New species and distinctive geographical divergences of the genus Sparassis-fin

13

Mycological Progress

ISSN 1617-416X

Mycol Progress

DOI 10.1007/s11557-012-0853-7

New species and distinctive geographical divergences of the genus Sparassis (Basidiomycota): evidence from morphological and molecular data Qi Zhao, Bang Feng, Zhu L. Yang, Yu-Cheng Dai, Zheng Wang & B. Tolgor

Your article is protected by copyright and

all rights are held exclusively by German Mycological Society and Springer. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories.

If you wish to self-archive your work, please use the accepted author’s version for posting to your own website or your institution’s repository. You may further deposit the accepted author’s version on a funder’s repository at a funder’s request, provided it is not made publicly available until 12 months after publication.

13

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

New species and distinctive geographical divergences of the genus Sparassis (Basidiomycota):evidence from morphological and molecular data

Qi Zhao &Bang Feng &Zhu L.Yang &Yu-Cheng Dai &Zheng Wang &B.Tolgor

Received:10July 2012/Revised:8August 2012/Accepted:10August 2012#German Mycological Society and Springer 2012

Abstract Species of the genus Sparassis in East Asia were investigated using morphology and DNA sequences data.Phylogenetic analyses inferred from sequences of the inter-nal transcribed spacer (ITS),the nuclear gene coding for the ribosomal large subunit (nLSU)and partial gene coding RNA polymerase subunit II (rpb2)strongly supported line-ages corresponding to morphological features.Three taxa,S.subalpina ,S.cystidiosa f.flabelliformis and https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia were recognized from East Asia,and the former two taxa are new to science.The occurrence of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia in Japan and in the Russian Far East was confirmed.Geographical divergences of Sparassis in the Holarctic were observed.Most species have relatively narrow distribution ranges,and taxa with intercontinental distributions were not detected.Divergence of species in the Northern Hemisphere in different clades appears to have taken place at different times:the https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia-crispa-radicata species complex appears to have undergone a recent radiation,while the S.subalpina-brevipes-spathularia species complex represents a relatively ancient speciation.

Keywords Cauliflower mushrooms .Morphology .Polyporales .Systematics .Taxonomy

Introduction

The Cauliflower Mushrooms (Sparassis Fr.)include species that produce flabellae with an amphigenous hymenium and a central mass giving rise to the flabellae (Desjardin et al.2004;Wang et al.2004).Members of Sparassis are distributed mainly in temperate forests,and are well known in some regions of the world (Blanco-Dios et al.2006;Burdsall and Miller 1988;Dai et al.2006;Desjardin et al.2004;Kreisel 1983).About 17names have been assigned to the genus (https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html, ).However,due to morpho-logical plasticity and paucity,delimitation of species in the genus has been difficult.Recent molecular phylogenetic anal-yses together with morphological data recognized seven spe-cies within the genus,two of which are known only from eastern and southeastern Asia (Dai et al.2006;Desjardin et al.2004;Wang et al.2004).

During studies of macrofungi in East Asia (e.g.Du et al.2012;Feng et al.2012;Li et al.2011;Liang et al.2011;Yang 2011;Y ang et al.2012;Zeng et al.2012),rich collections of Sparassis were made.Taxonomy and biogeographic distribution of East Asia Sparassis species were revised based on morpho-logical examination and molecular phylogenetic analyses.

Materials and methods

Specimens and morphological studies Collections were obtained and photographed in the field during 1997–2011in China,the Russian Far East and Japan,and deposited in the herbarium of cryptogams of Kunming Institute of Bot-any,Chinese Academy of Sciences (HKAS),and the

Q.Zhao :B.Feng :Z.L.Yang (*)

Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography,Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Kunming 650201Yunnan,China e-mail:fungi@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,

Y .-C.Dai

Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenyang 110016Liaoning,China

Z.Wang

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,Yale University,

New Haven,CT 06511,USA

B.Tolgor

Institute of Mycology,Jilin Agriculture University,Changchun 130118Jilin,China

Mycol Progress

DOI 10.1007/s11557-012-0853-7

mycological herbarium of Jilin Agriculture University (HMJAU).Macro-morphological characters were observed from fresh specimens.For microscopical examination,dried specimens were cut and squashed in5–10%aqueous KOH. Spore sizes are given in the form of Li et al.(2011).

