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专业外文翻译(范例)

专业外文翻译(范例)
专业外文翻译(范例)

2011 届毕业设计专业外文翻译

题目 Text Structure of Buildings

Reading Material A Structural Planning and design Reading Material B Types of Loads and Types of Stress

专业土木工程

姓名王康建

班级07土Y4

学号07124620

指导教师郭献芳李雄威

2011 年 1 月16 日

Contents

UNIT ONE

Text Introduction to Mechanics of Materials

Reading Material A Shear Center

B Allowable Stress Design and Strength Design

UNIT TWO

Text The Tensile Test

Reading Material A Comparative Study of the Mechanical Properties of Ductile and Brittle Materials

B Strength Theories

UNIT THREE

Text Application of Mechanics of Materials and Its Study Method

Reading Material A Stress

B Method of Sections

UNIT FOUR

Text Description of the Force and Displacement Method

Reading Material A Types of Beams

B Methods of Joints and Sections for Analyzing a Truss

UNIT FIVE

Text Structure of Buildings

Reading Material A Structural Planning and Design

B Types of Loads and Types of Stress

UNIT SIX

Text Purpose of Structural Analysis, Modeling of Structures and Relation of Analysis and Design

Reading Material A Matrix Analysis of Structures by the Stiffness Method

B Equilibrium of Single Members

UNIT SEVEN

Text Properties of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete

Reading Material A Property of Structural Steel

B Nature of Wood and Masonry

UNIT EIGHT

Text Building Code (Ⅰ)

Reading Material A Building Code (Ⅱ)

B Building Code (Ⅲ)

UNIT NINE

Text Early History of Cement and Concrete

Reading Material A The Hydration Reaction

B Distress and Failure of Concrete

UNIT TEN

Text Advantages and Disadvantages of Concrete and Its Water-Cement Ratio Reading Material A Slump Test and Concrete Proportioning

B Curing Concrete

UNIT ELEVEN

Text Mortar

Reading Material A Water Retentively

B Cement Mortar and Lime Mortar

UNIT TWELVE

Text General Planning Considerations

Reading Material A Housing

B House

UNIT THIRTEEN

Text Factory Design

Reading Material A Modern Building Construction

B Building

UNIT FOURTEEN

Text Fundamental Objective of Structural Dynamics Analysis Reading Material A Organization of the Text

B Methods of Discret iza tion

UNIT FIFTEEN

Text Contents of Theory of Elasticity

Reading Material A Basic Assumptions in Classical Elasticity

B Members in a State of Two-Dimensional Stress

UNIT SIXTEEN

Text Historical Development of Finite Element Method

Reading Material A General Description of the Finite Element Method

B Introduction of Displacement Approach

Appendix ⅠVocabulary

Appendix ⅡTranslation for Reference

Appendix ⅢKey to Exercises

目录

一、Foreign original UNIT FIVE

1.Text Structure of Buildings··········································1-3

2.Reading Material A Structural Planning and

design·················································································4-5 3.Reading Material B Types of Loads and Types of

Stress·················································································6-8

⑴Types of Loads································································6-7

⑵Types of stress····························································7-8

二、外文译文第五单元

1.课文建筑物的结构···························································9-10

2.阅读材料 A 结构的规划和设计 (11)

3.阅读材料 B 荷载类型及应力类型··································12-13

⑴负载类型 (12)

⑵应力类型 (13)

UNIT FIVE

Text Structure of Buildings

[1] Considering only the engineering essentials, the structure of a building can be defined as the assemblage of those parts which exist for the purpose of maintaining shape and stability. Its primary purpose is to resist any loads applied to the building and to transmit those to the ground.

[2] In terms of architecture, the structure of a building is and does much more than that. It is an inseparable part of the building form and to varying degrees is a generator of that form. Used skillfully, the building structure can establish or reinforce orders and rhythms among the architectural volumes and planes. It can be visually dominant or recessive. It can develop harmonies or conflicts. It can be both confining and emancipating. And, unfortunately in some cases, it cannot be ignored. It is physical.

[3] The structure must also be engineered to maintain the architectural form. The principles and tools of physics and mathematics provide the basis for differentiating between rational and irrational forms in terms of construction. Artists can sometimes generate shapes that obviate any consideration of science, but architects cannot.

[4] There are at least three items that must be present in the structure of a building:

stability

strength and stiffness

economy

[5] Taking the first of the three requirements, it is obvious that stability is needed to maintain shape. An unstable building structure implies unbalanced forces or a lack of equilibrium and a consequent acceleration of the structure or its pieces.

[6] The requirement of strength means that the materials selected to resist the stresses generated by the loads and shapes of the structure (s) must be adequate. Indeed, a "factor of safety" is usually provided

so that under the anticipated loads, a given material is not stressed to a level even close to its rupture point. The material property called stiffness is considered with the requirement of strength. Stiffness is different from strength in that it directly involves how much a structure strains or deflects under load. A material that is very strong but lacking in stiffness will deform too much to be of value in resisting the forces applied.

[7] Economy of a building structure refers to more than just the cost of the materials used. Construction economy is a complicated subject involving raw materials, fabrication, erection, and maintenance. Design and construction labor costs and the costs of energy consumption must be considered. Speed of construction and the cost of money (interest) are also factors. In most design situations, more than one structural material requires consideration. Competitive alternatives almost always exist, and the choice is seldom obvious.

[8] Apart from these three primary requirements, several other factors are worthy of emphasis. First, the structure or structural system must relate to the building's function. It should not be in conflict in terms of form. For example, a linear function demands a linear structure, and therefore it would be improper to roof a bowling alley with a dome. Similarly, a theater must have large, unobstructed spans but a fine restaurant probably should not. Stated simply, the structure must be appropriate to the function it is to shelter.

[9] Second, the structure must be fire-resistant. It is obvious that the structural system must be able to maintain its integrity at least until the occupants are safely out. Building codes specify the number of hours for which certain parts of a building must resist the heat without collapse. The structural materials used for those elements must be inherently fire-resistant or be adequately protected by fireproofing materials. The degree of fire resistance to be provided will depend upon a number of items, including the use and occupancy load of the space, its dimensions, and the location of the building.

[10] Third, the structure should integrate well with the building's circulation systems. It should not be in conflict with the piping systems

for water and waste, the ducting systems for air, or (most important) the movement of people. It is obvious that the various building systems must be coordinated as the design progresses. One can design in a sequential step-by-step manner within any one system, but the design of all of them should move in a parallel manner toward completion. Spatially, all the various parts of a building are interdependent.

[11] Fourth, the structure must be psychologically safe as well as physically safe. A high-rise frame that sways considerably in the wind might not actually be dangerous but may make the building uninhabitable just the same. Lightweight floor systems that are too “bouncy" can make the users very uncomfortable. Large glass windows, uninterrupted by dividing mullions, can be quite safe but will appear very insecure to the occupant standing next to one 40 floors above the street.

