(完整版)中美婚姻观的跨文化对比研究_英语毕业设计
编号：
毕业设计(论文)
题目：中美婚姻观的跨文化对比研究
A Cross-Cultural Comparison of
Concepts
about Marriage between Chinese
Culture
and American Culture
院（系）：外国语学院
专业：英语
学生姓名：
指导教师单位：大学外语部
姓名：
职称：讲师
题目类型：√理论研究实验研究工程设计工程技术研究软件开发
2012年 5月 25日
诚信宣言
我，，郑重宣布：除了参考文献所标明引用的资料和内容之外，本论文中不包含有任何已经被其他高等教育机构所接受的学位或学历论文资料，也不包含有其他任何人已经正式出版的资料内容。
签字：
日期：年月日
Declaration
I, , the undersigned, hereby declare that this dissertation does not contain any material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any institutions of higher learning and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, this dissertation does not contain any material previously published or written by another person, except when due reference is made in the text of the dissertation.
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Date:
摘要
在跨文化交际中，由于不同文化圈的人的思维方式，宗教信仰，价值
观念，社会制度等的不同，交际的过程充满矛盾和障碍。人类是情感的动物，其情感的表达方式与其生活的文化环境密切相关。本文以跨文化交际理论为依据，发现价值观念系统的若干重要方面对中国人和美国人的婚姻观有着重要影响。
家庭是社会的基本组成体，夫妻又是家庭的最主要要素。婚姻关系是人际关系中最密切最长久的一种。但由于地理环境、历史背景、文化，发展过程及其他方面的不同 ,各个国家，各个民族又有其独特的婚姻观念，婚嫁习俗。与具有五千多年悠久历史的中华民族相比 ,美利坚民族仅仅走完二百多年的历史征程 ,中美文化自然会有相去千里的个性。美国社会张扬“个性”,重视个人的权益和自由 ;而中国社会注重伦理生活 ,注重人与人之间的相互依存关系。所以相对的，中美之间的婚姻文化也会有所不同。
通过对本课题的研究，其目的是增加中美两国人民对对方文化的了解，架起沟通的桥梁，使中美两国人民能够互相学习，拉近中美民族的距离。
本论文主要分为以下几个方面：
一．首先主要介绍跨文化交际理论和本论文研究的目的。
二．第一章主要介绍中美婚姻观的三个不同之处，即结婚目的不同，择偶方式不同和夫妻关系的不同。
三．第二章主要介绍导致中美婚姻观不同的原因，主要有几个因素，那就是价值观和经济方式和生存环境的不同，其中价值观的不同还包括文化方式，个人主义和集体主义，还有宗教的不同。
四．第三章，总结全文。
关键词：婚姻；跨文化；中美文化；夫妻关系；价值观
Abstract
In the process of cross-cultural communication, because people from different culture have different ways of thinking, religious beliefs, values and social systems, the communication process is full of contradictions and obstacles. Humans are emotional animals; their expression of feelings is closely related to the cultural environment they live in. This paper is based on the theory of intercultural communication, discover the value system has an important impact on the concept of marriage between Chinese and American culture.
Family is the basic component of society, and husband and wife is the main element of a family. The marriage tie is the closest and longest relationship in the interpersonal relationship. Every nation has its unique
marriage ideas and wedding customs because they have the different environment, history, culture and develpment. Compared with Chinese nation with more than 5000 years of history, United States just completed his journey of 200 years; it is no wonder that these two countries have the quite different personalities. American society focuses on the individual rights and freedom, while Chinese pay attention to the ethical life and the interdependence relationship. So relatively, the marriage culture between China and America will be different.
Through the study of this subject, people will gain a better understanding to these two countries? marriage ideas and learn from each other.
This paper is divided into the following aspects:
First, firstly is mainly introducing the theory of intercultural communication and the objective of this thesis.
Second, the first chapter is mainly introducing three differences in the concepts of marriage between Chinese culture and American culture. And the three different aspects are the purpose of getting married, the differences of selecting a spouse and the differences in the husband-wife relationship.
Third, the second chapter mainly focuses on the factors which cause these differences. And the factors are the values, cultural patterns, individualism, collectivism, religion and economic way and living environment.
Fourth, chapter three is the conclusion.
Key words: marriage; cross-cultural communication; Chinese and
American culture; husband-wife relationship; value
Contents
Introduction .........................................................................................................
1. Differences in the Concepts of Marriage between Chinese
Culture and American Culture ..........................................................................
1.1 The Differences in the Purpose of getting married.........................................................
1.1.1 The Purpose of getting married in China .....................................................................
1.1.2 The Purpose of getting married in America .................................................................
1.2 The Differences of Selecting a Spouse ..............................................................................
1.2.1 How Chinese People Select a Spouse.............................................................................
1.2.2 How American People Select a Spouse..........................................................................
1.3 The Differences in the Relationship between Husband and Wife in Marriage ...................................................................................................................................
1.3.1 The Chinese Husband-Wife Relationship.....................................................................
1.3.2 The American Husband-Wife Relationship..................................................................
2. The Factors contribute to these Differences in the Concepts
of Marriage between Chinese Culture and American Culture.......................
2.1 Differences in Values..........................................................................................................
2.1.1 Differences in Cultural Patterns....................................................................................
2.1.1.1 Individualism versus Collectivism..............................................................................
2.1.3 Differences in Religion....................................................................................................
2.2 Differences in Economic Way and Living Environment ................................................
3. Conclusion..................................................................................................... References ............................................................................................................ Acknowledgements..............................................................................................