DNA extraction,amplification and sequencing Total DNA was extracted from silica-gel-dried or herbarium materials using the CTAB procedure of Doyle and Doyle(1987).ITS and nLSU gene fragments were amplified with primers ITS5 and ITS4(White et al.1990),and LROR and LR7(Vilgalys and Hester1990),respectively.Part of the gene encoding the second largest RNA polymerase subunit II(rpb2)was amplified with primer pairs RPB2-6F/RPB2-7R(Wang et al. 2004).PCR products were purified using the Bioteke’s Purification Kit(Bioteke Corporation,Beijing,China),and were sequenced with an ABI3730DNA analyzer and an ABI BigDye3.1terminator cycle sequencing kit(Sangon Co.,Ltd,Shanghai,China).Sequences generated in this study were submitted to GenBank;accession numbers and specimen data are provided in Table1.

Sequence alignments and phylogenetic analyses All sequen-ces were aligned with the SATéprogram(Liu et al.2009; Wang et al.2011).SATéalignments were performed with six runs of50iterations under default settings of MAFFT for alignment estimation and RAxML for phylogeny estimation using a four-core PC.The best-scored alignment was viewed with BioEdit5.0.9(Hall1999)and manually adjusted when necessary.Final concatenated alignment of three genes(ITS, nLSU and rpb2)was deposited in TreeBASE with accession no.SN11775.The phylogenetic relationships among the taxa were estimated in PAUP*version4.01(Swofford2002)under the Maximum Parsimony(MP)criterion.MP analysis was conducted using a heuristic search strategy with the following settings:the heuristic search option using the tree bisection-reconstruction algorithm.All sites were treated as unordered and equally-weighted,with gaps treated as missing data. Robustness of the internal branches of the resulting trees was tested with bootstrap analyses using1,000replications with the step-wise addition option set as simple.Grifola frondosa(Dicks.)Gray and Oligoporus rennyi(Berk.& Broome)Donk were chosen as outgroups following Wang et al.(2004).Tree scores,including tree length,consistency index[CI],retention index[RI],rescaled consistency index [RC],were also calculated.

Results

The combined ITS+nLSU+rpb2dataset consists of33 taxa and2,645aligned nucleotide sites,of which587sites (23–62,85–101,119–129,150–283,306–309,347–362,451–749,755–801,824–827,1213–1222,1336–1337, 2396–2398)were excluded due to alignment ambiguities. In the analyzed2,058nucleotides,1,427were constant, 631were variable of which164were parsimony unin-formative and467parsimony informative.Maximum parsimony analysis resulted in four equally best trees of955steps,with CI00.824,RI00.946,and RC00.779 (Fig.1).Tree topologies were,in most parts,similar to that of the most-parsimonious multi-gene tree in Wang et al.(2004).Three major clades(clades I,II,and III) were inferred.

In clade I,fourteen isolates of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia Y.C.Dai& Zheng Wang from China,the Russian Far East and Japan clustered together with a98%statistic support,which shared the most recent common ancestor with S.cripsa (Wulfen)Fr.from Europe and S.radicata Weir from North America.Within the cluster of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia,samples were grouped into two subclades(SW China subclade,and Northeast Asia subclade).Each subclade was statistically supported but bootstrap value for the later subclade was relatively low(62%).

In clade II,four isolates of S.subalpina formed a mono-phyletic group(bootstrap0100%)with European S.bre-vipes Krombh.and S.miniensis Blanco-Dios&Zheng Wang,and S.spathulata(Schwein.)Fr.as its sister groups (bootstrap0100%).

In clade III,three isolates of S.cystidiosa f.flabelliformis from western Yunnan,which clustered together with53% bootstrap support,formed a strongly supported clade with S. cystidiosa f.cystidiosa Desjardin et Zheng Wang(boot-strap0100%).

Taxonomy

Sparassis cystidiosa f.flabelliformis Q.Zhao,Zhu L.Yang &Y.C.Dai,f.nov.

Mycobank:MB566348

Figure2

Etymology Named for its flabelliform flabellae.

Basidioma annual,solitary,up to25cm high and30cm diam,grayish brown to yellowish brown,darkening with age,becoming brownish to light brown when dry;hyphae in the trama of the flabellum with abundant clamp connections; basidiospores(6.5)7–9(9.5)×(5.5)6–7(7.5)μm,broadly ellipsoid to subglobose,hyaline;basidia55–70×7–8.5,nar-rowly elongate-subclavate,basal septa usually with clamp connections;cystidia absent.

Holotype Q.Zhao1225(HKAS59855),2,400m,19VII. 2011,Gaoligong Mountains,Tengchong County,Yunnan Province,China.