[12] Sometimes the architect must make deliberate attempts to increase the apparent strength or solidness of the structure. This apparent safety may be more important than honestly expressing the building's structure, because the untrained viewer cannot distinguish between real and perceived safety.

Reading Material A

Structural Planning and design

The building designer needs to understand the behavior of physical structures under load. An ability to intuit or "feel" structural behavior is possessed by those having much experience involving structural analysis, both qualitative and quantitative. The consequent knowledge of how forces, stresses, and deformations build up in different materials and shapes is vital to the development of this ”sense”。

Beginning this study of forces and stresses and deformations is most easily done through quantitative methods. These two subjects form the basis for all structural planning and design and are very difficult to learn in the abstract.

In most building design efforts, the initial structural planning is done by the architect. Ideally, the structural and mechanical consultants should work side by side with the architect from the conception of a project to the final days of construction. In most cases, however, the architect must make some initial assumptions about the relationships to be developed between the building form and the structural system. A solid background in structural principles and behavior is needed to make these assumptions with any reasonable degree of confidence. The shape of the structural envelope, the location of all major supporting elements, the directionality (if any) of the system, the selection of the major structural materials, and the preliminary determination of span lengths are all part of the structural planning process.

Structural design, on the other hand, is done by both the architect and the engineer. The preliminary determination of the size of major structural elements, providing a check on the rationality of previous assumptions, is done by the architect and/or the engineer. Final structural design, involving a complete analysis of all the parts and components, the working out of structural details, and the specifying of structural materials and methods of construction is al- most always done by the structural engineer.

Of the two areas, structural planning is far more complex than structural design. It involves the previously mentioned “feeling for structure”or intuition that comes through experience. Structural design can be learned from lectures and books, but it is likely that structural planning cannot. Nevertheless, some insight and judgment can be developed from a minimal background in structural analysis and design. If possible, this should be gained from an architectural standpoint, emphasizing the relationship between the quantities and the resulting qualities wherever possible, rather than from an engineering approach.

This study of quantitative structures can be thorough enough to permit the architect to do completely the analysis for smaller projects, although such depth is not absolutely necessary. At the very least it should provide the knowledge and vocabulary necessary to work with the consulting engineer. It must be remembered that the architect receives much more education that is oriented toward creativity than does the engineer, and therefore needs to maintain control over the design. It is up to the architect to ask intelligent questions and suggest viable alternatives. If handicapped by structural ignorance, some of the design decisions will, in effect, be made by others.

Reading Material B

Types of Loads and Types of Stress

Types of Loads

In general, loads that act on building structures can be divided into two groups; those due to gravitational attraction and those resulting from other natural causes and elements. Gravity loads can be further classified into two groups: live load and dead load. Building live loads include people and most movable objects within the structure or on top of it. Snow is a live load. So is a grand piano, a safe, or a water bed. Appendix O provides some typically recommended live loads for various types of occupancy within building structures. Research bears out that these figures represent probable maximum values for live loads during the lifetime of a structure. Such loads are seldom realized. What is more likely is an unexpected change in the use of the space. One can sense the problems that might result if an abandoned school is purchased for use as a warehouse (to store bowling balls). Dead loads, on the other hand, generally include the immovable objects in a building. The walls (both interior and exterior), floors, mechanical and electrical equipment, and the structural elements themselves are examples of dead loads.

The snow map of Appendix N gives the maximum snow load that can reasonably be expected in various parts of the United States. Like the live-load values, such large snowfalls seldom occur. Nevertheless, we must design for some level of probability and should not forget such occurrences as the more than-500-millimeter snowfall that hit the southeastern United States in 1974, resulting in many small building failures.

Natural forces not due to gravity that act on buildings are provided by wind and earth-quakes. Wind load is a lateral load that varies in intensity with height. (Hurricanes and tornadoes present special design problems, and local building codes often require certain types of resistive construction.) A probable wind pressure map is given in Appendix

N.

Earthquakes are also treated as lateral loads (at least for

preliminary design purposes), but it is well known that buildings in

earthquakes are subjected to vertical forces as well. De-sign methods are

not fully developed for disaster loadings such as tornadoes and

earthquakes, and research continues in these areas.

One final type of load is an impact load, usually due to moving

equipment, which occurs within or on the structure. Most structural

materials can withstand a sudden and temporary load of higher magnitude

than a load that is applied slowly. For this reason, the specified

permissible stress magnitudes are substantially increased when such loads

govern the design. No permanent damage is done by moderate impact load

provided that it does not occur repeatedly. (An earthquake is a good

example of a severe and repeating impact load.)

All the tables and maps referred to in this text, as part of the

appendices, provide rough data only. The designer should consult local

building codes, which always take precedence. The designer also bears the

Professional responsibility for increasing any recommended design loads

when the situation warrants it.

Types of stress

A fundamental concept in the structural analysis of buildings is that

objects are in a state of equilibrium. This means there are no unbalanced

forces acting on the structure or its parts at any point. All forces

counteract one another, and this results in equilibrium. The structural

element or object does not accelerate because the net force acting on it

is zero, but it does respond to these forces internally. It is pushed or

pulled and otherwise deformed, giving off energy as heat as it resists

the forces. Internal stresses of varying types and magnitudes accompany

the deformations to provide this resistance.

These stresses are named by their action or behavior (i.e., tension,

compression, shear, and bending). Tensile and compressive stresses which

act through the axis or center of mass of an object are evenly distributed

over the resisting area and result in all the material fibers being stressed to like amounts. Shearing stresses and, more important, bending stresses are not uniform and usually result in a few fibers of material being deformed to their limit while others re- main unstressed or nearly so. Bending is, by far, the structurally least efficient way to carry loads.

Assuming for the moment that we have a material equally strong in tension, compression, shear, and bending, it would be best to load it in tension to achieve its maximum structural capacity. Compressive forces, if applied to a long slender structure, can cause buckling. Buckling always occurs under less load than would be required to fail the materials in true compression (i.e., crushing). Of course, materials are not equal in strength when loaded in different ways. Some materials have almost no tensile strength, and generalizations are very difficult to make. As explained in succeeding chapters, shearing stresses will cause tension and compression; and bending is actually-a combination of shear, tension, and compression. Because of the previously mentioned uneven distribution of stress intensity, however, bending is always the most damaging load that can be applied to any resisting structural material.

