceivably reduces their impulse toward carrying out eventual family obligations,thus making the transition to marriage and childrearing more difficult. To help overcome the anti-family impact of these years,young unmarried adults should be encouraged to save a substantial portion of their income for a“family fund” with an eye toward offsetting the temporary loss of the wife’s income after marriage and childbirth.

然而，从促进生活家庭的角度来看，结婚年龄大的缺点在于人们在10年或者更长的时间里生活在没有家庭的单身汉环境中，这段经历会强化他们追求表现型个人主义倾向。社会减少他们履行最终家庭义务的愿望。从而使向婚姻和抚育小孩的国度更加困难。为了克服这些年形成的不利于家庭生活的影响，应当鼓励年轻的未婚青年人将收入的大部分存起来作为家庭基金，一边抵消在结婚和生育之后妻子暂时失去收入的损失。

(5)Once children are born,wives should be encouraged to leave the labor market and become substantially full-time mothers for a period of at least a year to eighteen months per child. The reason for this is that mother-reared infants appear to have distinct advantages over those reared apart from their mothers. It is desirable for children to have full-time parenting up to at least age three,but after eighteen months—partly because children by then are more verbal—it is appropriate for fathers to become the primary caretakers,and some men may wish to avail themselves of the opportunity. At age three,there is no evidence that children in quality group care suffer any disadvantages(in fact,for most children there are significant advantages). Once children reach that age,therefore,the average mother could resume working part-time until the children are at least of school age,and preferably in their early to middle teen years,at which point she could resume work full-time. Alternatively,when the children reach the age of three the father could stay home part-time, and the mother could resume work full-time.

小孩出生以后，应该鼓励妻子离开劳动力市场，为每个孩子切实的做到至少到18个月的全职母亲。这样做的原因是母亲哺育的婴儿似乎比离开母亲抚养的婴儿有明显的优势，至少在3岁之前儿童最好有母亲全职照顾，但是18个月以后----部分原因在于那是儿童语言表达能力更强-----可以让父亲承担主要照料工作，而且有的男人也希望拥有这个机会，在3岁得时候，没有证据显示接收优良集体照看的儿童有什么不利之处。因此，一旦儿童达到那个年纪，一般母亲可以重新开始做兼职工作，一直到小孩至少达到入小学年龄。最好是13,14岁到15,16,17左右的时候。那时候母亲可以重新开始做全职工作。或者正在小孩3岁的时候，父亲可以做兼职工作，并在家照料孩子。而母亲可以重新开始做全职工作。

For women,this proposal is essentially the strategy known as“sequencing”. The main difficulty with it,as sociologist Phyllis Moen has noted,”is that child-nurturing years are also the career-nurturing years. What is lost in either case cannot be‘made up’at a later time.”Y et I would argue that it is possible to“make up” for career loss,but impossible to make up for child-nurturing loss. To make it economically more possible for a family with young

children to live on a single income,we should institute(in addition to the“family fund”)what virtually every other industrialized society already has in place—parental leave and child allowance programs. And,to help compensate women for any job or career setbacks due to their time out of the labor force,we should consider the development of“veterans benefits”type programs that provide mothers with financial subsidies and job priorities when they return to the paid work force. In general,women must be made to feel that caring for young children is important work.,respected by the working community.

对女性来说，这个提议实质上就是被称为“人生排”的策略。正如社会学家菲利斯.莫恩提到的，他的“主要困难”在于照料孩子的时光也正是建立事业的年纪。两者损失都无法再以后弥补。然而我想说在事业上的损失都能够弥补的。而养孩子的损失却是无法弥补的。为了使有幼孩子的家庭能够只靠一份收入生活，我们应该设立—几乎所有工业化国家早就已经有的---育儿假以及儿童补贴项目。另外，为了帮助补偿女性由于一段时间不在职场而遇到的工作或者事业挫折，我们应该考虑类似“退伍军人补贴金的方法”，使他们重新就业时给予母亲以经济补贴和工作优先权。总之，必须让女性感到照料小孩是一项重要的工作，是受到就业群体尊重的。

(6)According to this proposal,the mother and not the father ordinarily would be the primary caretaker of infants. This is because of fundamental biological differences between the sexes that assume great importance in childrearing,as discussed above. The father should be an active supporter of the mother-child bond during this period,however,as well as auxiliary homemaker and care provider. Fathers should expect to spend far more time in domestic pursuits than their own fathers did. Their work should include not only the male’s traditional care of the house as a physical structure and of the yard and car,but in many cases cooking,cleaning,and child care,the exact distribution of such activities depending on the individual skills and talents of the partners. And,as noted above,after children reach age eighteen months it may be desirable for the father and not the mother to become the primary caretaker. This means that places of employment must make allowances for substantial flex-time and part-time job absence for fathers as well as for mothers.