Mycol Progress

Basidioma(Fig.2a)annual,solitary,up to25cm high, 30cm diam,composed of a rosette of loosely arranged flabella arising from a poorly developed central core.Flabellae mostly extend from a common central mass,contorted,surface gla-brous,grayish brown to yellowish brown,darkening with age, becoming brownish to light brown when dry,top margin entire or dissected,wavy,azonate,up to10cm broad,2mm thickness.Context tough,concolorous with surface.Odor cheese-like.Taste slightly bitter.

Basidiospores(Fig.2b)[120/3/3](6.5)7–9(9.5)×(5.5) 6–7(7.5)μm(Q0(1.08)1.10–1.38(1.45),Qm01.26±0.09), broadly ellipsoid to subglobose,hyaline,thin-walled, smooth,non-amyloid,non-dextrinoid.Basidia(Fig.2c) 55–70×7–8.5μm,narrowly elongate-subclavate,4-spored,hyaline,usually with a basal clamp connection;basidioles narrowly elongate-subclavate.Subhymenium composed of tightly packed,thin-to slightly thick-walled(up to1μm thick),cylindrical or vesiculose to irregularly inflated hy-phal elements.Trama of flabellae a monomitic hyphal sys-tem composed of loosely interwoven,hyaline,inamyloid, non-gelatinous,thin-to slightly thick-walled(up to1.5μm thick),commonly clamped cylindrical hyphae(Fig.2d). Gloeoplerous hyphae present,refractive,thin-walled,flexu-ous,irregularly cylindrical to sinuous or strangulate,2–11μm diam.Cystidia absent.

Habitat and known distribution in China Terrestrial and saprophytic,solitary to scattered on the base of rotten oak

Table1Specimens used in molecular phylogenetic studies and their GenBank accession numbers

Name code Collection&herbarium no.Locality ITS nLSU rpb2

Sparassis crispa FRA ILKKA94-1587FRANCE AY218427AY218389AY218534 S.crispa GER DORISLABER GERMANY AY218442AY218404AY218544 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia HKAS55937CHINA/YN/Lijiang JN387097JN387108JN387119 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia HKAS55938CHINA/YN/Lijiang JN387098JN387109JN387120 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia HKAS55435CHINA/YN/Shangri-La JN387099JN387110JN387121 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia HKAS59358CHINA/YN/Yongping JN387100JN387111JN387122 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia HKAS59355CHINA/YN/Jianchuan JN387101JN387112JN387123 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia HKAS59356CHINA/YN/Jianchuan JN387102JN387113JN387124 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia HKAS59357CHINA/YN/Jianchuan JN387103JN387114JN387125 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia HKAS59854JAPAN/Hokkaido JQ743071JQ743081JQ743091 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia HMJAU2007CHINA/JL/Jiaohe JQ743072JQ743082JQ743092 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia HMJAU2955RUSSIA/Big Khekhstir JQ743073JQ743083JQ743093 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia HMJAU5301CHINA/JL/Antu JQ743074JQ743084JQ743094 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia(isotype)HKAS74972CHINA/JL/Antu JQ743075JQ743085JQ743095 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia HKAS74973CHINA/JL/Changchun JQ743076JQ743086JQ743096 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia HKAS74974CHINA/JL/Changchun JQ743077JQ743087JQ743097 S.radicata AME TENN50232USA/TN AY218449AY218410AY218546 S.radicata CAN UBC-F12464CANADA AY218443AY218405DQ270672 S.brevipes GER ILKKA-96-1044GERMANY AY218441AY218403AY218543 S.spathulata AME7ZW-Clarku001USA/MA AY218428AY218391AY218535 S.spathulata AME8ZW-Clarku002USA/NH AY218429AY218392AY218536 S.spathulata AME11ZW-Clarku004USA/MA AY218432AY218395AY218538 S.miniensis Lou-Fungi18390SPAIN DQ270675DQ270676DQ270674 S.cystidiosa f.cystidiosa DED7410THAILAND AY256891AY256890AY256892 S.subalpina(holotype)HKAS57488CHINA/YN/Lijiang JN387093JN387104JN387115 S.subalpina HKAS57511CHINA/YN/Lijiang JN387094JN387105JN387116 S.subalpina HKAS55936CHINA/YN/Lijiang JN387095JN387106JN387117 S.subalpina HKAS55269CHINA/YN/Jianchuan JN387096JN387107JN387118 S.cystidiosa f.flabelliformis(holotype)HKAS59855CHINA/YN/Tengchong JQ743078JQ743088JQ743098 S.cystidiosa f.flabelliformis HKAS59856CHINA/YN/Tengchong JQ743079JQ743089JQ743099 S.cystidiosa f.flabelliformis HKAS59857CHINA/YN/Tengchong JQ743080JQ743090JQ743100 Grifola frondosa ZW-Clarku005USA/MA AY218415AY218413AY218521 Oligoporus rennyi KEW57Locality unknown AY218416AY287876AY218499 Mycol Progress

trees (Quercus sp.)in evergreen forest.So far only found in southwestern China (Yunnan).