第五单元

课文建筑物的结构

[1] 如果只考虑工程要点建筑物结构可以定义为保持形状与稳定而存在的那些部分的集合。其主要目的是抵制任何作用于建筑物上的负载,并将其传输到地上。

[2] 根据建筑,建筑的结构不止那些。它是建筑形式的不可分割的一部分并在不同程度上是那种形式的产物。熟练使用上,建筑结构可以建立或加强建筑体量和平面之间的顺序和节奏。它可以直观地主导或隐性。它可以发展和谐或冲突。它可以同时受限和解放。不幸的是在某些的情况下,它不能被忽略。它是物质性的。

[3] 结构也必须保持建筑形式的工程化。原则与物理、数学工具依据建造提供了区分理性与非理性形式的基本原理。艺术家有时可以产生消除任何科学考虑的形状,但建筑师却不能。

[4]存在至少三个必须出现在建筑结构上的项目:

稳定

强度和刚度

经济

[5] 采取这三种的需求的第一个,显然,稳定需要保持形状。一个不稳定的建筑结构意味着不平衡的力或缺乏平衡和随之加速的结构或其构件。

[6] 强度的要求意味着被选择抵制通过结构负载和形状产生的应力必须是足够的。的确,一个“安全系数”是经常被提供的,以致于在预期的荷载作用下,一个给定的材料是不强调一个甚至接近其破裂点的水平。被称为刚度的材料属性是和强度要求是一起被考虑的。刚度不同于强度,因为它直接涉及结构在荷载作用下的拉伤和偏斜多少。强度高但刚度弱的材料在抵抗应用力价值方面将变形太多。

[7] 建筑结构经济涉及到的不仅是材料使用费。工程经济是一个复杂的主题,涉及原料、制造、安装及保养。必须考虑设计和建设劳动成本和能源消耗成本。建设速度和钱 (利息) 的成本也是因素。在大多数的设计情况下,多个结构材料需要考虑。竞争的选择几乎总是存在的,选择是不明显的。

[8] 除了这三个主要要求,其他几个因素是值得强调的。首先,结构或结构系统必须与建筑的功能相关。它不应从形式上冲突。例如线性函数要求一个线性的结构,因此不适合给有圆顶的保龄球馆盖以屋顶。同样,剧院必须有大、无

障碍物阻挡视线的范围,但高级餐厅可能不一定。简单地说,结构必须适合它作为住房的功能。

[9] 第二,结构必须是防火的。显然,结构系统必须能够保持其完整性,至少直到居民是安全的。建筑规范规定建筑必须抗火不塌的小时数。这些结构材料用于那些固有抗火或通过防水材料被充分保护的元素。被提供的抗火程度将取决于一大批项目,包括空间的使用和占有荷载、它的尺寸和建筑物位置。

[10] 第三,结构应也与这座大楼的流通系统很好地集成。它不应与水和垃圾管道系统,空气调节系统或(最重要的)人的运动有冲突。很明显的是,各种建筑系统必须与设计过程相协调。人们可以设计在任何一个的系统内顺序的分步方式,但他们所有的设计应以并行方式移动完成。空间上,建筑物的所有各部分是相互依存的。

[11] 第四,结构必须心理和物理安全一样,在风中剧烈摇摆的高层建筑框架也许实际上是不危险的但也许使建筑还是一样不适宜居住。太”弹性”的轻质楼板系统会使用户感到不舒适。不被分割的竖框打断的大玻璃窗可能相当安全但将对临近一个街道上的一40层楼非常不安全。

[12] 有时建筑师必须故意试图增加结构表面强度或硬度。这种明显的安全也许比真诚地表现建筑结构更重要,因为未经训练的观察者无法区分真正的和可预见的安全。

结构的规划和设计

建筑设计者需要了解负载下的物理结构的行为。本能或“感觉”结构行为的能力是通过那些已有很多涉及结构定性和定量的分析的经验获得的。随之而来的怎样建立不同材料和、形状的力、应力和变形知识对这种“感觉”的发展至关重要。

开始力、应力和变形的研究是最容易通过定量方法实现的。形成所有结构规划和设计基础的这两个主题是非常难以抽象学习的。

在大多数建筑设计的努力下,最初的结构计划是由建筑师完成的。理想的情况下,结构和机械咨询师应从项目构想到施工竣工伴随建筑师左右工作。但是,在大多数的情况下,建筑师必须做出一些有关结构形式和结构体系之间被发展的关系的初始假设。在结构的原则和行为方面的扎实背景需要做这些与任何信心合理程度有关的假设。结构层的形状、所有主要支持元素的位置、系统的方向性(如果有的话)主要结构材料和跨度长度的初步确定都是结构规划进程的组成部分。

另外一方面,结构设计是由建筑师和工程师共同完成的。提供对以前的假设的合理性进行检查的主要结构元素大小的初步测定是通过建筑师和工程师完成的。最后,渉及所有的零部件全面的分析、结构详细的论述和结构材料、施工方法细则的最终结构设计几乎总是由结构工程师完成的。

在这两个的领域中,结构规划是比结构设计的复杂得多。它涉及到前面提到的“对结构的感受”或来自经验的直觉。结构设计可以从讲座和书上学到,但很可能的是结构规划却不能。不过,一些见解和判断可以从结构分析与设计中的最小背景中发展而来。如果可能的话,这应该来自一个建筑观点,不论可能在哪,都强调数量和最终质量之间的关系,而不是来自一个工程的方法。

虽然这种深度不是绝对必要的,但是这项定量结构研究可能足够彻底地允许建筑师完全做较小项目的分析。至少,它应提供知识和可能与咨询工程师一起工作的必要词汇。必须记住的是,建筑师接收更多的教育是面向创造力的而不是工程师所做的,因此需要保持对设计的控制。它可以向建筑师提问智能问题并建议可行的选择。如果结构忽略残缺的话,一些设计决策实际上将被他人完成。

荷载类型及应力类型

负载类型

一般情况下,作用在建筑结构上的荷载可分为两组:由于地球引力产生的荷载和由于其他自然因素和元素引起的荷载。重力负荷可以进一步分为两个组别:活荷载和恒荷载。建设活荷载包括在结构内或它的顶部上的人和大多数可移动的物体。雪是活荷载。大钢琴、冷藏室或水床也是。附录O代表性地提供了一些在建筑结构内占据的各种类型的活荷载。研究证实了这些数字表示一个结构生命期内活荷载的可能最大值。这种负荷很少会被意识到。在空间使用上的意外变化更有可能。人们可以感觉如果一个废弃的学校用作 (存储保龄球) 的仓库可能导致的问题。另外一方面,恒载一般包括建筑物内的不动的物体。(内部和外部)的墙壁、地板、机械电气设备和结构元素本身都是恒载的例子。

附录 N中的雪地图提供最大的雪荷载,它可以在美国各地被合理预测。像活荷载的值,这样大的降雪很少发生。然而,我们必须为一些可能性水平设计而不应该忘记正如发生于 1974 年美国东南部的超过500毫米降雪的情况,它导致许多小建筑毁坏。

自然力不是由于作用在建筑上的重力,而是由风和地球地震提供的。风荷载是横向的负荷,它随高度而产生不同强度。(飓风和龙卷风呈现了特别设计的问题,并且当地建筑法规通常需要某些抵制施工的类型。)一个可能的风压地图被载于附录N。