Introduction
Intercultural communication is the process of people from different
religion, society, ethnic group, and educational backgrounds engage in communication. Intercultural communication has the same meaning with cross-cultural communication. In this sense it seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them. It studies situations where people from different cultural backgrounds interact. Aside from language, intercultural communication focuses on social attributes, thinking patterns, and the cultures of different groups of people. It also involves understanding different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. Intercultural communication plays a role in anthropology, cultural studies, linguistics, psychology and communication studies. Intercultural communication is also referred to as the base for international businesses. Intercultural marriage is one of the typical and importantant embodiments of intercultural communication, for which the theory can be applied to resolve and analyze the conflicts and problems in the marriage. China and America are two different countries, and their understanding to marriage should be different,too. In this paper, I will use the intercultural communication theory to analyze the differences in marriage between Chinese culture and American culture.
With the passing of the time, intercultural marriage is becoming incresingly popular both at home and abroad. However, the differences in the culture, environment, background, development and values between China and America result in the emergence of various problems. This paper will integrate the previous studies to analyze the differences in the concepts of marriage between Chinese culture and Ameriacn culture and
try to find a solution, and this study is based on the theory of cross-cultural communication. Through the study of the project, people will gain a better understanding of the differences in the concepts of marriage between Chinese culture and American culture, and futhermore to analyze the factors that contribute to the differences in marriage between China and America, and ultimately find a practical solution to these problems.
In brief, the thesis tries to study the following questions:
(1) What are the differences in the concepts about marriage between Chinese culture and American culture?
(2) What are the factors that contribute to the differences in marriage between China and America?
1. Differences in the Concepts of Marriage between Chinese Culture and American Culture
1.1 The Differences in the Purpose of getting married
Both man and woman want to reach a certain expected result through the establishment of marriage relationship. And the differences in the concepts of marriage between Chinese culture and American culture are firstly manifested in the purpose of getting married, which is completely different in China and America.
1.1.1 The Purpose of getting married in China
Chinese people pay attention to the interdependent relationship with their friends and relatives. In their eyes, marriage is not only a joining together of two individuals, but also a union between two families. In ancient China, parents would choose a wife for their son. On the surface,
they seemed to do this for their son; actually, they did this for the whole family. In traditonal Chinese society, marriage is a family event. When a girl officially became a family?s daughter-in-law, the first thing she had to do was to worship the ancestors and salute her husband?s family. And from this you can see that traditional Chinese marriage was subject to the interests of the family. The purpose of a man marrying a woman is having a son to carry on his family name, which is his responsibility and obligation.
In today?s Chinese society, this kind of traditional marriage has undergone great changes. Instead of getting married with propagating the family race as the main purpose, young people tend to choose “love first”marriage. But it is still not a simple matter for love to become the primary purpose of marriage in a highly traditional society like China. According to a survey about the quality of marriage conducted by Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences in Shanghai, Guangdong, Gansu and Harbin, one fourth of the subjects got married for the reason of “love”. The statistical results showd that, only two percent of the subjects chose to marry because they loved each other so much, twenty five percent chose the marriage because they thought they love each other before they got married, fifty six point five percent got married because they got good relations before they married, and sixteen percent of the people had no feeling to each other before they got married (允康，2010). The survey showed that not all the people geting married because of love, some of them even had no feeling to each other at all when they got married.
1.1.2 The Purpose of getting married in America
The purpose of getting married in America firstly is for the affection between the lovers to achieve a perfect result. Secondly they want to look for a long-term heterosexual partner to satisfy their psychological and physical needs. Western society attaches great importance to the development of personal independence, and people there have a strong sense of independence and self-centeredness. In western society, individualism is extremely popular, people think marriage is just the combination of two individuals and love is the foundation of marriage. In their views, marriage without love is immoral and of low-quality. An American woman who was interviewed for her opnion on marriage once said, marriage is just a kind of form, it is not very important. The important thing is the feeling when two people are together. If the feeling is gone, then she think their relationship is just a burden and it is good for both of them to give up this relationship (董茜,2000). Louis Harris, a well-known US expert in sociology conducted a survey, and the statistic showed that, 83% of American men and women believe that love is the primary element to get married, and 90% of the American people also believe that love is the first condition to maintain a happy marriage (蔡琪,2000). So from the survey, we can see that seeking true love is the most important purpose of geting married for most Americans.
Therefore, we can learn that, to get married in America is the right of individual, and Chinese marriage is more like to fulfill their obligations. 1.2 The Differences of Selecting a Spouse
According to China Youth Daily in 2009, several teachers and
students of Nankai University recently completed an interesting survey. They selected some spouse-seeking advertisments in Tanjin and Boston?s local mainstream newspapers to study the differences of selecting a spouse in these two cities. The survey showed that the words and sentences often appeared in men?s advertisments in Tianjin newspaper were “have a stable job”, “no bad habbits”and “responsible”; and women?s advertisments always emphasized that they were kind, virtuous and from a good family; while in Boston, both men and women would indicate their races, religious beliefs and hobbies, they would say they loved sports, they were smart and had a sense of humor. According to the analysis of the samples of the spouse-seeking advertisments, a psychology professor in Nankai University concluded that Chinese marriage seekers paid more attention to the economic condition and responsibility, while Americans were more concerned about the congeniality in life and spirit.
1.2.1 How Chinese People Choose a Spouse
China has a feudal history of more than 2000 years; the feudal ideas attached great importance to kinship. It?s a commom phenomenon that children will rely on their parents until they graduated from school. And parents are taken care of by their children when they are old. “To arrange a match by parents?order and on the matchmaker?s word”is the traditional way of selecting a mate, which has been popular for thousands of years. This ancient way of choosing a mate is also reflected by Chinese people?s awareness of caring for each other and the psychology of interdependent. Since the enacting of the policy of reform and opening-up, along with economic development and cultural exchange between China
and America, Chinese young generation are no longer affected by the traditional ideas, they get a chance to choose their spouses freely. They believe that being free to choose a mate is also an important part to realize their self-value. When young people fall in love, they believe that whether the partner?s interests and character are congenial or not is an important factor for them to get along with each other. However, due to the influence of Chinese traditonal culture and ethics, today parents still meddle in their children?s growth, and expect their children to develop along the way they have designed for them. Most of the young people growing up under the wings of their parents are not independent enough, and independence is the prerequisite for free love. Therefore, parents still have an important influence on their child?s marriage. In a sense, on the issue of selecting a spouse, parents are still indirectly “in power”.