Specimens examined CHINA,Yunnan Province:Tengchong County,Gaoligong Mountains,alt.2,400m,19.VII.2011,Q.Zhao 1225(HKAS 59855,holotype);the same location,19.VII.2011,Q.Zhao 1228(HKAS 59856);Tengchong

County,Houqiao,alt.2,000m,20.VII.2011,B.Feng 1070(HKAS 59857).

Notes The distinctive characters of S.cystidiosa f.flabelli-formis are the very broad flabellae with non-dissected and only slightly wavy margins,the greyish brown hymenium and relatively large basidiospores.Such traits are

very

Fig.1Phylogenetic relationships of Sparassis species inferred from a combined dataset of ITS,nLSU,and rpb2sequences.One of the four equally parsimonious trees is shown,with branch lengths proportional

to the number of mutations inferred with parsimony.Bootstrap values greater than 50%are indicated along nodes

Mycol Progress

similar to those of S.cystidiosa f .cystidiosa .However,S.cystidiosa f .cystidiosa differs from S.cystidiosa f.flabelli-formis by the common presence of cystidia in the hymenium and its distribution in tropical southeastern Asia (Desjardin et al.2004).The sister relationship of S.cystidiosa f.fla-belliformis with S.cystidiosa f .cystidiosa was well sup-ported by the molecular phylogenetic analysis with 100%bootstrap value (Fig.1).

Sparassis subalpina Q.Zhao,Zhu L.Yang &Y .C.Dai,spec.nov.

Mycobank:MB 569412Figure 3Etymology Named for its occurrence in subalpine regions in southwestern China.

Basidioma annual,solitary,stipitate,up to 16cm high and 15cm diam,grayish when fresh,becoming brownish and leathery with age,dirty cream to light brown when dry;

hyphae in the trama of the flabellum without clamp con-nections;basidiospores (5)5.5–6.5(7)×(3.5)4–5(5.5)μm,broadly ellipsoid to subglobose,hyaline;basidia 73–85×5.5–7.5μm,narrowly elongate-subclavate,basal septa usu-ally with clamp connections.

Holotype B.Feng 759(HKAS 57488),3,050m,1.VIII.2009,Laojun Mountains,Yulong County,Yunnan Province,China.

Basidioma (Fig.3a )annual,solitary,stipitate,up to 16cm high and 15cm diam,composed of a group of flabella arising from a poorly developed central whitish stipe.Flabellae mostly extend from a common central mass,contorted,surface finely pruinose to glabrous,grayish and soft when fresh,becoming brownish and leathery with age,dirty cream to light brown when dry,1–1.5mm thick;top margin entire or slightly undulate,sometimes tooth-like or slightly laciniate,up to 2mm in thickness.Context tough,concolorous with surface.Stipe up to 7cm long,3.0

cm

Fig.2Sparassis cystidiosa f.flabelliformis (holotype).a Basidioma.b Basidiospores.c Basidia at different stage of de-velopment.d Hyphae in the trama of a flabellum

Mycol Progress

thick at base,thinning out.Odor pleasant.Taste not recorded.

Basidiospores (Fig.3b )[120/4/4](5)5.5–6.5(7)×(3.5)4–5(5.5)μm (Q 0(1.10)1.2–1.5(1.57),Qm 01.35±0.12),broadly ellipsoid to subglobose,hyaline,thin-walled,smooth,non-amyloid,non-dextrinoid.Basidia (Fig.3c )73–85×5.5–7.5μm,narrowly elongate-subclavate,4-spored,hyaline,usually with a basal clamp connection;basidioles narrowly elongate-subclavate.Subhymenium composed of hyaline,thin-walled,tortuous,densely inter-woven hyphal segments with common presence of clamp connections.Trama of flabellum a monomitic hyphal sys-tem composed of simply septate,colorless and hyaline,thin

to thick-walled,frequently branched,interwoven hyphae 4–10μm diam;clamp connections absent (Fig.3d ).Gloeo-plerous hyphae present,refractive,thin-walled,flexuous,frequently branched,4–10μm diam.

Habitat and distribution Solitary,near the roots of living Picea likiangensis (Franch.)Pritz,Rhododendron sp.and Quercus sp.or near subalpine bamboos in northwestern Yunnan Province.So far this fungus has only been collected in subalpine Yunnan,southwestern China.