地震(至少因为初步设计意图)也被视为横向荷载,但众所周知,在地震中的建筑物也受到垂直力的作用。设计方法因如龙卷风和地震的灾难荷载而不完善,并且研究在这些领域继续前进。

最终类型的负载是一种冲击荷载,通常,由于发生在结构内或结构上的移动设备引起的。大多数结构材料能承受一种比慢慢地应用的负载较高规模的突然和临时的负载。由于这个原因,当这些荷载控制设计时,指定的许用应力幅度是基本增长的。无永久性损伤是通过提供不反复出现的适度冲击荷载实现的。(地震是一个严重和重复冲击荷载的好例子。

所有涉及在此文中的图表作为这些附录的一部分,它只提供粗略的数据。设计者应咨询当地始终优先的建筑法规。当情况需要时,设计人员也承担着增加任何推荐设计荷载的职业责任。

应力类型

建筑结构分析中的一个基本概念是对象处于平衡的状态。这意味着作用在结构或其部件上的任何一点没有不平衡力。所有力都一个一个抵消,这将导致力的平衡。因为它没有净力作用在结构元素或对象上,故它不加速,但是它对这些内力产生响应。它是受推或受拉的,否则它会变形,释放出和它抗拒力一样的能量。不同类型和规模的内部应力伴随着提供这种阻力的变形。

这些应力是通过它们的行动或行为(即,拉伸、压缩、剪切,和弯曲)命名的。通过作用在轴或对象质心的拉伸和压缩应力是均匀地分布在抗区上的并将产生所有像数额一样被强调的材料光纤。更重要的是,剪应力、弯曲应力并不一致,并通常产生一些物质纤维,但其他材料保持无应力或接近这样时这种材料将变形到极至。到目前为止,弯曲是结构上承受荷载的最有效方式。

假设目前我们在拉伸、压缩、剪切,和弯曲上有同样强烈的的材料,最好在张力上加载它以实现其最大的结构容量。应用到一个细长结构上的压力会导致屈曲。屈曲总是将要在真正压缩(即粉碎)使材料失效的较小荷载发生。当然,当以不同方式加载时,材料将在强度上不平等。一些材料几乎没有拉伸强度,并且难以概括。正如后续章节解释的那样,剪力将引起拉伸和压缩;且弯曲实际上是剪拉压的组合。由于前面涉及应力强度是不均匀分布的,因而,弯曲总是可以用于任何抵抗结构材料的最具破坏性的荷载。

外文翻译范例

要求:选择一篇和自己论文或者自己专业相关的外文进行翻译,英文字符数在6000-7000字符(注:可以继续按原文的一部分)。排版格式按照下文 公司的核心竞争力 原文来源:The Core Competence of the Corporation, Research Report on Harvard Business Review,1990 至少有三种检验方法可以用来确定公司的核心竞争力。首先,核心竞争力能够为公司进入多个市场提供方便。举例来说,显示器系统方面的核心竞争力能够使一家公司涉足计算器、微型电视机、手提电脑显示屏以及汽车仪表盘等广泛的业务领域,这就是卡西欧公司进军手持式电视机市场不足为奇的原因。第二,核心竞争力应当对最终产品为客户带来的可感知价值有重大贡献。显然,本田公司的发动机专长满足了这个条件。 最后一点,核心竞争力应当是竞争对手难以模仿的。如果核心竞争力是各项技术和生产技能的复杂的融合,那么这项能力就难以被竞争对手模仿。竞争对手或许能够获得核心竞争力中的几种技术,但是要复制其内部协调与学习的整体模式却非常困难。在20世纪60年代初期,JVC决定致力于录像带技术方面的核心竞争力,这个核心竞争力就通过了我们上述的三项检验。20世纪70年代末美国的RCA公司决心开发以唱针为基础的视频转动式系统,这个项目则不能通过上述三项检验。 。。。。。。。。。。。 The Core Competence of the Corporation The Core Competence of the Corporation Research Report on Harvard Business Review,1990 The distinction we observed in the way NEC and GTE conceived of themselves a portfolio of competencies versus a portfolio of businesses was repeated across many industries. From 1980 to 1988, Canon grew by 264%, Honda by 200%. Compare that with Xerox and Chrysler. And if Western managers were once anxious about the low cost and high quality of Japanese imports, they are now overwhelmed by the pace at which Japanese rivals are inventing new markets, creating new products, and enhancing them. Canon has given us personal copiers; Honda has moved from motorcycles to four wheel off road buggies. Sony developed the 8mm camcorder, Yamaha, the digital piano. Komatsu developed an underwater remote controlled bulldozer, while Casio's latest gambit is a small screen color LCD television. Who would have anticipated the evolution of these vanguard markets? In more established markets, the Japanese challenge has been just as disquieting. Japanese companies are generating a blizzard of features and functional enhancements that bring technological sophistication to everyday products. Japanese car producers have been pioneering four wheel steering, four valve-per cylinder engines, in car navigation systems, and sophisticated

毕业论文参考文献格式示例

例: 参考文献: [1]毛蕴诗. 跨国公司战略竞争与国际直接投资[M].广州: 中山大学出版社 [2]ALEXANDER N. International Retailing [M].Oxford:Blackwell Business,1997 .日本税法[M].战宪斌,郑林根,译.北京:法律出版社.信息技术与信息服务[M]//许厚泽,赵其国.信息技术与应用.,於方,蒋红强,等. 建立中国绿色GDP 核算体系:机遇、挑战与对策[C]//潘岳,绿色GDP 核算体系国际研讨会论文集. 北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2004:35-42. 黄祖洽.软凝聚态物理研究进展[J].北京师范大学学报:自然科学版,2005,41(1) :N, MYERS H. European Retail Expansion in South East Asia[J].European 1999,34(2): 45-50. 丁文祥.数字革命与竞争国际化[N]. 中国青年报, 2000-11-20 (15). 张志祥.间断动力系统的随机扰动及其在守恒律方程中的应用[D].北京:北京大学数学学院,1998. 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管 道与压力容器的LBB 分析[R].北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院莫少强.数字式中文全文文献格式的设计与研究[J/OL].情报学报,1999,18(4):https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c812683997.html,/periodical/qbxb/qbxb990407.htm. 奚纪荣,邱志方.武略文韬:军事知识趣谈[M/OL].上海: 汉语大词典出版社, 2001: [13]杜莲.“9·11”事件影响英国出版news/20010929/200109290016.htm. 英文作者姓名全部 用大写字母