There are two impartant traditional standards to choose a spouse in China. Firstly the girl must come from a clean background, and secondly the groom?s family and bride?s family must be well-mached in social and economic status. The bridegroom?s family usually request that the bride is from a clean background. When choosing a spouse for their son, the first thing the parents do is to investigate whether the girl is from a clean family, because they believe that only a girl with a clean background can scrupulously follow the traditional woman?s ethics, hornor her in-laws and get along well with her relatives. And the condition of well-matchedness in social and economic status is particularly valued by Chinese traditonal parents. In Chinese classic love story, when a poor boy and a rich girl fell in love, they always met intense obstruction from the girl?s family. And a
poor girl could only be a concubine when she married into a rich and powerful family.
Nowadays, Chinese young people?s standard of selecting a spouse does not strictly abide by the principles of clean background and well-matchedness in social and economic status, but is still under its influence. Today most of the Chinese young men will look for a virtuous and innocent girlfriend. NetEase conducted a survey on Valentine's Day in 2009, which was about Chinese people?s standards of selecting a spouse (NetEase, 2009).There were 38 options designed for the participants. According to the survey, the top three options chosen by males were good looking, accounting for 15%; virgin, accounting for 8% and good at cooking, accounting for 8%. And the top three options chosen by females were good looking, accounting for 13%; have the professional skill, accounting for 7% and own a house, accounting for 6%. From the survey we can see that no matter men or women, they all cared about their partner?s appearence and besides, men paid more attention to women?s characters and women emphasized the importance of financial status.
1.2.2 How the American People Select Spouse
Being free to choose a spouse is the most important thing in marriage for American people, who are well-known throughout the world for their “individualism”. The Americans pay great attentions to the development of personal independence, their children have more freedom and equality. They can disscuss questions with their parents, and choose school and job freely. They will leave home to work or take part-time jobs when they are 18. If they still live with their parents when they are twenties, they will be
looked down upon by other people.
American people have their own standards to select mates, the most important thing is compatibility, and other elements like family background and education level may probably not be taken into consideration (郁龙余,1992). So it is not rare to see a girl born with a silver spoon will probably choose a boy whose class background is significantly different from hers in the process of looking for her Mr.Right, and the reason can be simple as she is just attracted by his humor.
1.3 The Differences in the Relationship between Husband and Wife in Marriage
Husband-wife relationship is the most important relationships in all the family relationship as all the others derive from it. It is the key link in the family chain, closely related to the family structure and family function. Therefore, this chapter focuses on the husband-wife relationship, discussing the division of family responsibility, the distribution of the household work and the changing of gender roles in both the mordern Chinese families and American families.
At the present time, traditonal families are disintegrating, and family structure and family values are changing, too, which, doubtlessly, is the unavoidable result of the scientific-technical revolution and the social development. Meanwhile, change in family structure and family values? are greatly influencing the economic and social development. What is more, family problems differ due to the different social systems and traditional ideas in different countries.
The husband-wife relationship in both Chinese and American
marriage and families has their profound cultural roots. Feudal ethics with Confucianism as its core are the main cultural roots of husband-wife relationship in Chinese family, while diversity as a result of foreign influence is the cultural root of husband-wife relationship in modern American family.
The husband-wife relationship in the two nations will be more egalitarian in the future along with the social development and the international communication despite their differences.
1.3.1 The Chinese Husband-Wife Relationship.
In Chinese traditonal marriage, the husband is always in a dominant position, while his wife is in a subordinate status. This kind of marriage structure is due to the traditional family division of responsibility, according to which, it is usually the husband who works and the wife stay at home. Husband is the head of family, and undertakes the major economic responsibility for the whole family. And the wife?s main job at home is doing housework, serving her in-laws and teaching her children.
In modern Chinese society, the status gap between men and women in mariage does not seem so wide as before. Today, many women go outside to participate in the social work. Even so, most wives still need to or are willing to depend on their husbands. After the implementation of reform and opening-up policy, people?s economic condition have improved greatly than before, some wives choose to come back home to be full-time housewives, and supported entirely by their husbands. Many people envy those full-time houswives; they think they have the good fortune to have such a life. But for the full-time husbands, people always look down on
them, they think such a man is good for nothing, and so is a useless man. 1.3.2 The American Husband-Wife Relationship
Westerners believe that, husband and wife should be equal partners (玛丽安娜卡尼戴特斯曼，乔安克兰德尔，爱德华N卡尼,1999). Since the Industrial Revolution, the continuous growth in the demand for labor in industrial society forced a large number of women entered the labor market. Women plunged into more and more fields outside their families to participate in the work. Because women gained the oppotunity to make a financial contribution to the families, they naturally asked for the corresponding enhencement of their status. Therefore, the Women?s Liberation Movement was all over the western society. Those feminists proposed a guiding principle, which was “gender equality, women?s liberation.”They requested that women should obtain equal status with men in society and family, free women from the traditional habits, attitudes and values, and achieve the true equality.
Similar to that in the modern Chinese families, the husband-wife relationship in the American families has been more and more equal. The change of the women?s economic status in society was bound to bring about the reform of the husban-wife relationship within the family. But compared with Chinese families, American couples have more personal space and they put great emphasis on their personal privacy. And referring to finanial, in China, when two people get married, their finance will be put together and managed by husband or wife. Few people notarize ['n?ut?.raiz] their own property before marriage. For example, in 2005, in Zhifu District, Yantai City, Shandong Province there were over 5,000 couples got married,
while only about 20 couples notarized their property. The ratio is 0.4% (Online news, 2007.4.13, ). In Xining City, the capital of Qinghai province, during the first nine months of 2007 no couple notarized heir property before marriage (Xihai Metropolis Daily, 2007.9.28). While in the West it is normal to notarize their own property before marriage.
