测控专业英语论文
Unit7 Temperature measurement
Temperature is the degree hotness of one body,substance,or medium compared with another.When measuring temperature,we usually compare this degree of hotness to a fixed zero as its reference point.The Celsius(which used to be called centigrade )scale uses a point of reference based on freezing-point of water (0℃) and the boiling piont of water(100℃) 。
Temperature measurement is important because,at different temperatures,substances have different physical properties and behave in different ways .For example,the temperature of a substance will affect its electrical properies,whether it is soild,liquid,or a gas,and it will also affect its volume.Small changes in body temperature can show whether a person or animal is ill.
There are many different types of thermometer.The main types of thermometer we shall look at are ones which measure temperature by means of:
Liquid expansion.
Metal expansion.
Electrical resistance.
Thermoelectricity.
Heat radiation.
Proximity of field lines:the force is stronger where the lines are closer together.
7.1 Thermocouples
Thermocouples are probably the most widely used and least understood of all temperature measuring devices.Thermocouples provide a simple and efficient means of temperature measurement by generating a
voltage that is a function of temperature.All electrically conducting materials produce a thermal electromotive force(emf or voltage different) as a function of the temperature gradients within the material.This is called the Seebeck effect.The amount of the Seebeck effect depends on the chemical composition of the material used in the thermocouple.When two different materials are connected to create a T℃,a voltage is generated.This voltage is the different of the voltages generated by the two materials.In principle,a thermocouple can be made from almost any two metals.In practice,several thermocouple types have become de facto standards they possess desirable qualities,such as highly predictable output voltages and large voltage-to-temperature ratios.Some common thermocouple types areJ,K,T,E,N28,N14,S,R,and Fig.7.1depicts a type T thermocouple.In theory,the temperature can be inferred from such a voltage by consulting standard tables or using linearization algorithms.In practice,this voltage cannot be directly used,because the connection of the thermocouple wires to the measurement device constitutes a thermocouple providing another thermal emf that must be compensated for;cold junction compensation can be used for this purpose.
7.1.1Cold junction Compensation
Fig.7.2 shows a thermocouple that has been placed in series with a second thermocouple,which has been places in an ice bath.This ice bath is called the reference junction .And when properly constructed,an ice bath can produce an extremely accurate 0℃temperature.This reference junction is required because all thermocouple emf tables,as published by NIST(Nation Institute of Standards and Technolony),are referenced to the emf output of a thermocouple which is held at a temperature of 0.00 degrees Celsius.In Fig.7.2,the chromel/copper and alumel/copper thermocouples in the ice bath have a 0.0V contribution to the voltage
measured at the meter.The voltage read is entirely from the chromel/alumel thermocouple.The copper wire connected to the copper terminals on the meter do not constitute a thermocouple because they are they the same metal connection and both terminals are the same temperature.
Maintaining an ice bath and an additional reference thermocouple for every thermocouple probe is not practical in most systems.If we know the temperature at the point where we connect to our thermocouple wires,(the reference junction ),and if both connecting wires are at the same temperature,then the ice bath can be eliminated.In such a case,the opposing thermoelectric voltage generated by the nonzero temperature of the reference junction can simply be added to the thermocouple emf.This is cold junction compensation(CJC).
CJC is an essential part accurate thermocouple readings.CJC must be implemented in any system that has no ice-point reference junction.The technique works best if the CJC device is close to the terminal blocks connect the external thermocouples,and if there are no temperature gradients in the region containing the CJC and teminals.
7.1.2 Thermocouple Linearization
Thermocouple voltage is proportional to,but not linearly proportional to,the temperature at the thermocouple connection.There are several techniques for thermocouple linearization.Analog techniques can provide a voltage proportional to temperature from the thermocouple input.In addition,a voltage measurement can be made with an ADC and the temperature looked up in a table,as in the above example.To speed this process,the look-up table can be stored in computer memory and the search performed with an algorithm. Thermocouple linearization can also voltage curve.Fig.7.3 illustrates a portion of the NIST Polynomial
Coefficients table for some common thermocouple.
7.2 Additional Concerns
Care must be taken when using thermocouples to meaperature.Sources of minor error can add up to highly inaccurate reading.Additional concerns include.