外文翻译模板

最佳分簇规模的水声传感器网络 Liang Zhao,Qilian Liang 德州大学阿灵顿分校电子工程系 Arlington, TX 76010, USA Email: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c812683997.html,, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c812683997.html, 摘要:在这篇论文中,我们主要关注的是的最优化分簇规模对水声传感器网络的影响。由于稀疏部署和信道属性的水声传感器网络是不同于地面传感器。我们的分析表明,最优分簇规模主要工作频率所决定的声音的传播。此外,区域数据聚合中也起着因素在很大程度上决定最佳分簇规模。 1引言 水下传感器网络(UW-ASN)可看成是个自组织网络,组成的传感器与一个声音进行分配感应的任务。为了达到这个目的,传感器必须自组织成一个独立的可以适应水下环境的网络,。UW-ASNs可以沿用许多通讯技术传统自组织网络和陆地的无线传感器网络,但仍有一些重要的区别为有限的能量和带宽约[1],[5],此协议对传统发展无线自组网路并不一定适合绝无仅有的网络的特点。当一个无线传感器可能要在一个微小的电池持续比较长的时间,能源效率就成为一个大问题。 由于广播的性质和有限的带宽,在浅水通信[6] [7],多跳可以引起传感器节点之间严重干扰。一个新的路由称为“矢量为基础的转移” (VBF)缓解了这个问题 [8]。 VBF本质上是一种基于位置的路由选择方法:节点紧邻“矢量”转发源宿信息。 通过这种方式,只有一小部分的节点参与路由。另一种解决办法是,每一个传感器分簇通信应该直接指向簇头和内部分簇通信应协调由簇头,以最大限度地提高带宽利用率以往的研究水下通信经常使用时间计划调度方法[9],[10],这可能是适合的小型网络简单。然而,扁平架构还可能限制网络的规模。特别是由于传播延迟声汇简单的时间调度算法方案并不适合较大的水下网络[11]。在文献[11]中,Salva-Garau 和 Stojanovic建议聚类水声载体网络的方案,这组相邻载体进入分簇,和使用的TDMA(时分多址)内每个群集。在分簇管理的干扰是分配到相邻的簇不同的扩频码,同时可扩展性是通过在空间复用码。网络运行开始初始化阶段,并移动到不断维修期间而流动性管理。他们还利用仿真分析,以获得最佳簇大小和传输功率为一种具有一定的载体密度网络。[12]提出了平台,同时使用光学和声汇水下通信。虽然光通信可以达到更高的数据速率,它的应用仅限于短距离点至点通信。该平台也使得移动使用data muling,,这对于大批量的理想延迟容许的应用程序。

3英文文献及翻译格式示例

哈尔滨工业大学毕业设计(论文) 英文原文(原文也可以直接将PDF版打印) ASSESSING CREDIT OR DETERMINING QUANTITY? THE EVOLVING ROLE OF RATING AGENCIES Lynnette D. Purda* This version: April 21, 2011 Abstract Over the past ten years, credit rating agencies have come under intense criticism from both practitioners and academics, first for their failure to identify problems resulting in bankruptcies at Enron and Worldcom and second for providing overly optimistic ratings for structured finance products. While many investors question the value of rating agencies in light of these criticisms, they have proven remarkably resilient. This paper provides a brief background on how rating agencies secured competitive advantages in evaluating credit quality. It then reviews the empirical evidence on the information content of ratings given these advantages. I argue that the information content of ratings stems from two intertwined sources: 1) information related to credit quality and 2) information related to the firm’s ability to access debt. Based on this evidence, I suggest that the dominant role for ratings today is as a benchmark for financial contracting. In this way, ratings remain influential in establishing the supply and demand of debt securities. 译文 评级机构的发展的作用评估信用还是决定数量? 本文:2011.4.21 摘要 在过去的十年,信用评级机构一直处于来自实践者和学者的激烈的批评中,首先他们未能发现问题,导致安然和世通破产;其次对结构性金融产品提供过于乐观的评级。虽然许多投资者因为这些批评对评级机构的价值提出了质疑,但他们仍然被证明是相当有活力的。这篇文章首先在评估机构如何在信用评级质量中获得竞争优势提供一个简单地背景介绍,然后考虑到这些优势回顾了一些信息内容方面的评级经验证据。个人认为信息内容的评级来自两种交织在一起(错综复杂)的来源:1)和信贷质量相关的信息;2)和公司获取债务资本能力相关的信息。以此为据,我建议当前评级的主导作用是作为基准的金融收缩。以这种方式,在建立债券的供应和需求方面评级仍然是有效的。 - -1

毕业论文外文翻译模版

吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title(Times New Roman ,三号) 学生学号:08810219 学生姓名:袁庚文 专业班级:信息与计算科学0802 指导教师:赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期:2012.2.27~2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology

1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献(学术期刊网上的),译成中文,与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前,同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为:上边距:3.5厘米,下边距:2.5厘米,左边距:3.5厘米,右边距:2厘米,页眉:2.5厘米,页脚:2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”,每段落首行缩进2字;或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字,字体:宋体,字号:小四,行距:多倍行距1.3,间距:前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意:各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1.第一级标题(如:第1章绪论)选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”,居左;或者手动设置成字体:黑体,居左,字号:三号,1.5倍行距,段后11磅,段前为11磅。 2.第二级标题(如:1.2 摘要与关键词)选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”,居左;或者手动设置成字体:黑体,居左,字号:四号,1.5倍行距,段后为0,段前0.5行。 3.第三级标题(如:1.2.1 摘要)选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”,居左;或者手动设置成字体:黑体,居左,字号:小四,1.5倍行距,段后为0,段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格(半角)。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书(论文)撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。

最新外文翻译模板

外文翻译模板

精品好文档,推荐学习交流 华北电力大学 毕业设计(论文)附件 外文文献翻译 学号:201001000826姓名:郑蓓 所在院系:电力工程系专业班级:电力1002 指导教师:刘英培 原文标题:Simulation of PMSM Vector Control System based on Non-linear PID and Its Easy DSP Realization 2014年4月10日

基于非线性PID永磁同步电机矢量控制系统仿真及其DSP实现 摘要 本文给出空间矢量脉宽调制(SVPWM)的基本原理,以及构建两条闭合回路矢量控制永磁同步电机(PMSM)的仿真模型方法。同时,在速度闭环对于新型非线性PID控制器进行了研究。仿真结果表明它具有无超调和小速度脉动良好的动态和静态性能。此外,利用在MATLAB中嵌入式目标为TI C2000(C2000 ETTI)的工具,我们将SVPWM仿真模型转换成可执行代码,并下载到TMS320F2812,实现基于DSP永磁同步电机的开环控制。这种方法避免了繁琐的编程工作,缩短了系统开发周期,实现了同步模拟和DSP实现永磁同步电机矢量控制系统的目标。 1 引言 永磁同步电机被广泛使用在交流伺服系统,因为它有如快速响应,出色的操控性能,尺寸小和重量轻等优点。最近,SVPWM技术逐渐取代了传统的SPWM。SVPWM的目的是产生磁通矢量来接近交流电机实际气隙磁通圆,通过在逆变器装置调整切换时间和控制电功率的通断模式。相较于SPWM,SVPWM 技术降低了谐波含量和开关损耗,其直流电压利用率也提高了很多。此外,它很容易被数字化。因此,我们在本文应用SVPWM技术。 原文出处及作者:Wang Song; Shi Shuang-shuang; Chen Chao, "Simulation of PMSM vector control system based on non-linear PID and its easy DSP realization," Control and Decision Conference, 2009. CCDC '09. Chinese , vol., no., pp.949,953, 17-19 June 2009

毕业设计外文翻译格式实例.