2. The Factors contribute to these Differences in the Concepts of Marriage between Chinese Culture and American Culture There exist many differences in the concept of marriage in China and America, which is underlined by the cultural differences between these two nations, and such differences are mainly reflected in values, cultural patterns, individualism and collectivism, religion and historical background.
2.1 Differences in Values
Values are the core in the intercultural communication. Values are intangible. People speak of the same values in marriage but seldom express what their values are. The word value comes from the Latin valere, which means “to be worth”. Values tell us what is good, what is bad, what is right, what is wrong, what is true, what is false and how we will behave and evaluate behavior.
Values are taught at home, often unconsciously, and reinforced by society. So we can say that values are generally culturally determined. When values are once formed, they will instruct people?s behavior, attitude, and faith. People of different cultures, while having he same fundamental needs, like eating and sleeping, may have not only quite different wants like
social and psychological but also quite different ways of perceiving their needs. Both are convinced of the rightness of their ways, because they are behaving instinctively, naturally and properly according to their cultural logic. There is a potential for conflict because what is natural for one is not always natural for the other. Their divergence is further complicated by the fact that many of their behavior patterns are based on unconscious values and cultural assumptions about how life should be lived.
2.1.1 Differences in Cultural Patterns
Culture is a critical issue in intercultural communication. We have to do the cultural comparison when we are engaging in the intercultural communication study. Chinese culture is a typical Eastern culture. There are various definit ions on …culture? both at home and abroad. Larry, Richard, and Lisa in their book Communication between Cultures give their definition: “We define culture as the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving” (Larry A. Samovar, Richard E. Porter, and Lisa A Stefani. 2000). In the book of Introducing Cultural Studies, Baldwin and the coauthors present their definition on culture: “Outside the natural sciences, the term …culture? is chiefly used in three relatively distinct senses to refer to: the arts and artistic activity; the learned, primarily symbolic features of a particular way of life; and a process of development” (Elaine Baldwin, Brian Longhurst, Greg Smith, Scott Mccracken, and Miles Ogborn. 2005). Cultures are extremely complex and consist of numerous
文化差异与跨文化交际章节答案
第一章 1 【单选题】(10分) 中西方文化交流的历史源远流长，历史上有一条连接东西方文明古国的通道被称之为“丝绸之路”。“丝绸之路”的得名是由（）提出的。 A. 张骞 B. 汉和帝 C. 汉武帝 正确 查看答案解析 10分 2 【多选题】(10分) 广义上的“丝绸之路”除了包括陆上丝绸之路外，还包括海上丝绸之路。海上丝绸之路由（）组成。 D. 北洋航线 正确 查看答案解析 10分 3 【多选题】(10分) “丝绸之路”曾作为连接中西方的重要通道发挥着重要的作用。其发挥的作用主要是指（）。 B. 军事作用 正确 查看答案解析
10分 4 【单选题】(10分) 通过“陆上丝绸之路”，于（）年粟特人将制造葡萄酒的技术传入中国。 B. 康熙九年 C. 崇祯十六年 D. 元和七年 正确 查看答案解析 10分 5 【单选题】(10分) 汉武帝时期，（）为开拓“丝绸之路”立下了汗马功劳，被誉为“中国走向世界第一人”。 A. 卫青 B. 霍去病 D. 司马迁 正确 查看答案解析 10分 6 【多选题】(10分) 鸠摩罗什把佛教从西方引入中国，将大量经书翻译成汉语，为佛教在中国的传播做出了巨大的贡献。他与（）和玄奘并称为中国佛教四大译经家。 B. 鉴真 C. 法显 正确 查看答案解析 10分 7 【单选题】(10分) （）17岁时跟随父亲和叔叔历时四年来到中国，与元世祖忽必烈建立了友谊。后由鲁斯蒂谦将其在中国见闻轶事整理并编着成游记，在欧洲广为流传，激起了欧洲人对东方的向往。
A. 查理·马特 C. 利玛窦 D. 阿基米德 正确 查看答案解析 10分 8 【多选题】(10分) 佛教传入中国后对中国文化的影响巨大。中国历史上就曾修建过许多反映佛教文化的石窟，其中敦煌莫高窟与（）并称为中国四大石窟。 A. 固原须弥山石窟 正确 查看答案解析 10分 9 【多选题】(10分) 利玛窦不仅将中国文化介绍到了西方，而且帮助中国人打开了视野，使中国人了解到了西方。正是由于他的到来，使中国人第一次接触到了（）。 D. 西方哲学 正确答案是:A,B,C 查看答案解析 10 【多选题】(10分) “丝绸之路”加强了东西方的贸易往来。通过“丝绸之路”中国将（）运输到东南亚、南亚、东非以及欧洲各国。
中美婚姻观差异 论文
浅析中美婚姻观差异及其形成原因 裴鸽鸽 （华北水利水电学院外语系河南郑州450011） 摘要：中国的婚姻建立在家庭条件和容貌之上，而美国更多建立在共同的兴趣爱好之上。中美不同的生存环境影响了人的性格，男女在经济中的不同地位决定了他们在家庭中的地位，而中美经济方式的差异决定了各自婚姻观的不同。社会价值观是社会思想的主流，无形中影响了大众的婚姻观。宗教信仰在婚俗方式，婚姻维持等方面更是起着举足轻重的作用。 关键词:中美婚姻观家庭条件共同爱好生存环境经济社会价值观宗教夫妻从相识、相知、相爱、相伴、到相守，要经历友情、爱情、同情、恩情的各种体验，而婚姻是对男女关系最直接的定位，无论哪个人在哪个国家都要面对。婚姻作为文化的一部分浓缩并反映了它所处社会的文化特征、道德信仰、经济与政治等文化现象值得我们深思，本文就中美婚姻观差异及其形成原因作初步探讨。 一中美婚姻观对比 1.提到中美婚姻，有人形象地比喻：“对中国人来说，结婚更像一种商业活动， 所以叫经营婚姻；而对于美国人而言，婚姻更像家家酒，爱到一起翻天覆地，不高兴了就一拍两散。”中国婚姻特点：改革开放前，低质量，高稳定，60％的夫妻婚姻是“凑合型”；之后性观念混乱，离婚潮泛滥，则是低质量，低稳定。而美国人所信奉的既不是严格的单偶制，也不是完全开放的关系，而是对爱情、特殊癖好和多种伴侣关系的包容。经调查，中国人的择偶标准是：长相、年龄、家庭条件;而美国人的择偶条件是：尊重、信任、兴趣。 2.说到家庭条件，从择偶开始，中国人就视婚姻往往成为买卖，而美国人则将 婚姻视为卖买。在中国的婚姻中，人们较多的说法是男人娶老婆，而很少有人会讲女人娶老公。所以男女婚姻更多地像是做一桩买卖，既然是买卖那就离不开钱。如今没房子的男人在有些女性眼里根本算不上男人。在一些女人心里，一套房子顶得上一百个白马王子，结婚是最好的商业投资机会，电视剧《蜗居》就揭示了这一残酷现实。而著名思想家恩格斯则尖锐地指出，为钱结婚无异于长期卖淫。美国人的婚姻是将买卖两个字颠倒过来，称之为卖买，男男女女即是卖家也是买家。女人要找个如意郎君，首先得把自己卖出去，不论是聪明的大脑、杰出的才华、漂亮的脸蛋、姣好的身材还是共同的兴趣，这些都是资本，男人若买账，那就是对婚姻下了订金。在物质这一点上美国人很看得开，不怕结婚时啥都没有，只要夫妻能同甘共苦，面包会有的、汽车会有的、房子也会有的。 3.结婚时，中国的婚俗程序繁多，讲究所谓的“排场”改革开放后，婚礼越办 越奢侈，婚庆公司、婚纱照相馆如雨后春笋般冒出。某种程度上，中国的婚礼是在作秀，用外在的奢华宣扬貌似浓烈的爱情，而真正的爱情似乎不再神