7.2.1Thermocouple Assembly
Thermocouples are assembled via twisting wires together,soldering,or welding;if done improperly,all of these techniques can introduce errors in the temperature measurement.
7.2.2Twisting Wires Together
Thermocouple junctions should not be formed by twisting the wires together.This will produce a very poor thermocouple junction with large errors.
7.2.3 Soldering
For low temperature work the thermocouple wires can be joined by soldering,however,soldered junctions limit the maximum temperature that can be measured(ususlly less than 200 degrees Celsius).Soldering thermocouple wires introduces a third metal.This should not introduce any appreciable error as long as both sides of the junction are the same temperature.
7.2.4 Welding
Welding is the preferred method of connecting junctions.When welding thermocouple wires together,care must be taken to prevent any of the characteristics of the wire from changing as a result of the welding
process.These concerns complicated by the different composition of the wires being https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c910530769.html,mercially manufatured thermocouple are typically welded using a capacitance-discharge technique that ensure uniformity.
7.2.5 Decalibration of Thermocouple Wire
Decalibration is another serious fault condition. Decalibration is particularly troublesome because it can result in an erroneous temperature reading that appears to be correct. Decalibration occurs when the physical makeup of the thermocouple wire is altered in such a way that the wire no longer meets NIST specifications. This can occur for a variety of reasons including, temperature extremes, coldworking of the metal, stress placed on the cable during installation, vibration, or temperature gradients.
7.2.6 Insulation Resistance Failure
Temperature extremes can also introduce error because the insulation resistance of the thermocouple will often decrease exponentially as the temperature increases. This can lead to two types of errors: leakage resistance with an open thermocouple and leakage resistance with small thermocouple wire. Fig. 7.4 illustrates insulation resistance failure.
7.2.7 Leakage Resistance with an Open Thermocouple
In high temperature applications, the insulation resistance can degrade to the point where the leakage resistance R L will complete the circuit and give an erroneous reading.
7.2.8 Leakage Resistance with Small Thermocouple Wire
In high temperature applications using small thermocouple wire,
the insulation R L can degrade to the point where a virtual junction T1 is created and the circuit output voltage will be proportional to T1 instead of T2. Furthermore, high temperatures can cause impurities and chemicals within the thermocouple wire insulation to diffuse into the thermocouple metal, changing the characteristics of the thermocouple wire. This causes the temperature-voltage dependence to deviate from published values. When thermocouples are used at high temperatures, the atmospheric effects can be minimized by choosing the proper protective insulation. Due to the range of thermocouple choices, thermocouple quality is an issue. Select the thermocouple that meets your application criteria (i. e. , high or low temperature range, proper grounding, etc. )