Specimens examined CHINA,Yunnan Province,Yulong County,Laojun Mountains,alt.3,050m,11.VII.2009,

B.

Fig.3Sparassis subalpina (holotype).a Basidioma.b Basidiospores.c Basidia at dif-ferent stage of development.d Hyphae in the trama of a flabellum

Mycol Progress

Feng759(HKAS57488,holotype);the same location,11. VII.2007,Q.Zhao708(HKAS55936);the same location, 12.VII.2009,B.Feng782(HKAS57511);Jianchuan County,Jianyang,alt.3000m,29.VIII.2008,S.H.Li154 (HKAS55967).

Notes Sparassis subalpina is similar to S.brevipes,S.mini-ensis and S.spathulata by sharing the massed base of the basidioma,scattered and broad flabellae.However,the fla-bellae of S.subalpina are very broad,zonate and with only slightly contorted,thickened margins,while those of S. brevipes,originally described from Central Europe and mostly associated with Abies,Fagus and Quercus,are split into pieces that fuse with other flabellae several times below the top margin.In addition,clamp connections are common and abundant in the subhymenium but absent in the remain-ing parts of the basidioma of S.subalpina,while they are absent in all parts of S.brevipes(Wang et al.2004).Spar-assis miniensis,described based on collections made in forests of Pinus spp.from Spain,basidioma is composed of an orange to rose-purplish base,a scattered group of fragile,azonate flabellae with a strongly laciniate margin and sporadic of clamp connections in the subhymenium (Blanco-Dios et al.2006).Sparassis spathulata,originally described from eastern United States and mostly associated with Pinus spp.and Quercus spp.,produces significantly larger basidiomata,slightly longer basidiospores and no clamp connections(Burdsall and Miller1988;Desjardin et al.2004;Wang et al.2004).

Sparassis latifolia Y.C.Dai&Zheng Wang,Mycologia98: 586(2006).

Figure4

Basidioma(Fig.4a)annual,solitary,stipitate,up to 30cm high and35cm diam,composed of numerous loosely arranged flabellae.Flabellae mostly extending from a com-mon central mass,broad,dissected and slightly contorted, white to cream when fresh,becoming deep cream to shallow brown with age,pale ochraceous and light brown when dry, azonate,up to1cm broad,1mm thick,margin wavy to tooth-like.Stipe up to15cm long,2cm thick at base. Flabellar context tough,concolorous with surface.Odor pleasant.Taste indistinctly acid.

Basidiospores(Fig.4b)[340/17/17](4)4.5–5.5(6)×(3) 3.5–4(4.5)μm(Q0(1.1)1.25–1.43(1.5),Qm01.306±0.07),broadly ellipsoid to subglobose,hyaline,thin-walled,smooth.Basidia(Fig.4c)55–68×5–7μm,narrowly elongate-subclavate,4-spored,hyaline,usually with a basal clamp connection;basidioles narrowly elongate-subclavate. Subhymenium composed of delicate,hyaline,thin-walled, tortuous,densely interwoven hyphal segments with com-mon presence of clamp connections.Trama of flabellum a monomitic hyphal system composed of simply septate,col-orless and hyaline,thin to thick-walled,frequently branched,interwoven hyphae5–15μm diam;clamp con-nections common and abundant(Fig.4d).Gloeoplerous hyphae present,refractive,thin-walled,flexuous,frequently branched,7–12μm diam.

Habitat and known distribution Solitary on the base of conifers and Fagales.Distributed in eastern Russia,Japan and China.

Specimens examined CHINA,Yunnan Province,Lijiang County,Xinzhu,alt.2,900m,19.VIII.1984,Y.Xian16 (HKAS14208as“Sparassia crispa”in Zang et al.1996); Shangri-La County,Biguo,alt.3,200m,7.VII.1984,D.G. Ji76(HKAS16741as“S.crispa”in Ying and Zang1994); Yulong County,Laojun Mountains,alt.2,600m,19.VII. 2007,Q.Zhao794(HKAS55938);the same location,24. VII.2007,Q.Zhao7326(HKAS55937);Shangri-La Coun-ty,Tianchi,alt.3,200m,12.VII.2008,B.Feng324(HKAS 55435);Yongping County,Dapindi,alt.1,700m,20.VII. 2009,S.H.Li656(HKAS59358);Jianchuan County,Jia-nyang,alt.2300m,12.VII.2009,S.H.Li353,354and355 (HKAS59355,59356and59357respectively).Sichuan Province,Daocheng County,Julong,11.VIII.1984,M.S. Yuan(HKAS15728as“S.crispa”in Yuan and Sun2007). Jilin Province,Antu County,Changbaishan,14.VIII.1997, Dai2441(HKAS74972,isotype);Antu County,Edaobaihe, 20.VIII.2007,Y.Wang5301(HMJAU5301);Changchun, Jingyuetan National Forest Park,14.VII.2007,DAI12549 (HKAS74973);the same location,24.VIII.2007,DAI 10269(HKAS74974);Jiaohe County,Jiaohe,20.VIII. 2006,Y.G.Fan2007(HMJAU2007).JAPAN,Hokkaido, alt.100m,12.XI.2011,Z.L.Yang5531(HKAS59854). RUSSIA,Big khekhstir,16.VIII.2004,B.Tolgor2955 (HMJAU2955).