理工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 专业:热能与动力工程 姓名:赵海潮 学号:09L0504133 外文出处:Applied Acoustics, 2010(71):701~707 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。

附件1:外文资料翻译译文 基于一维CFD模型下汽车排气消声器的实验研究与预测Takeshi Yasuda, Chaoqun Wua, Noritoshi Nakagawa, Kazuteru Nagamura 摘要目前,利用实验和数值分析法对商用汽车消声器在宽开口喉部加速状态下的排气噪声进行了研究。在加热工况下发动机转速从1000转/分钟加速到6000转/分钟需要30秒。假定其排气消声器的瞬时声学特性符合一维计算流体力学模型。为了验证模拟仿真的结果,我们在符合日本工业标准(JIS D 1616)的消声室内测量了排气消声器的瞬态声学特性,结果发现在二阶发动机转速频率下仿真结果和实验结果非常吻合。但在发动机高阶转速下(从5000到6000转每分钟的四阶转速,从4200到6000转每分钟的六阶转速这样的高转速范围内),计算结果和实验结果出现了较大差异。根据结果分析,差异的产生是由于在模拟仿真中忽略了流动噪声的影响。为了满足市场需求,研究者在一维计算流体力学模型的基础上提出了一个具有可靠准确度的简化模型,相对标准化模型而言该模型能节省超过90%的执行时间。 关键字消声器排气噪声优化设计瞬态声学性能 1 引言 汽车排气消声器广泛用于减小汽车发动机及汽车其他主要部位产生的噪声。一般而言,消声器的设计应该满足以下两个条件:(1)能够衰减高频噪声,这是消声器的最基本要求。排气消声器应该有特定的消声频率范围,尤其是低频率范围,因为我们都知道大部分的噪声被限制在发动机的转动频率和它的前几阶范围内。(2)最小背压,背压代表施加在发动机排气消声器上额外的静压力。最小背压应该保持在最低限度内,因为大的背压会降低容积效率和提高耗油量。对消声器而言,这两个重要的设计要求往往是互相冲突的。对于给定的消声器,利用实验的方法,根据距离尾管500毫米且与尾管轴向成45°处声压等级相近的排气噪声来评估其噪声衰减性能,利用压力传感器可以很容易地检测背压。 近几十年来,在预测排气噪声方面广泛应用的方法有:传递矩阵法、有限元法、边界元法和计算流体力学法。其中最常用的方法是传递矩阵法(也叫四端网络法)。该方

毕业论文 外文翻译#(精选.)

毕业论文(设计)外文翻译 题目:中国上市公司偏好股权融资:非制度性因素 系部名称:经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名:任民学号: 200880444228 指导教师:冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日

译文: 中国上市公司偏好股权融资:非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要:本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动,运用西方融资理论,从非制度性因素方面,如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化,分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因,并得出结论,股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后,针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词:股权融资,非制度性因素,融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资,根据中国证券报的数据显示,1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元,其中股票融资的比例是72.5%,,在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6%和72.3%,另一方面,债券融资的比例分别是17.8%,24.9%和25.1%。在这三年,股票融资的比例,在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例,当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上,于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示,从1970年到1985年,美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7%,比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现,大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为,上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资:第一个是股票基金,第二个是可转换债券,三是短期债务,最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为,上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如,优序融资理论认为,当企业需要资金时,他们首先应该转向内部资金(折旧和留存收益),然后再进行债权融资,最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中,笔者认为,这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好,并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论,尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。

外文翻译模板

杭州电子科技大学 毕业论文外文文献翻译要求 根据《普通高等学校本科毕业设计(论文)指导》的内容,特对外文文献翻译提出以下要求: 一、翻译的外文文献可以是一篇,也可以是两篇,但总字符要求不少于1.5万(或翻译成中文后至少在3000字以上)。 二、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料,应与毕业论文(设计)主题相关,并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文(设计)的参考文献。并在每篇中文译文标题尾部用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处,中文译文后应附外文原文(全文,格式为word)。不能翻译中国学者的文章,不能翻译准则等有译文的著作。 三、中文译文的基本撰写格式 1.题目:采用小三号、黑体字、居中打印;段前二行,段后二行。 2.正文:采用小四号、宋体字,行间距一般为固定值20磅,标准字符间距。页边距为左3cm,右2.5cm,上下各2.5cm,页面统一采用A4纸。 四、外文原文格式 1.题目:采用小三号、Times New Roman、居中打印;段前二行,段后二行。 2.正文:采用小四号、Times New Roman,行间距一般为固定值20磅,标准字符间距。页边距为左3cm,右2.5cm,上下各2.5cm,页面统一采用A4纸。 五、封面格式由学校统一制作(注:封面上的“翻译题目”指中文译文的题目),并按“封面、封面、译文、外文原文、考核表”的顺序统一装订。

毕业论文外文文献翻译 毕业论文题目Xxx 翻译题目指翻译后的中文译文的题目学院会计学院(以本模板为准)专业XXXXXX(以本模板为准)姓名XXXXXX(以本模板为准)班级XXXXXX(以本模板为准)学号XXXXXX(以本模板为准)指导教师XXXXXX(以本模板为准)

3000字英文参考文献及其翻译范例

3000字英文参考文献及其翻译 【注意:选用的英文一定要与自己的论文题目相关。 如果文章太长,可以节选(用省略号省略一些段略)。如果字数不够,可以选2至3篇,但要逐一注明详细出处。英文集中在一起放前面,对应的中文翻译放后面。中文翻译也要将出处翻译,除非是网页。 对文献的翻译一定要认真!对英文文献及其翻译的排版也要和论文正文一样! 特别注意:英文文献应该放在你的参考文献中。】 TOY RECALLS——IS CHINA THE PROBLEM Hari. Bapuji Paul W. Beamish China exports about 20 billion toys per year and they are the second most commonly imported item by U.S. and Canada. It is estimated that about 10,000 factories in China manufacture toys for export. Considering this mutual dependence, it is important that the problems resulting in recalls are addressed carefully. Although the largest portion of recalls by Mattel involved design flaws, the CEO of Mattel blamed the Chinese manufacturers by saying that the problem resulted ‘in this case (because) one of our manufacturers did not follow the rules’. Several analysts too blamed the Chinese manufacturers. By placing blame where it did not belong, there is a danger of losing the opportunity to learn from the errors that have occurred. The first step to learn from errors is to know why and where the error occurred. Further, the most critical step in preventing the recurrence of errors is to find out what and who can prevent it. ……