中西饮食文化差异的原因分析及其研究意义
中西饮食文化差异的原因分析及其研究意义 摘要：中西方在饮食文化上存在着明显的差异。文章分析了形成中西饮食文化差异的内在原因，其意义在于既能有助于深刻理解中西文化中的不同之处，跨越文化交际障碍，又能培养人们在跨文化交际时的适应能力，有效地避免交际双方由于文化差异而产生的误解。 关键词：中西方饮食文化差异；文化差异；跨文化交际 Introduction 文化人类学的最一般的目标，是努力理解所有人类文化以及这些文化的创造进程的相似点及区别，为了实现这个目，就必须进行比较。跨文化比较研究是文化人类学研究的一种基本方法。人类的文化基质是共有的，中西文化的差异性是历史的而不是自然生就的。一个国家、一个地区的饮食文化往往是一个国家、一个地区文化的浓缩。中国与英美等西方国家对于饮食的观点和态度、饮食的内容及特点等方面都存在着显著的差异，揭示这些差异以及内在的原因，有助于跨越文化鸿沟，有助于世界性的文化融合。 在《现代汉语词典》里，饮食的义项有两个：一是名词性的，指“吃的和喝的东西”强调的是名称；一个是动词性的，指“吃东西和喝东西”，强调的是动作。 在英文中，饮食的概念可以有以下表达方法：“food and drink”意即“吃的和喝的东西”；“diet”意即“通常所吃的食物”，也可以指“日常的膳食”；“bite and sup ”则是指“吃东西和喝东西”。些有关“饮食”的解释中，我们可以看出，“饮食”一词的基本语言学含义比较简单，无非就是吃喝的东西或吃喝的动作。但我们深究起来，“饮食”就变得复杂了。饮食如果仅仅是吃饱喝足，为什么在吃饱喝足的同时，有这么多繁文缛节？为什么一种食物对一个地方的人来说是天赐美味，而对另一个地方的人来说则敬而远之，甚至有的地方更是避之不及呢？有人为吃什么而苦恼，而有人却为吃不饱而烦恼。饮食本身是本能的，而吃什么，如何吃，在哪里吃，则体现出不同族群的不同特点，体现出文化性。 一、中西饮食文化差异的表现 文化是人们在长期的社会生活中凝聚起来的生活方式的总称。当一个民族形成了固定的饮食习惯、饮食技巧和饮食观念后，便构成了一种亚文化。
中西节日文化差异英文
中西节日文化差异英文公司内部编号：（GOOD-TMMT-MMUT-UUPTY-UUYY-DTTI-
The comparison between Chinese and Western festivals 中西方节日文化的差异比较 Abstract: the process of comparing the Chinese and Western festivals and studying Western histories and cultures can help people promote the communication and understanding of different cultures. With the further development of society and inter-cultures, globalization will affect many aspects of life in all countries. And western festivals are becoming more and more popular in China. We should respect them and select the essence. China boasts a brilliant history and splendid traditions. In modern times, Chinese tradition should be preserved and promoted. But it seems that young people no longer treasure the tradition. On the contrary, they turn to pursue enthusiastically a seemingly more modern culture. If this trend is allowed to continue, the priceless heritage of our ancestors will be replaced by western traditions. Nobody expects such a consequence. So let’s join hand in hand to protect and carry forward Chinese tradition. Key words: Traditional festivals; Chinese and Western cultures; difference; globalization Introduction: “A holiday of a nation represents a glorious culture and concentrated customs of a nation.” To understand a nation's
文化差异与跨文化交际
文化差异与跨文化交际 第一章单元测试 1、李希霍芬 2、东洋航线西洋航线南洋航线 3、贸易作用外交作用文化交流作用 4、贞观十四年 5、张骞 6、不空真谛 7、马可?波罗 8、天水麦积山石窟洛阳龙门石窟大同云冈石窟 9、西洋音乐西方油画机械钟表 10、瓷器茶叶丝绸 第二章单元测试 1、美国 2、牛仔鸡尾酒快餐 3、熊猫京剧长城 4、丝绸之路四大发明 5、语言饮食宗教 6、江南民居川西民居北京四合院书院建筑 7、巴洛克式建筑罗马式建筑哥特式建筑洛可可建筑 8、雕梁画柱飞檐斗拱亭台楼阁 9、伦敦圣保罗大教堂梵蒂冈圣保罗大教堂 10、洛可可式建筑 11、粤菜湘菜川菜鲁菜 12、勺子筷子盆子碗 13、红茶白茶黑茶绿茶 14、二锅头黄酒 15、豫剧黄梅戏京剧评剧 16、扬琴古琴 17、茶花女卡门图兰朵 18、最后的晚餐蒙娜丽莎 19、澳大利亚 20、BDCEA 第三章单元测试 1、全选 2、傅聪傅敏 3、Skype Twitter 4、文化背景年龄年龄 5、受众面广不受时空限制
7、叔侄关系 8、自然形成无需刻意建立恒久不变 9、宰相肚里能撑船。人非圣贤孰能无过？退一步海阔天空 10、全选 11、面试出席婚礼谈判 12、全选 13、合理的 14、包容的精神 15、机智幽默 16、清晨晚10点半以后 17、于约定时间前去朋友家做客 临时起意邀请朋友过来用餐 朋友婚礼赠送礼金 18、主人为客人夹菜相互劝酒客套表示谦虚 19、注重个人隐私把家视为私人的空间 20、于约定时间后五到十分钟到达准时到达 第四章单元测试 1、情景语境文化语境 2、是否已婚收入财产 3、百年好合 4、外语能力语用能力文化背景知识 5、口语交际书面语交际 6、含蓄隐晦间接 7、表情空间沉默 8、低语境国家 9、日本墨西哥 10、老乡观念强邻里关系紧密战友关系紧密对家族观念强 11、参与模式 12、全选 13、互动频繁可以当面争执 14、. 健康婚姻年薪 15、全选 第五章单元测试 1、非语言交际 2、音量的大小语速的快慢语速的轻重 3、品牌标识交通标识 4、口头形式文字形式 5、言谈 6、商务政务
中美婚姻观的差异英文论文汇总
On Differences of the Marriage Concept between Chinese and American Introduction Traced back to primitive society, there is the so-called marriage. It is the law of nature that opposites attract makes the mammals live and multiply. Therefore, marriage is a normal and necessary social phenomenon. Because of the different social environment, the human concept of marriage and the mode of combination are also different. The culture of China and America is different, especially the concept of marriage. The United States is a cross-cultural social group and it is composed of many cultural groups of society. The Americans’ mentality are characterized by freedom love, independent and the fondness of exploring, adventuring and enterprising; While we Chinese mentality mainly is a kind of care and the consciousness of compassion. It is based on the two different points of view that people's understanding of marriage is different. About the marriage, someone vividly metaphor: "for the Chinese, marriage is more like a commercial activity, so called management marriage; for Americans, marriage is more like playing house, full of freedom. So there are much differences of marriage concept between China and America.