第七章温度测量
温度是身体，物质或媒介与另一物体相比的热度。测量温度时，我们通常将这个温度与它固定的参考点-零度做一个比较。摄氏（通常被称为摄氏度）所使用的参考点范围是基于水的冰点（0℃）和沸点（100℃）。
温度测量很重要，因为在不同温度下，物质有不同的物理性质和不同的表现方式。例如，一种物质的温度会影响其电力，无论它是固体，液体或气体，而且它也将影响该物质的容积。身体温度的细微变化可以显示出一个人或者动物是否得病。
有很多很多不同类型的温度计。对温度计的主要类型，我们将看看这是那些通过以下方式测量温度：
液体膨胀。
金属扩张。
电阻。
热电。
热辐射
邻近的磁力线：强大的力量是其中线紧密联系在一起。
7.1热电偶
热电偶可能是使用最广泛和最容易理解测量温度设备。热电偶提供一组电压，温度的变化对温度测量一种简单而有效的手段。所有导电材料产生的热电动势（电动势或电压不同）作为内温度梯度功能材料。这就是所谓的塞贝克效应。的塞贝克效应数额取决于在热电偶所用材料的化学成分。当两种不同的材料连接创建一个T℃，电压产生。这个电压是由两种不同材料所产生的电压不同。原则上，热电偶可以是任何两个金属。在实践中，一些热电偶类型，已成为事实上的标准，他们具有高度可预测的，如输出电压和大的电压温度比，一些常见的热电偶类型是J,K,T,E,N28,N14,S,R和图7.1所示T型热电偶。从理论上讲，可以推断温度从这样的标准电压的咨询表及使用线性化算法。在实践中，这个电压不能直接使用，因为热电偶导线连接到测量设备构成热电偶热电动势要另外提供，必须得到补偿;冷端补偿，可用于这一目的。
7.1.1冷端补偿
图7.2表明热电偶与第二个热电偶相串联，同时相接与有冰水混合物的浴器中。这冰浴器称为参考交界处。要妥为建造，冰浴器可以产生非常精确的0℃的温度。该参考交界处，是必需的，因为所有的热电偶电动势表，如NIST 的出版（国家标准与技术研究所），被引用的电动势输出热电偶是举行了摄氏0.00度。在图7.2中，在铬镍/铜和镍基热电偶合金/冰浴中的铜热电偶有一个以在计测量的电压0.0 V的贡献读取的电压是完全从镍铬合金/镍基热电偶合金热电偶。铜线连接的仪表铜终端不构成热电偶，因为他们是他们相同的金属连接，这两个码头是相同的温度。
保持冰浴器和每个热电偶探头更多的参考热电偶是不实际的大多数系统。如果我们知道在我们的地步连接到我们的热电偶线温度，（参考交界处），如果连接线都在同一温度，那么冰浴可以消除。在这种情况下，反对热电电压的参考结非零温产生可以简单地添加到热电偶电动势。
冷端补偿的主要部分是一个准确的热电偶读数。冷端补偿必须全面贯彻于任何系统没有冰结点参考。这一技术最好冷端补偿设备接近端子连接外部热电偶，如果有在包含冷端补偿和终端地区没有温度梯度。
7.1.2热电偶线性化
热电偶电压成正比，但不是线性比例关系，在连接的热电偶温度。有热电偶线性化的几种技术。模拟技术可以提供从热电偶输入电压正比于温度，此外，电压测量可与ADC和温度看着表时，在上述的例子。为了加快这一进程，查找表可以存储在计算机内存和算法进行搜索。热电偶线性化也可以电压曲线。图7.3说明了一些共同的热电偶的NIST的多项式系数表部分。
7.2特别关注
必须小心使用热电偶测量温度。轻微误差来源可以添加最多高度准确测量。特别关注还包括。
7.2.1热电偶装配
热电偶是通过扭转电线组装在一起，焊接，或焊接;如果操作不恰当，所有这些技术可以引进，温度测量误差。
7.2.2捻线丝一起
热电偶路口不应该形成扭曲在一起的电线。这将产生一个大错误很差热电偶。
7.2.3焊接
焊接是连接路口的首选方法。当热电偶丝焊接在一起，必须小心，以防止由于焊接过程的结果改变了线的特色。由不同成分复杂的电线，这些问题正在加入。商业制造热电偶通常使用一个电容焊接放电技术，确保统一性。
7.2.5标定降级热电偶丝
标定降级是另一个严重故障条件。标定降级特别麻烦，因为它会导致一个错误的温度读数显示是正确的。标定降级时发生的热电偶丝体质是这样一种方式改变这一线路不再符合NIST的规范。这可能是由包括各种原因，
极端温度，在金属冷加工，强调放置在安装过程中电缆，振动或温度梯度。
7.2.6绝缘电阻失效
极端的温度还可以引入错误，因为热电偶的绝缘电阻下降指数往往会随着温度的增加。这可能导致两种类型的错误：漏电阻开放的热电偶和小热电偶丝漏电阻。图7.4说明绝缘电阻失败。
7.2.7以开放的泄漏电阻热电偶
在高温应用，绝缘电阻可降解的地步泄漏电阻R L将完成电路，给了错误的读数。
7.2.8泄漏电阻与小热电偶丝
在高温应用程序使用小型热电偶丝，绝缘R L可以降解为在一个虚拟的交界T1是创建点和电路的输出电压，将按至T1T2代替。此外，高温会导致在热电偶导线绝缘材料和化学杂质扩散到金属的热电偶，
不断变化的热电偶丝的特点。这将导致温度电压依赖性偏离公布的价值观。当热电偶在高温下使用时，大气的影响，可以尽量减少选择适当的保护绝缘。由于热电偶的选择范围，热电偶质量是一个问题。选择的热电偶，满足您的申请资格（即高或低的温度范围内，适当的接地等）。
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机床夹具 jig 动力学 dynamic 运动学 kinematic 静力学 static 分析力学 analyse mechanics 拉伸 pulling 压缩 hitting 剪切 shear 扭转 twist 弯曲应力 bending stress 强度 intensity 三相交流电 three-phase AC 磁路 magnetic circles 变压器 transformer 异步电动机 asynchronous motor 液压驱动泵 fluid clutch 液压泵 hydraulic pump 阀门 valve 失效 invalidation 强度 intensity 载荷 load 应力 stress 安全系数 safty factor 可靠性 reliability 螺纹 thread 螺旋 helix 键 spline 销 pin 滚动轴承 rolling bearing 滑动轴承 sliding bearing requirements 刚度 rigidity 内力 internal force 位移 displacement 截面 section 疲劳极限 fatigue limit 断裂 fracture 塑性变形 plastic distortion 脆性材料 brittleness material 刚度准则 rigidity criterion 垫圈 washer 垫片 spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮
专业英语论文草稿
Using Zigbee to Integrate Medical Devices Paul Frehill, Desmond Chambers, Cosmin Rotariu Abstract—Wirelessly enabling Medical Devices such as Vital Signs Monitors, Ventilators and Infusion Pumps allows central data collection. This paper discusses how data from these types of devices can be integrated into hospital systems using wireless sensor networking technology. By integrating devices you are protecting investment and opening up the possibility of networking with similar devices. In this context we present how Zigbee meets our requirements for bandwidth, power, security and mobility. We have examined the data throughputs for various medical devices, the requirement of data frequency, security of patient data and the logistics of moving patients while connected to devices. The paper describes a new tested architecture that allows this data to be seamlessly integrated into a User Interface or Healthcare Information System (HIS). The design supports the dynamic addition of new medical devices to the system that were previously unsupported by the system. To achieve this, the hardware design is kept generic and the software interface for different types of medical devices is well defined. These devices can also share the wireless resources with other types of sensors being developed in conjunction on this project such as wireless ECG (Electrocardiogram) and Pulse-Oximetry sensors. Keywords—Biomedical Telemetry, Medical Devices, Bioinformatics, Wireless Sensor Networks, Healthcare Information Systems. I. INTRODUCTION MANY devices that exist today by the bedside in the hospital ward, intensive care unit or other clinical setting have data output features over serial ports and other types of interfaces such as USB. These devices are usually considered a significant investment and are usually purchased in an ad hoc fashion as required when finance becomes available. The consequence of this is that devices are often from different manufacturers that don’t support any standard protocol. This can make integrating these devices into a single network difficult. In the hospital ward Vital Signs monitors, Ventilators and Infusion Pumps of many different brands are usually portable and wheeled from patient to patient as required. By networking these devices the hospital gains all the advantages associated with storing patient data centrally in electronic records. By making the device part of a wireless sensor network such as a Zigbee [1] network there are several more advantages including, cable replacement, mobility and location management. Once these devices are networked they can also use the infrastructure of other deployments of similar wireless sensor networks in the surrounding