Notes Studies on collections from Russian Far East,Japan, northeastern and southwestern China yielded additional in-formation on https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia.This taxon is a common species widely distributed under trees of conifers and Fagales in the subtropic alpine and temperate regions in eastern Asia. Macroscopically,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia differs from other species of Sparassis by its large,broad,dissected and slightly con-torted flabellae.Microscopically,it is characterized by the small spores and the common presence of clamp connec-tions in all tissues of the basidioma.

Sparassis latifolia and S.subalpina are similar to each other in that they both produce broad flabellae and in their ecological preference.However,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia has azonate flabellae arising from a relatively more robust stipe,and the common presence of clamp connections not only in the

Mycol Progress

subhymenium but also in other parts of the basidioma,a character shared with S.crispa and S.radicata (Dai et al.2006).

Key to the taxa of Sparassis known from East Asia and Southeast Asia

1Hyphae in the trama of the flabellum without clamp connections ............S.subalpine

1*Hyphae in the trama of the flabellum with abundant clamp connections

2Flabellae broad (up to 30cm in diam.),azonate,stipitate;hymenophore white to cream;basidiospores 4.5–5.5×3.5–4μm https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia

2*Flabellae broad (10–15cm in diam.),rosette;hymeno-phore dark greyish brown;basidiospores 7–9×6–7μm 3Cystidia common ............S.cystidiosa f.cystidiosa

3*Cystidia absent ............S.cystidiosa f.flabelliformis

Discussion

Biogeographic divergence in Sparassis

Supported with molecular phylogenies,10morphological taxa,S.brevipes,S.crispa ,S.cystidiosa f.cystidiosa ,S.cystidiosa f.flabelliformis ,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia,S.miniensis,S.rad-icata,S.spathulata,S.subalpina ,and S.sp.(AUS31),have been recognized within Sparassis .It is interesting to note that species of Sparassis show distinct geographical distri-bution patterns,although they are primarily saprophytic (Dai et al.2006;Desjardin et al.2004;Wang et al.2004

),

Fig.4Sparassis latifolia

(HKAS55938).a Basidioma.b Basidiospores.c Basidia and basidioles at different stage of development.d Hyphae in the trama of a flabellum

Mycol Progress

living mainly on decayed wood and debris.The three taxa described in this study have only been found in East Asia so far,while the other six previously described species and one undescribed species also have a restricted distribution,i.e., S.crispa,S.brevipes and S.miniensis in Europe,and S. crispa and S.spathulata in eastern North America(One Japanese collection,CUP JA1385,regarded as S.spathu-lata,might be introduced from North America as suggested by Wang et al.2004),S.radicata in western North America, while S.cystidiosa f.cystidiosa is currently known from Thailand only,and undescribed species“S.sp.(AUS31)”only known from Tasmania,Australia(Wang et al.2004). These distribution patterns indicate that Sparassis is adapted to temperate environments with a limited number of species from tropical areas.Except for unsolved relationships be-tween European and eastern North American S.crispa,no taxa with intercontinental distributions were found to date.