毕业论文外文翻译模板

农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用,“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现,农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展,并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善,因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建,尤其对农村养老制度的改革,建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看,我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人,使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾,基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出,成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老,许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系,已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷,运行中出现了很多问题,所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 (一)人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出,越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市,年龄结构出现“两头大,中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示:中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万,占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前,农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 (二)农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口,且大多在农村。据统计,未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多,截止2000年底,全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险,占全部农村居民的11.18%,占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外,据国家统计局统计,我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中,也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中,处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。

外文翻译模板(1)

湖北知行学院 金融专业英语外文文献译文本 2014届 原文出处:____ Companies Law Commons, Securities Law Commons_____________________ 译文题目:______调和税法和证券监管____ 院(系)经济与管理学院 专业名称金融专业 学生姓名王倩 学生学号1211340073 任课教师张真

RECONCILING TAX LAW AND SECURITIES REGULATION Omri Marian* Issuers in registered securities offerings must disclose the expected tax consequences to investors investing in the offered securities (“nonfinancial tax disclosure”). This Article advances three arguments regarding nonfinancial tax disclosures. First, nonfinancial tax disclosure practice, as the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC) has sanctioned it, does not fulfill its intended regulatory purposes. Cur- rently, nonfinancial tax disclosures provide irrelevant information, sometimes fail to provide material information, create unnecessary transaction costs, and divert valuable administrative resources to the enforcement of largely-meaningless require- ments. Second, the practical reason for this failure is the SEC

外文翻译部分

所有钢筋混凝土梁都要求通过计算或者构造配置抗剪钢筋。从理论上将,当外部施加的剪力超过无腹筋梁的抗剪承载力的设计值时,需要计算配筋。然而,由于多种原因,例如为了避免脆性破坏,应该提供最小的抗剪箍筋。最小的抗剪箍筋和计算配置的箍筋在形式上都是分离式的垂直箍筋或者弯起钢筋。现在所有配箍量的设计方法都以Morsch和Ritter的桁架模型为基础的。据此,许多研究者也提供了一些修改和补充,例如:Leonhardt考虑了基本的抗剪承载力,Bruggeling考虑了混凝土和箍筋之间的相关性。近来,Zararis,Tompos,Frosch 也提出了与斜裂缝相关的修正。虽然,欧洲、美国、日本无腹筋梁抗剪承载力的设计计算公式在很大程度上不同,但是他们标准中设计计算抗剪箍筋梁的方法都非常相似。虽然,混凝土和钢筋之间的相互影响由许多研究者描述,但是没有标准囊括二者之间的相互影响作用。最后,剪跨比也受到了研究,美国ACI规范和日本JSCE规范都包括了剪跨比的内容。无论是用标准还是计算方法,RC梁中大部分位置都是需要康健箍筋的。箍筋的弯曲和安装是一个耗时的操作,占最终成本的很大一部分,那么一个可能的方法就是使用螺旋箍筋。除了在柱中的使用,尤其是地震敏感区之外,连续螺旋箍筋代替传统箍筋来应用的研究是很少的。虽然,螺旋箍筋首先应用在柱抗震承载力的增加及梁柱外部节点区延性的提高上,但是,这项研究的结果对工程应用有很大的帮助。通过Karayannis的对照研究表明螺旋箍筋梁有较好的抗剪承载力。Tuomo,Clarke,Birjandi也探索了垂直倾斜的理论效果。虽然,这两项研究中,它的效率因子是不相同的,但是对于大部分螺旋箍筋间距来说,同等数量的螺旋箍筋的效率达到普通计算配箍量的90%或者95%或者更多。如果这种效率能够通过实验测试,那么劳动成本将大大减少。这一观察启动了一项研究:测试螺旋箍筋的有效性,剪跨比的评估,密实混凝土的使用。这篇文章的第一部分描述了混凝土的性能,RC梁的尺寸和实验设备。第二部分描述了新拌混凝土和RC梁的实验结果。然而第三部分讨论了早期通用的国际规范的理论设计值和实验值的比较结果。最后,得出结论。 2.材料和方法 2.1材料和试样的规格 24根梁中所使用的是传统的振捣混凝土和自身密实混凝土。C40/50混凝土由预拌混凝土公司分三批提供。混凝土的型号是CEM Ⅲ/A 42.5 N LA,粗骨料的最大粒径D max接近于16mm,所有的混合物都适合EE4环境。本文中的实验结果依据24根梁的试验研究(梁的尺寸150×286,长是2400mm)。其中12根梁采用振捣混凝土,12根梁采用自身密实的混凝土。根据欧洲规范EN1080,纵向钢筋采用BE500S。对于所有的梁,纵向钢筋强度是相等的,并且所有梁经过计算发生剪切破坏。为了首先发生剪切破坏,底部配有较低配筋量的3?20,上部2?6构成架立筋,所有的箍筋,包括普通箍筋和螺旋箍筋都采用?6。图1显示了传统的箍筋和螺旋箍筋。螺旋箍筋就像传统的箍筋一样缠绕在纵向钢筋上,通过计算螺旋箍筋的倾角获得与普通箍筋等量的箍筋面积。然而,在实践中,箍筋的重叠对于锚固是必要的,而当使用螺旋箍筋,这种重叠是不存在的。当考虑到传统箍筋必要的多余重叠时,对于试验梁来说,不起作用的抗剪箍筋接近25%,这项研究中没有考虑这项多余的抗剪区。因为显然,大规模的梁来说,相关的减少是不显著的。所有梁的概述、钢筋情况都列在表1和图2中。 2.2试验设备 用一个量程是600KN的液压执行器进行静态试验。图3和图4展示了实验设备。简支梁的跨度是2m,转换梁是用来转移施加荷载,两点荷载间的间距是0.75m(λ=2.5)或者0.5m(λ=3)。这次试验测试了结构的挠度、应变、裂缝扩展、失效形式。使用三个挠度计测跨中和加载点下的垂直位移,如图4所示。应变用应变仪测量,裂缝的宽度和扩展用20μm分辨率的裂缝宽度显微镜测量。

外文翻译排版格式参考

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 系别:电子信息系 专业:通信工程 班级:B100309 姓名:张杨 学号: B 外文出处: 附件: 1. 原文; 2. 译文 2014年03月