【关于中美饮食文化差异有哪些】 中美饮食文化差异
【关于中美饮食文化差异有哪些】中美饮食文化差异 中美不同的地理环境,使得两国产出不同的农畜产品;中美不同的历史文化,使得两国有不同的餐具和餐桌礼仪。为此，下面小编整理了中美饮食文化差异一以供大家阅读。 关于中美饮食文化差异一、餐饮礼仪的差异 在餐饮氛围方面，中国人在吃饭的时候都喜欢热闹，很多人围在一起吃吃喝喝，说说笑笑，大家在一起营造一种热闹温暖的用餐氛围。除非是在很正式的宴会上，中国人在餐桌上并没有什么很特别的礼仪。而西方人在用餐时，都喜欢幽雅、安静的环境，他们认为在餐桌上的时候一定要注意自己的礼仪，不可以失去礼节，比如在进餐时不能发出很难听的声音。 中西方宴请礼仪也各具特色。在中国，从古至今大多都以左为尊，在宴请客人时，要将地位很尊贵的客人安排在左边的上座，然后依次安排。在西方则是以右为尊，男女间隔而座，夫妇也分开而座，女宾客的席位比男宾客的席位稍高，男士要替位于自己右边的女宾客拉开椅子，以示对女士的尊重。另外，西方人用餐时要坐正，认为弯腰，低头，用嘴凑上去吃很
不礼貌，但是这恰恰是中国人通常吃饭的方式。吃西餐的时候，主人不提倡大肆的饮酒，中国的餐桌上酒是必备之物，以酒助兴，有时为了表示对对方的尊重，喝酒的时候都是一杯一杯的喝。 礼仪是一种文化，是文化就有纵向的传承和横向的借鉴与融合。随着世界全球化不断加快步伐，经济、文化高速碰撞融合的大背景下，西方文化大量涌进中国，中国传统礼仪也不断受到西方礼仪文化的冲击。如何保护中华民族传统礼仪，并去其糟粕，与西方礼仪进行合理有效的融合，成为人们不断思考和探讨的话题。越来越多的人认识到中西礼仪文化必将会互相渗透，不断发展. 关于中美饮食文化差异二、饮食观念的不同 对比注重味的中国饮食，西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何，而营养一定要得到保证，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下去因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理，事物之理常为形上学理，形上学理互相连贯，便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机，使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面，这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用，如饮食文化。在宴席上，可以讲究餐具，讲究用料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配;但不管怎么豪华高档，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，无艺术可言。
中美文化差异英文版
1.美国人的自我意识和独立意识很强。 Self-awareness and independent consciousness of Americans are very strong. 2.美国文化鼓励人民开拓创新，做一番前人未做过的、杰出超凡的事业。 In America, innovation often is encouraged and people often do something nobody has done. 3.美国基础教育实践，注重创造的教学形式. American education based on practice, pay attention to teaching form of creation. 4. 中国的家庭结构比较复杂，传统的幸福家庭是四代同堂。 China's family structure is more complex, the traditional happy family is four generations. 5. 中国人的婚姻相对来说比较稳定。这是因为中国人把婚姻当作一个严肃的道德问题，喜新厌旧，或是第三者插足都会被认为是极不道德的。 The Chinese marriage is relatively stable. Because Chinese people treat marriage as a serious moral problem, propensity or a third people involvement is considered highly unethical. 6. 新中国虽已建立了六十年，但传统的君臣，父子等级观念在中国人的头脑中仍然根深蒂固。The traditional manner, parent-child hierarchical remains entrenched in the Chinese mind. 7. 主动帮助别人或接受别人帮助在西方常是令人难堪的事。在中国，主动帮助别人，给人以无微不至的体贴是一种美德。 Take the initiative to help others or accept others help is embarrassing thing in America. However, help others is a virtue. 8. 在个性自由与团结协作上：美国人十分珍视个人自由，喜欢随心所欲，独往独行，不愿受限制。中国文化则更多地强调集体主义，主张个人利益服从集体利益，主张同甘共苦，团结合作，步调一致。 On the personality freedom and cooperation, Americans cherish personal freedom and don't want to be limited. Personal interest obedience collective interests and cooperation were advocated in China. 9. 美国家庭教育目的是把孩子培养成具有适应各种环境和独立生存能力的“社会人”；中国家庭教育的目的是把孩子培养成“才”，将来有出息，有个好职业，一生能在顺境中度过。 The education purpose of American family is to help children to adapt to the environment and improve the independent ability, and finally make children become a "social person". The education aim of Chinese family is to make children become a person with ability, and hope they can have ambition in the future, have a good career, life can be spent in prosperity. (You are very handsome! 或赞扬你Your English is very good时，中国人一般很谦虚地说：I do not think so! 或说 No ,no ,my English is poor. Thank you !; Have you had your meal? Where are you going? 他们则会认为你想请他吃饭或者干涉其私事，会引起误解。美国人见面，通常打招呼道：Hello! How do you do! Nice to meet you.) （American culture：The main content of American culture is the emphasize on individuals' value, the pursue of democracy and freedom, the promotion of deploitation(开拓,经营) and competition and the need of realistic and practicality. Its core is individualism: self-first, personal need first, pursue of individual benefit and enjoyment, emphasize on achieving individual value by self-strive and self-design. This type of intentionally build up of personality and pursue customized individualism has its pros and cons, it gives incentives to people and make them exert on their potential and wisdom and as a result accelerate the development of the entire race and nation; on the other hand it is difficult to keep good relationship among people if everyone is egocentric thus make the entire society lack of unity. egocentric:.