The species that occur in the temperate North Hemi-sphere are clustered into two well-supported major clades (clades I and II)in the phylogeny(Fig.1),and closely related species or species pairs were found in Eurasia,East Asia-North America,or Europe-North America in each clade,indicating that broad historical exchange of Sparassis could exist in the Holarctic region.This is in accordance with observations on many ectomycorrhizal fungi,such as Boletus(Dentinger et al.2010;Feng et al.2012),Chroo-gomphus(Li et al.2009)and Amanita(Geml et al.2006, 2008;Zhang et al.2004),and many other fungi(Halling 2001;Mueller et al.2001;Petersen and Hughes2007; Redhead1989).This suggests allopatric speciation events have contributed a lot to the current distribution patterns of plants(Donoghue and Smith2004)and some fungal groups (e.g.Garnica et al.2011;Hosaka et al.2008;Vincenot et al. 2012).Furthermore,divergence of species in the temperate North Hemisphere in clades I and II appears to have oc-curred at different times based on the phylogenetic analysis (Fig.1).Further studies that include more taxa from Europe and eastern North America are critical for understanding the biogeography of Sparassis.The multilocus phylogeny sug-gest that species in Clade I(the species complex of S. latifolia-crispa-radicata)may have undergone a recent ra-diation as the three species showed limited sequence varia-tion,while the species in Clade II(the S.subalpina-brevipes-spathularia species complex)appear to represent a relatively ancient speciation event as the species in differ-ent geographical localities(East Asia,Europe,and North America)showed relatively high sequence variation. Taxonomy of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia in East Asia

Sparassis latifolia was originally described from northeast-ern China(Dai et al.2006).It was originally misidentified as S.crispa in eastern Asia(Imazeki et al.1988;Mao1998,2000;Ying and Zang1994;Yuan and Sun2007;Zang et al. 1996).Dai et al.(2006)discovered that https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia and S. crispa can be distinguished from each other by their macro-and micro-morphological characters,i.e.,the shape of fla-bellae and the size of spores,as well as their host plant preferences.Our observations show that the long stipe of S. latifolia can also be used to separate https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia from S. crispa in the field.Dai et al.(2006)suggested that“S. crispa”collected and reported from far eastern Russia and Japan could be https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia.Studies on our collections made from the Russian Far East and northern Japan confirmed the occurrence of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia in these two regions.Furthermore, analyses based on ITS sequences indicate that samples named“S.crispa”(GU138863and GU138864in GenBank) from South Korea are also closely related to https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia from northeast China(data not shown).These morphological and molecular data strongly indicate that https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia is an easily distinguishable species with a wide distribution throughout eastern Asia.

With our extensive collections from the current known distribution of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia,interesting intraspecific divergen-ces of this species can be detected.As shown in Fig.1, isolates of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia were divided into two subclades,the SW China subclade and the Northeast Asia subclade,with relatively high bootstrap support.Although no obvious morphological characters could be found to distinguish them,our molecular data suggests that they may represent two distinctive phylogenetic species separated by geogra-phy.Future population genetic studies should provide insights into the evolution of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,tifolia. Acknowledgments This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province(2008CD185),the Research Fund for the Large-scale Scientific Facilities of the Chinese Academy of Scien-ces(2009-LSF-GBOWS-01),and the Ministry of Science and Tech-nology of the People’s Republic of China(2008FY110300).The anonymous reviewers are gratefully acknowledged for providing con-structive comments and linguistic improvements.

References

Blanco-Dios JB,Wang Z,Binder M,Hibbett DS(2006)A new Spar-assis species from Spain described using morphological and mo-lecular data.Mycol Res10:1227–1231

Burdsall HH Jr,Miller OK Jr(1988)Type studies and nomenclatural considerations in the genus Sparassis.Mycotaxon31:199–206 Dai YC,Wang Z,Binder M,Hibbett DS(2006)Phylogeny and a new species of Sparassis(Polyporales,Basidiomycota):evidence from mitochondrial atp6,nuclear rDNA and rpb2genes.Mycologia 98:584–592

Dentinger BTM,Ammirati JF,Both EE,Desjardin DE,Halling RE, Henkel TW,Moreau PA,Nagasawa E,Soytong K,Taylor AF, Watling R,Moncalvo JM,Mclaughlin DJ(2010)Molecular phy-logenetics of porcini mushrooms(Boletus section Boletus).Mol Phylogenet Evol57:1276–1292

Mycol Progress

Desjardin DE,Wang Z,Binder M,Hibbett DS(2004)Sparassis cystidiosa sp.nov.,from Thailand is described using morpholog-ical and molecular data.Mycologia96:1010–1014

Donoghue MJ,Smith SA(2004)Patterns in the assembly of temperate forests around the Northern Hemisphere.Phil Trans R Soc B 359:1633–1644

Doyle JJ,Doyle JL(1987)A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue.Phytochem Bull19:11–15