environment. To achieve this type of solution each device must be fitted with a piece of hardware that will act as a serial to wireless bridge, a Medical Device Interface (MDI). This MDI will allow the device to receive and transmit data within the wireless sensor network. This inexpensive hardware will be generic to fit a wide range of medical devices. Similarly the firmware can be kept generic and any specific device communication protocols can be implemented on a server on the network backend. The work described in this paper is part of a larger project,the goal of which is to provide a complete patient monitoring system. Other features of the overall system will be to provide ECG (Electrocardiogram) and Pulse-Oximetry data in a novel way over a wireless sensor network using
全英商务英语论文
HENAN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 河南工业大学 Bachelor of Business Administration Assignment Cover 工商管理学士学位课程 作业封面 MODULE CODE AND NAME 科目代码及名称 Module Code 科目代码：_____B3 _ _________ Module Name科目名称：_____BC__ ________ Lecturer 讲师：____XXX _ ____ Section Code专业班级：__XXXXX_ _ ____ Student ID 学生证号码：___---------------__ Student Name学生姓名：_____XXXX ____ Announcement: I declare that this assignment is ENTIRELY my independent work except where referenced. I have marked any Reference sources and am aware of programme regulations concerning plagiarism and referencing. 声明：除了标明出处的引用资料之外，此作业是我独立调查完成的。文内所有引用的资料已经详细标明出处，并且我了解课程中有关抄袭及引用方面的规定。 Signature 签名： Lecturer Comments 讲师评语 Score 分数： Receive Date Year/Month/Day 收到日期：
信息工程专业英语课程论文
鲁东大学信息与电气工程学院2015 －2016 学年第-----2----学期 《 专业英语 》课程论文 课程号： 220821071 任课教师 贾世祥 成绩 论文题目：专业科技论文翻译 对给定的发表在正规外文期刊上的电子信息类专业科技论文进行翻译，包含 Title 、Introduction 、Algorithm 、Result 、Discussion 、Reference 等内容。 论文要求：（对论文题目、内容、行文、字数等作出判分规定。） 1.论文格式参考学院学士毕业论文要求，要有题目、摘要、关键字、正文、参考文献。 2.原文不包含摘要和关键字，请阅读原文并写出200~300字的英文摘要，给出5个英文关键字。 3.语言表达流畅，涉及到的图表字迹清晰，公式使用公式编辑器编辑。 4.设计报告使用B4纸打印，正文的图表可黑白打印。 教师评语： 教师签字： 年 月 日 一个简单、快速、有效的多边形减面算法 Stan Melax Abstract ：This article describes a new type of 3D model to optimize the reduction surface algorithm. Previous algorithms although it can reduce operating surface, but it in the reduction process will generate a lot of only makes processing speed becomes slow excess facet. This new algorithm is mainly through the edge collapse operation to achieve the effect of reducing the surface. This paper explains the characteristics and advantages of this algorithm by means of examples. The advantages and disadvantages of the new algorithm are also analyzed. Our initial goal is simple: we want to find a method can be reduced due to excessive blasting effects of polygons, now our art personnel only need to create a detailed model for every game objects. But there are limitations, this algorithm can only be applied to the triangle, if you need to be able to other more edges of the polygon into a simple triangle, in addition to this there is no other restrictions on the. Keywords ：Polygon reduction ；Edge Collapse ；Pretreatment ；Optimization model ；Optimization model; Application algorithm ； 如果你是一个游戏开发者，那么3D 多边形模型非常有可能是日常生活中的一部分，而且你对多少个多边形每秒、少多边形建模、细节层次等概念非常熟悉。