根据这个提议，母亲而不是父亲成为婴儿的主要照看人。是因为，如前所述，男女性别之间的基本生理差异对育儿有重大影响。不过，父亲在这个阶段应该成为母亲关系的积极支持者，同时海燕帮助照料家务和照看孩子。父亲应该要比他们自己的父辈在家承担的事务上

要花更多的时间。他们的职责范围应该不近包括传统上就一直有男性承担打理房屋，庭院和汽车，在很多情况下还包括做饭，打扫卫生和照顾小孩。这些事物的具体分工还取决于配偶双方的个人技巧和才能。而且，如前面提到的，在婴儿涨到18个月以后可以有父亲而不是母亲充当主要照看人。这就意味着用工单位必须不近体谅母亲而且还要体谅父亲在弹性工作时间和非全日制时的经常缺勤。

(7)It should be noted that there is some balancing out of domestic and paid-work roles between men and women over the course of life. Under current socioeconomic conditions, husbands,being older,retire sooner than their wives. Also,in later life some role switching occurs,presumably caused in part by hormonal changes,in which women become more work-oriented and men become more domestic. Given current male-female differences in longevity,of course,the average woman can expect to expect to spend an estimated seven years of her later life as a widow.

应该注意的是，在一生中男性和女性所承担的家务和带薪工作是基本相当的。在当前的经济状况下，丈夫由于年龄大，比妻子退休的早。而且，在后半生会发生一定的角色转换，部分想必是有荷尔蒙变化引起的。在这个转换过程中，女性更加倾向外出工作，而男性则变得更加乐于操持家务。当然鉴于现在的男女寿命差异，一般女性在后半生估计要寡居7年左右。

Male breadwinning and female childrearing have been the pattern of social life throughout history,albeit not always in quite so extreme a form as found in modern societies over the past century and a half. Except perhaps for adult pair-bonds in which no young children are involved,where much social experimentation is possible,it is foolhardy to think that the nuclear family can or should be entirely scrapped. When children become a part of equation,fundamental biological and social constraints come into play—such as the importance of mothers to young children—and central elements of the nuclear family are dismissed at society’s peril. Rather than strive for androgyny and be continuously frustrated and unsettled by our lack of achievement of it,we would do much better to more readily acknowledge,accommodate,and appreciate the very different needs,sexual interests, values,and goals of each sex. And rather than the unisex pursuit of“freedom with a male bias,” we should be doing more to foster a culture in which the traditional female values of relationship and caring are given a higher priority and respect.

男人挣钱养家、女人生儿育女是有史以来天经地义的社会生活模式，虽然这种模式并不

总如过去一个半世纪现代社会中表现得那样极端。也许除了在没有年幼儿童的成人伴侣中可以进行很多社会实验，认为核心家庭可以或者应该被完全抛弃是极其鲁莽的。当孩子成为综合考虑因素的一部分时，基本的生理和社会限制就开始发挥作用——比如母亲对幼小儿童的重要性——如果抛弃核心家庭的中心元素，社会将会承担极大的风险。与其努力同时承担男性挣钱养家和女性生儿育女的双重责任，并为自己不能达到目的而不断地感到失望和不安，不如我们更坦然地承认、考虑、并欣赏不同性别的截然不同的需求、性兴趣、价值观和目标，这样我们会做得更好。与其不分男女都追求“具有男性偏向的自由”，我们应该做更多的工作来促进一种社会文化：给予注重家庭亲情关系和养育子女的传统女性价值观更多的重视和尊重。

In a much modified form,then,traditional marital gender roles are necessary if the good of society---and of individuals --- are to be advanced.

因此，如果要推进社会及个人的利益吗，经过改良的传统婚姻性别角色是必要的。

课后翻译

1.人们认为年轻人最好在事业有成之后再结婚，过安定的生活。

It is considered desirable for young people to get married and settle down only after they are established in their jobs.

2. 她的丈夫是个非常顾家的人，每天都花很多时间做饭,打扫卫生、照顾三个正在上学的孩子。

Her husband is a very domestic person,spending a lot of time everyday in cooking, cleaning and caring for their three school-age children.

3. 现在的年轻人具有与他们的父母截然不同的价值观和期望，他们认为个人享乐比家庭责任更重要。

Today’s young people have completely different values and expectations from their parents,giving higher priority to personal pleasure over family obligations.