自我中心的,利己主义的 American citizens emphasize on achievements and respect heroes. They have great sense in their hearts to praise success and heroes.Personal achievements are one of those with the highest value in Americans mind.Americans have very strong senses of success.Success is the pursuit of most Americans,it is their attractive future and the incentives for moving forward.They believe that one's personal value is equivalent to his achievements in his career.Some high achievers in their career such as entrepreneurs,scientists,artists and all kinds of super starts became modern heroes.The process and result of how they strived have become the frame of reference of social culture value and the real life text book for parents to educate their children. incentive:Serving to induce or motivate: American society has great movements within itself. These movements are shown in two aspects:movements amongst locations and movements inside the society.The United States are relatively more open and have more freedom.Developed transport and the tradition of adventure and sporty makes a lot of American migrate from countryside to cities,from downtown to uptown; and from north to the southern sunny land,from one city to another.Unlike European countries,the social classes in America is not so stable.Further more,with the advocation of public education,movements upwards along the social ladder have become possible.Many people living in
浅谈现代中美婚姻观念的差异完整版
浅谈现代中美婚姻观念 的差异 标准化管理处编码[BBX968T-XBB8968-NNJ668-MM9N]
浅谈现代中美婚姻观念的差异 摘要 二十一世纪的中美两国是世界上的两个超大的经济体，且属于不同的政体，中美两国的不同历史文化背景导致彼此的婚姻观存在诸多差异。中国受封建儒家思想影响比较深，而美国则是受外来思想比较严重。近年来随着中国的改革开放不断深入，中美文化的交流越来越频繁，而且互补性很强。本文着重从中美两种文化根源的角度，阐述了中美婚姻观念的不同之处，拓展了人们的认识空间。 关键词：婚姻观念差异文化
Abstract China and the United States in the twenty-first century are the two large economies in the world，they are different form of government ，leading to under different historical and cultural backgrounds of the two countries to each other's views on marriage，there are many differences.Confucianism has been the ideology occupy the field of the orthodox position of the Chinese culture is undergoing extensive and profound impact.Foreign thoughts affect deeply in America's marriage ideasWith the deepening of China's reform and opening up in recent years，.Sino-USintercultural communicationbecamemore and more frequently， also Both Countries are highly complementary in economic and cultural exchangesThis essay illust rates some dif ferent view s betw een Chinese and American marriage ideas in details based on the source of the cultures and thus enlarges eye sight s of people. Key words:marriage ideas；comparison；culture；
文化差异与跨文化交际2019
本文内容详情如下： 1.1丝绸之路 1 中西方文化交流的历史源远流长，历史上有一条连接东西方文明古国的通道被称之为“丝绸之路”。“丝绸之路”的得名是由（D）提出的。 A、张骞 B、汉和帝 C、汉武帝 D、李希霍芬 2 “丝绸之路”曾作为连接中西方的重要通道发挥着重要的作用。不发挥的作用主要是指（B）。 A、贸易作用 B、军事作用 C、外交作用 D、文化交流作用 3
“丝绸之路”加强了东西方的贸易往来。通过“丝绸之路”中国没将（B）运输到东南亚、南亚、东非以及欧洲各国。 A、瓷器 B、茶叶 C、香料 D、丝绸 4 古代丝绸之路不仅指陆上丝绸之路，还包括海上丝绸之路。对 5 通过丝绸之路，中国人将四大发明传到欧洲；西方人将印度哲学、阿拉伯的历法和医术传入中国，促进了中西方文化的交流。对 1.2东西方文化传播 1 佛教传入中国后对中国文化的影响巨大。中国历史上就曾修建过许多反映佛教文化的石窟，其中下面那个不是敦煌莫高窟与（A）并称为中国四大石窟。 A、固原须弥山石窟 B、天水麦积山石窟 C、洛阳龙门石窟
D、大同云冈石窟 2 希腊著名数学家、物理学家阿基米德的《方法论》手稿重写本经美国科学家研究终于在X射线下回复了原有内容。A A、对 B、错 3 张骞第二次出使西域大获成功，受到了汉武帝的称赞，被封为太中大夫。A A、对 B、错 4 马可?波罗著的《马可·波罗游记》记述了他在东方最富有的国家——中国的所见所闻，激起了欧洲人对东方的热烈向往。后来这本书在欧洲非常畅销。错 5 公元3到13世纪，欧洲各国普遍使用羊皮纸书写文件，从14世纪起羊皮纸逐渐被中国的纸所取代，羊皮纸从此退出历史舞台。错
中西文化差异比较英文
T h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n c h i n e s e a n d w e s t e r n c u l t u r e With the rapidly challging word, people throughout the world have found it increasingly necessary to minimize the rate of misunderstanding due to miscommunication in their contacts with another. In the oast most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geoographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. It might be said that technological advances have been most effective in creating the borderless word, the global community. As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remot cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. It is no longer hard to find situations in which membes of