你可能知道多边形减面算法的 目的在于通过一个有着大量多边形的高细节的模型生成一个 多边形数量比它少、但是看起来却跟原模型很相像的低面模型。这篇文章解释了一种实现自动减面的方法，并且附带的讨论了多边形减面的有用之处。在我们开始之前，我建议你去下载我的一个程序：BUNNYLOD.EXE ，它展示了我将要阐述的这项技术。你可以在Game Develop 网站上找到它。 问题的由来 在深入这个很厉害的3D 算法之前，你可能会问你自己真的有必要关注它吗？要知道，已经有一些商业的插件和工具来为你减少多边形数量了。 然而，下面的几条理由会告诉你为什么需要实现自己的减面算法： 学院 信息与电气工程学院 专业 信息工程 班级 信息1301班 本 学号 20132213652 20132213664 姓名 李惠梁 吴海峰
通信工程专业英语论文设计
The General Situation of AT89C51 The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM) and 128 bytes RAM. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51?instruction set and pin out. The chip combines a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip; the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. Features: ?Compatible with MCS-51?Products ?4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory ?Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles ?Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz ?Three-Level Program Memory Lock ?128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM ?32 Programmable I/O Lines ?Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters ?Six Interrupt Sources ?Programmable Serial Channel ?Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle
英语专业论文范文英语专业论文
英语专业论文范文英语专业论文 高师英语专业毕业论文的规范化教学和指导 摘要：目前，虽然对于专科生写毕业论文没有硬性的规定，但是英语专业学生在思想深度和创新意识方面都与其它文科生产生了一定 的差距，并且在开设的英语写作课中也缺少对毕业论文撰写的规范化教学和指导。应通过对毕业论文前期的写作课教学，以及后期的毕业论文修改指导的方法，从而对现有的写作课程进行一定的创新和改革。 关键词：高师英语专业毕业论文规范化教学方法指导写作教学改革 一、引言 毕业论文是专业集中实践环节的基本形式，旨在提升学生研究素养和创新意识，提高学生分析问题和解决问题的能力。毕业论文教学工作包括毕业论文的指导、答辩、成绩评定和审核验收等环节。毕业论文是高师实践教学环节的一项重要工作，是对毕业生所学专业知识综合运用能力的一次重要测评，也是对高师教育教学质量的一次重要评估。根据高师教学模式的要求，以及高师英语教育专业学生的现状，对毕业论文的撰写需要有规范化的教学和指导。毕业论文的撰写是一种学习、实践、探索和创新相结合的综合教学环节，是对英语专业学生运用所学知识解决本专业实际问题能力的考核，同时也是学校衡量
教育教学质量和办学效益的重要评价内容之一。高师院校学生学会撰写论文并不是为了今后从事专门的研究工作，而是通过撰写毕业论文，综合运用所学专业知识，总结自己在三年大学阶段的学习成果，并对知识进行加工、发展、创造，提高自己发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的能力，为毕业后更好地服务于职业岗位提供一个台阶。 二、高师英语专业毕业论文撰写现状 关于高师院校英语专业撰写毕业论文的教学和指导现状还存在某些不足或问题。王守仁（南京大学）发现：“英语专业不少学生读了4年英语，听、说、读、写能力是有了提高，但与文科其他专业如中文、法律、经济专业的毕业生相比，在思想的深度、知识的结构、分析问题的能力方面，都出现了差距。”（王守仁，2001）缺少思想深度、没有创新意识也反映到英语专业学生的毕业论文上。 而且，目前并不是所有高师院校的所有专业都要求撰写毕业论文或者毕业设计，因此，某些学校对于毕业生毕业论文的撰写在一定程度上缺乏规范性教学和指导，尤其在思想上缺乏专业教师的引导，毕业生对于毕业论文大多概念模糊，或者采用抄袭剽窃手段应付，实际操作能力和创新能力薄弱，对于实习实训及顶岗实习等教学实践中产生的问题不能很好地解决。某些院校未开设毕业论文写作课程，学生也没有接受过这方面的训练。尤其像英语教育专业，本专业之特殊性在于毕业生毕业后，若从事小学英语教师职业，特别需要毕业生能
专业英语总结及论文
经济管理学院专业英语结课论文
一学习总结 1理论课程学习总结 人说，“走进大学就一只脚踏进了社会”，这句话没说错。上大学之前，我们有三分之二的时间在学校认真学习科学知识，缺乏自理能力，不懂人情世故。而上了大学之后，不仅要学习，还要管理好自己的生活、处理好与同学、老师的关系。所有这些都不是老师和爸妈能教会的，要靠自己在日常生活中不断的学习和总结经验教训。 在大学里，有些人刻苦专研专业知识，希望将来在专业方面有所突破或能继续深造；有些人则在学好功课的基础上，发现了自己某方面的潜力，比如：较强的社交能力、体育比较好等。而大学这样一个宽松的环境正为他们提供了一个实现自我的舞台。因此，在大学里，我们不仅可以更深入的学习科学知识，还可以在业余时间挖掘自身的潜力和增强自身的特长。但不管将来你从事什么工作，首先要学好英语和用好计算机，这是形势所迫，也是现实。随着现代化步伐的加快，计算机已经成为我们进行各项工作的主要工具，而学好英语是用好计算机的基础，以后走上工作岗位，不会英语和计算机，我们将寸步难行。 但有很多同学说，英语很难学，就是学不好。其实并不是不能学好，我认为没有学不会的东西，除非你不去努力或方法不对。