4. 从社会角度看，妇女一辈子当全职家庭主妇是不明智的，更不要说受过良好教育的妇女了。

From society’s viewpoint,it does not make sense for women,much less well educated women,to be full-time homemakers for a lifetime.

5. 二十几岁的单身男女认为同居是婚前考察未来伴侣品质、习惯的途径。可是婚前同居已证明与较高的离婚风险相关联。

Singles in their twenties see cohabitation as a way to investigate a prospective partner’s character and habits before marriage. But premarital cohabitation has proven to be associated with a higher divorce risk.

6. 为了儿童的福利，政府应该制定政策，为父母提供兼职、临时和弹性工作时间的工作机会以及带薪育儿假。

In the interest of child welfare,government should institute policies to provide part-time, temporary and flextime job opportunities and paid parental leave for parents.

7. 着眼于建立牢固持久的婚姻关系，夫妻在发生摩擦时应该相互体谅。

With an eye toward forming strong and lasting marital unions,couples should make allowances for each other,when there is friction between them.

8. 考虑到离婚率很高，已婚母亲如果长期脱离劳动力市场就将自担风险——一旦她们的婚姻以离婚告终，她们将遭受严重的经济损失。

Given the high divorce rate,married mothers leave the labor market for an extended period of time at their own peril— they will suffer severe economic loss if their marriage ends in divorce.

9. 父母与子女之间的关系是一种非常特殊的关系。父母为子女所做出的牺牲是无法用金钱补偿的。

The bond between child and parent is a very special one. Money can not make up for the sacrifices parents have made for their children.

10. 劳动人口中男女平等日益增强为女性在事业上实现自己的抱负提供了史无前例的机遇。

Increasing gender equality in the work force provides women historically unprecedented opportunities for personal fulfillment in their careers.

Uint six

Ambition and Its Enemies

1、America is a nation of ambitious people,and yet ambition is a quality that is hard to praise and easy to deplore. It’s a great engine of American creativity,but it also can be an unrelenting oppressor,which robs us of time and peace of mind. Especially in highly prosperous periods—periods like the present—it becomes fashionable to question whether ambition has gotten out of hand and is driving us to excesses of striving and craving that

are self-destructive.

美利坚是一个雄心勃勃的民族，然而雄心这种品质却很少受到赞赏，更多受到的是谴责。它是激发美国人创造力的巨大动力，但是也会是一个残酷的压迫者，剥夺我们的1992时间和平和的心态，特别是在高度繁荣的时期——就像现在人们普遍质疑雄心是不是已经失去了控制，并正在驱使着我们走向导致自我毁灭的过度奋斗和过度渴望。

2、Ambition is not,of course,only a quest for riches. The impulse pervades every walk of life. Here is Al Gore straining to be president—campaigning earnestly without any apparent joy— to fulfill an ambition that must date back to his diaper days. And does anyone really believe that the fierce rivalry among America’s immensely rich computer moguls is about money? What it concerns is the larger a mbition to control the nation’s cyberagenda.

雄心当然不只是对财富的追求。这种推动力遍布社会各个行业，各个阶层。阿尔，戈尔正在竭尽全力力争当选总统——尽心竭力地参加竞选活动，毫无乐趣可言——为了实现一个准是在孩提时代就已萌发的雄心壮志。难道会有人真的相信美国及其富有的电脑巨头之间的激烈竞争只是为了金钱？这场竞争的目的是实现更大的野心——控制美国的网络世界。

3、One-upmanship is a national mania. You see it every time a wide receiver prances into the end zone and raises his index finger in triumph. More common is the search for status symbols— abigger house,a more exotic vacation,a niftier bike,a faster computer — that separate us from the crowd. Money may not be the only way to satisfy this urge, but it’s the most common because it can so easily translate itself into some other badge of identity and standing.

对胜人一筹的狂热充斥着整个民族。每当橄榄球边接应队员大步冲入球门区，并怀着胜利的喜悦竖起象征第一名的食指时，你都会看到这种狂热。更为普遍的则是对地位象征的追求——更大的房子，更有异国情调的假期，更灵便的自行车，速度更快的电脑——这些使我们有别于一般大众。金钱不一定是满足这种渴求的唯一途径，但它却是最常见的途径，因为它可以很容易地转化为其他某种身份和地位的象征。

4、For many people,the contest seems futile. The New York Times recently ran a long story on four families with roughly$50,000of income who“wonder why they have to struggle s o hard just to pay the bills.” The answer isn’t that their incomes are stagnating. Between 1992 and 1997,the median income of married couples rose from $48,008 to $51,681 in inflation-adjusted dollars,reports the Census Bureau. They are surely higher now. All the families profiled by the Times owned homes as well as things like big-screen TVs and elaborate

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