ince isolared groups of people. Now these people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other. So all the people are faced with the challenge of understand this world. So when the east meet west, there are many problems. Some problems are listed as follows. First of all, the way of eating. All huaman beings have certain basic needs. Our fundamental needs for things that keep us alive. This is the physioligical need. All individuals must eat in order to survive. But what people eat, when they eat, and the manners in which they eat are all patterned by culture. No society views everything in its environment that is edible and might provide nurishment as food. Americans eat oysters but not snail. The French eat snails but not locusts. The Jews eat fish but not pork. The Hindus eat pork but not beef. The Russiand eat beef but not snake. We all have ideas about what kinds of food are good to eat. We also have ideas about what kinds of food are bad to eat. As a result, people from one culture often think the food that people from another culture eat are disgusting or nauseating. Dislike is not the only reason why some culture will not eat a certain food. In some clture, certain foods are taboo. Sometimes the food taboos may be so strong thrat just the thought of eating forbidden foods can cause an indivdual to feel ill. We can also find culture difference in way of bring up children treating the early, greeting each other, saying and spending money before other people do in everyday, but in some English-speaking countries, people do not agree with us. We chinese may enjoy something that is not usually consider as edible by the English-speaking people. Generally we perfer to have thing hot and much emphasis on the taste. We eat from one plate when we are eating with others, and we like to seat one by one, and in the shape of a round. On the
中西方婚姻差异英文论文
Chinese and western difference in marriage Abstrac t: this article aims at study the difference between Chinese and western in marriage. Chinese marriages are based on family conditions，while Westerns ' marriages are based on the same hobby .Their different survival environment affect the people' characters and influence people's thoughts of their respective marriages. Men and women in the economy of different status determine their positions in the family, which determines the differences in their marriage. Social value is the mainstream of different thoughts, and it indirectly affects the public's view of marriage. Religious beliefs also play an important role in marriage customs and marriages maintaining. Key words: Concept about marriage between Western and China ; Living environment ;The social value I. Introduction Marriage as a human institution exists in all major civilizations since the dawn of time. The Mystery of Holy Matrimony draws its sacred foundation from the creation of the first man and woman, whom God made in His own Image and Likeness and told to be fruitful and multiply? In Orthodox tradition, marriage and monasticism goes hand in hand, and are both considered holy in its calling in the service of God and His People. Most weddings contain wedding vows and a proclamation of marriage, usually by the officiate. Most weddings also involve wearing traditional clothes (i.e., kilts, white gown, red sari, etc.). A wedding is often followed or accompanied by a wedding reception. Other elements may include music, poetry, prayer or scripture. Some elements of the traditional Western wedding ceremony symbolize the bride's d eparture from her father’s control and entry into a new family with her husband. In modern Western weddings, this symbolism is largely vestigial. The common element in a wedding is the assumption of husband and wife roles as well as the roles of the future parents. The wedding is a special moment that marks the beginning of a new generation, a new family and a life together. This moment is recognized with traditions, ceremonies and rituals including engagement and wedding ceremonies. II.A comparison of the view of marriage The mentioned marriage , has been described:" to the Chinese people, marriage is more like a commercial activity, so called marriage; and to the Western people, marriage is more like a house, to turn the world upside down together, not happy is a casual shoot two."