说句实在话，学语言确实是一件比较困难的事，尤其是在一个没有相关语言环境的情况下去学。因为学语言包括听，说，读，写四个方面，要想做到这四个方面都强确实不容易。但我们可以先掌握好基础知识，再根据自己以后的发展方向决定在哪个方面进行提高。比如，你决定以后从事软件开发的工作，那你可以多看看这方面的英文版的书籍。 可是，尽管英语是如此的难学，很多同学还是不以为然。许多同学进入大学后就想着如何去玩，觉得初中、高中这六年憋得实在不行了。可是放松也要有限度，不能荒废了学业，难道辛辛苦苦考上大学就是来玩的吗？因此，当我们在享受大学生活给我们带来新鲜和刺激时，不要忘了花点时间去读读单词，看看英语文章。把英语学习当成一种乐趣，而不仅仅是应付学校的考试和通过四六级。 其次，就要说到计算机知识的学习了，对于我们信息管理专业来说，计算机就是我们谋生的工具。首先，我们应学会最基本的使用电脑的操作，如开机、关机、软件的安装、office的使用、电脑的日常维护等。此外，随着科学技术的日新月异的发展，网络在人们的生活中起着越来越重要的作用，不管是日常生活、交友、娱乐还是工作，人们越来越依赖于网络。因此我们还要学会上网，学会利
采矿工程专业英语(部分重要文章翻译)
P1 二、复合难句： 1、Mining may well have been the second of humankind's earliest endeavors--granted that agriculture was the first. The two industries ranked together as the primary or basic industries of early civilization 如果说农业是人类最早的产业（文明）的话，那么采矿就理所当然地排在第二。这两种产业作为人类早期文明最原始或最基本的产业联系在了一起。 2、If we consider fishing and lumbering as part of agriculture and oil and gas production as part of mining , then agriculture and mining continue to supply all the basic resources used by modern civilization 如果我们把捕鱼业和伐木业作为农业的一部分，而石油和天然气产业作为采矿的一部分，那么农业和采矿业至今仍是现代文明所使用的基础资源的支柱 3、Here the term mining is used in its broadest context as encompassing the extraction of any naturally occurring mineral substances-solid , liquid , and gas-from the earth or other heavenly bodies for utilitarian purposes. 这里所说的采矿是指广义上的，因为它包括为实利目的而从地球或其他天体岩石中获取任何天然形成的固态、液态和气态矿物的开采 4、Mine：An excavation made in the earth to extract minerals 采矿：为了开采矿物而在地球上进行的一种挖掘 5、Mining: the activity , occupation , and industry concerned with the extraction of minerals 采矿业：一种与开采矿物有关的活动、职业和产业 6、Mining engineering: the practice of applying engineering principles to the development , planning , operation , closure and reclamation of mines. 采矿工程：运用工程原理生产、规划、运作和关闭（充填）以及对矿山再利用（复垦）的一种实践 7、Mineral：A naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having an orderly internal structure and a characteristic chemical composition , crystal form , and physical properties. 矿物：一种天然形成的无机元素或化合物（无机物），它有着有序的内部构造、特有的化学成分、结晶形式和物理性质。 8、Rock：Any naturally formed aggregate of one or more types of mineral particles
英语专业毕业论文范文
关于论文结构和格式规范的有关问题，请认真阅读“外国语学院英语本科毕业论文撰写要求”，同时可查阅“MLA格式学位论文写作规范（供查询用）”。（建议：以本范文作为模板，把自己论文的相应部分复制后，以“选择性粘贴”—“无格式文本”的方式，粘贴到范文的相应位置，以保持与范文格式完全一致。）论文单面打印1份，左侧装订（两个钉子）。（这些说明打印时删除） 文学方向的请务必参考此范文（语言学教学、文化类也可参考）。 山东财经大学 本科毕业论文(设计) 范文2 题目：论《诺桑觉寺》的反哥特观念 学院外国语学院 专业英语 班级英语0801（注意原山经、原山财班级名称不同） 学号67 姓名李晓慧 指导教师王俊华 山东财经大学教务处制 二Ｏ一二年五月
山东财经大学学士学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。 日期填写定稿日期5月1日。教师学生都要手写签名 学位论文作者签名： 年月日 山东财经大学关于论文使用授权的说明本人完全了解山东财经大学有关保留、使用学士学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留、送交论文的复印件，允许论文被查阅，学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容，可以采用影印或其他复制手段保存论文。日期填写定稿日期5月1日。教师学生都要手写签名 指导教师签名：论文作者签名： 年月日年月日
On Anti-Gothicism in Northanger Abbey by Li Xiaohui Under the Supervision of Wang Junhua Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts School of Foreign Studies Shandong University of Finance and Economics May 2012