An Introduction to the ARM 7 Architecture Trevor Martin CEng, MIEE Technical Director This article gives an overview of the ARM 7 architecture and a description of its major features for a developer new to the device. Future articles will examine other aspects of the ARM architecture. Basic Characteristics The principle feature of the ARM 7 microcontroller is that it is a register based load-and-store architecture with a number of operating modes. While the ARM7 is a 32 bit microcontroller, it is also capable of running a 16-bit instruction set, known as "THUMB". This helps it achieve a greater code density and enhanced power saving. While all of the register-to-register data processing instructions are single-cycle, other instructions such as data transfer instructions, are multi-cycle. To increase the performance of these instructions, the ARM 7 has a three-stage pipeline. Due to the inherent simplicity of the design and low gate count, ARM 7 is the industry leader in low-power processing on a watts per MIP basis. Finally, to assist the developer, the ARM core has a built-in JTAG debug port and on-chip "embedded ICE" that allows programs to be downloaded and fully debugged in-system. In order to keep the ARM 7 both simple and cost-effective, the code and data regions are accessed via a single data bus. Thus while the ARM 7 is capable of single-cycle execution of all data processing instructions, data transfer instructions may take several cycles since they will require at least two accesses onto the bus (one for the instruction one for the data). In order to improve performance, a three stage pipeline is used that allows multiple instructions to be processed simultaneously. The pipeline has three stages; FETCH, DECODE and EXECUTE. The hardware of each stage is designed to be independent so up to three instructions can be processed simultaneously. The pipeline is most effective in speeding up sequential code. However a branch instruction will cause the pipeline to be flushed marring its performance. As we shall see later the ARM 7 designers had some clever ideas to solve this problem. Instruction Fig 1 ARM 3- Stage pipeline

毕业设计-外文翻译正确格式范例

天津科技大学本科生 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院:材料科学与化学工程学院 专业:高分子材料与工程 :阮孝顺 学号:10032411 指导教师(签名):

2014年3月15日

基底机械附着防水体系ACC板 适宜性的确认及其高风压下的强度 Michal Bartko a, Hiroyuki Miyauchi a,*, Kyoji Tanaka b a忠南大学,305-764,大田,南 b日本东京工业大学,226-8503,神奈川县,日本 2012年9月7日收到,2013年5月9日收到修改稿,2013年5月19日接受,2013年6 月19日发表 【摘要】受到强风的影响,机械连接防水体系的蒸气压混凝土板(AAC)的可靠性需要验证。通过静态和动态拉伸试验研究AAC面板紧固件的优点。对最常用的机械和化学紧固件的优点和AAC断裂类型进行测试观察。静态强度值介于2.0至5.0kN之间,动态强度下降围在1.5到2.2kN之间。而且,我们创造性的应用了弹性粘合剂来代替常用的环氧树脂从而广泛的消除了ACC断裂。 我们使用专门设计和生产的恒定负载型动态测试仪,检查完整的机械连接的防水体系的特征。我们测试了两种聚氯乙烯(PVC)卷材的类型和两种不同的卷材和圆盘连接方法。重复实验,直到失败的次数高达100,000次,并记录在相同强度的强风下实际屋顶发生的断裂类型。 也发现了紧固件的动态强度和完全防水体系之间的关系,证明了AAC面板有足够承载力能够作为机械连接防水体系的基底,也探究出了确定紧固件最大间距的方法。 2013年爱思唯尔公司保留所有权。 【关键词】:机械连接防水体系;AAC镶基板;阻力风;静态和动态测试;断口模式;体系设计方法 2013年爱思唯尔公司保留所有权。 1.前言 机械连接防水体系是一种干式防水体系,有几个优势,比如不受裂缝和联合移动的影响。该防水体系适用于多种类型的基板,安装简单容易,可以方便的修复,在技术上和经济上可行。因此,该体系在日本和全球的使用量正在增长。蒸压加气混凝土板(AAC板)经常被用作住宅楼屋顶基底上。 机械连接体系的目的是要为日本抵御许多台风的袭击。从充分实现防水体系的透视性看,如图1中所示的负风压,该行为在低坡屋顶表面,是设计紧固件类型和负风压的基础。AAC面板常用的紧固件类型如图2所示。考虑到跟常规钢筋混泥土相比AAC板强度明显较低,已经有人注意到风应力不持久的AAC 紧固件,但在文献里还未被提到。

外文翻译格式示范

重庆科技学院学生毕业设计(论文)外文译文 学院建筑工程学院 专业班级土木应08(3) 学生姓名谭梳琪 学号2008540402

译文要求 1.外文翻译必须使用签字笔,手工工整书写,或用A4纸打印。 2.所选的原文不少于10000印刷字符,其内容必须与课题或专业方向紧密相关, 由指导教师提供,并注明详细出处。 3.外文翻译书文本后附原文(或复印件)。

外文原文出自:R.帕克、T.波利编著的《钢筋混凝土结构》中的417-423页 7.4 有腹筋钢筋混凝土梁的抗剪机理 7.4.1腹筋的作用 梁内有了像箍筋这样的腹筋之后,不会从根本上改变前面所描述的抗剪机理。作为梁作用的主要元件的混凝土悬臂这时将像被拉住的悬臂那样工作。除去有骨料咬合、销栓和悬臂的弯曲作用所联合承担的粘结力ΔT之外,还有一部分粘结力ΔT′能够由习惯上所说的“桁架作用”来承担。在这个桁架中,悬臂起斜向压杆的作用(见图7.14)。 图7.14 起斜压杆作用的混凝土悬臂 箍筋的存在在其他许多方面对梁作用也是有益的,它通过以下方式对抗剪机构的强度发挥作用: 1.改进销栓作用。箍筋能够有效地支承在它附近与弯剪裂缝相交的纵向钢筋。 2.通过桁架作用产生的斜压力C d抵消悬臂块体内的弯曲拉应力。 3.限制斜裂缝在弹性范围内的张开程度,从而使由骨料咬合作用传递的剪力得以维持 和增强。 4.当箍筋布置得足够密时,能对混凝土提供约束,从而特别是在受拱作用影响的部位 提高其抗压强度。 5.当在锚固区内由于销栓力和锚固力的作用而形成劈裂裂缝时,能防止粘结遭到破 坏。 总之,可以说,做了适当的细部设计的腹筋将能保持梁的整体性,并因而能够保持前面已经详述的梁机构的强度V e,从而使更多的建立V s能由桁架机构来承担。 7.4.2桁架机构 一个平行弦桁架与一个有腹筋混凝土梁之间在抗剪作用方面的相似性是混凝土结构的一个古老的概念。这种由Morsch[7.2.23]在本世纪初所假定的相似性的含义是,等效桁架的腹杆是由起拉杆作用的箍筋和走向平行于斜裂缝的、通常是与梁轴成45°角的混凝土压杆所组成的。混凝土的弯曲受压区和弯曲受拉钢筋构成这种比拟铰接桁架的上弦和下弦。桁架的内力只需根据平衡条件就能确定。这个桁架的性能与前已详述的“理想梁作用”相似到了如此地步,以至它能承受分散于弯曲受拉钢筋方向上的各个虚拟铰接点处的粘结力ΔT′,从而以不变的内力偶臂长来抵抗变化的外弯矩。 在梁内伴随着梁作用或拱作用以及桁架机构而出现的变形之间是不协调的。这种按惯例不予考虑的应变不协调性在趋近极限(即塑形)状态时越来越不显著。 图7.15中的比拟桁架描绘了腹筋以β角倾斜于水平线的一般情况。它也可以用来表示有桁架所承担的外剪力V s与各内力之间的关系。承受压力的C s的斜压杆与水平线的交角为

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