Du XH,Zhao Q,O’Donnell K,Rooney AP,Yang ZL(2012)Multigene molecular phylogenetics reveals true morels(Morchella)are es-pecially species-rich in China.Fungal Genet Biol49:455–469 Feng B,Xu J,Wu G,Hosen MI,Zeng NK,Li YC,Tolgor B,Kost GW, Yang ZL(2012)DNA sequence analyses reveal abundant diver-sity,endemism and evidence for Asian origin of the Porcini Mushrooms.PLoS One.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037567 Garnica S,Spahn P,Oertel B,Ammirati J,Oberwinkler F(2011) Tracking the evolutionary history of Cortinarius species in sec-tion Calochroi,with transoceanic disjunct distribution.BMC Evol Biol11:213.doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-213

Geml J,Laursen GA,ONeill K,Nusbaum HC,Taylor DL(2006) Beringian origins and cryptic speciation events in the fly agaric (Amanita muscaria).Mol Ecol15:225–239

Geml J,Tulloss RE,Laursen GA,Sazanova NA,Taylor DL(2008) Evidence for strong inter-and intracontinental phylogeographic structure in Amanita muscaria,a wind-dispersed ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete.Mol Phylogenet Evol48:694–701

Hall TA(1999)BioEdit:a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows95/98/NT.Nucleic Acids Symp Ser41:95–98

Halling RE(2001)Ectomycorrhizae:co-evolution,significance,and biogeography.Ann Mo Bot Gard88:5–13

Hosaka K,Castellano MA,Spatafora JW(2008)Biogeography of hysterangiales(Phallomycetidae,Basidiomycota).Mycol Res 112:448–462

Imazeki R,Otani Y,Hongo T(1988)Fungi of Japan.Yama-Kei Publishers Co.Ltd,Tokyo

Kreisel H(1983)Zur Taxonomie von Sparassis laminosa Fr.s.l.Fedd Rep94:675–682

Li YC,Yang ZL,Tolgor B(2009)Phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of Chroogomphus species as inferred from molecu-lar and morphological data.Fungal Divers38:85–104

Li YC,Feng B,Yang ZL(2011)Zangia,a new genus of Boletaceae supported by molecular and morphological evidence.Fungal Di-vers49:125–143

Liang JF,Yang ZL,Xu DP(2011)A new species of Lepiota from China.Mycologia103:820–830

Liu K,Raghavan S,Nelesen S,Linder CR,Warnow T(2009)Rapid and accurate large-scale coestimation of sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees.Science324:1561–1564

Mao XL(1998)Economic fungi of China(in Chinese).Science Press, Beijing

Mao XL(2000)Macrofungi of China(in Chinese).Henan Science and Technology Press,Zhengzhou Mueller GM,Wu QX,Huang YQ,Guo SY,Aldana-Gomez R, Vilgalys R(2001)Assessing biogeographic relationships be-tween North American and Chinese macrofungi.J Biogeogr 28:271–281

Petersen RH,Hughes KW(2007)Some agaric distribution patterns involving Pacific landmasses and Pacific Rim.Mycoscience 48:1–14

Redhead SA(1989)A biogeographical overview of the Canadian mushroom flora.Can J Bot67:3003–3062

Swofford DL(2002)PAUP*.Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods),Version4.01.Sinauer,Sunderland Vilgalys R,Hester M(1990)Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Crypto-coccus species.J Bacteriol172:4238–4246

Vincenot L,Nara K,Sthultz C,Labbe J,Dubois MP,Tedersoo L, Martin F,Selosse MA(2012)Extensive gene flow over Europe and possible speciation over Eurasia in the ectomycorrhizal ba-sidiomycete Laccaria amethystina complex.Mol Ecol21:281–299

Wang Z,Binder M,Dai YC,Hibbett DS(2004)Phylogenetic relation-ships of Sparassis inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial ribo-somal DNA and RNA polymerase sequences.Mycologia 95:1008–1012

Wang Z,Nilsson RH,Lopez-Giraldez F,Zhuang WY,Dai YC, Johnston PR,Townsend JP(2011)Tasting soil fungal diversity with earth tongues:phylogenetic test of SATe’alignments for environ-mental ITS data.PLoS One6(4):e19039.doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0019039

White TJ,Bruns T,Lee S,Taylor J(1990)Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogeneties.In: Innis MA,Gelfand DH,Sninsky JJ,White JW(eds)PCR Proto-cols:a guide to methods and applications.Academic,New York, pp315–322

Yang ZL(2011)Molecular techniques revolutionize knowledge of basidiomycete evolution.Fungal Divers50:47–58

Yang ZL,Li YC,Tang LP,Shi GQ,Zeng G(2012)Trogia venenata (Agaricales),a novel poisonous species which has caused hundreds of deaths in southwestern China.Mycol Prog.

doi:10.1007/s11557-012-0809-y

Ying JZ,Zang M(1994)Economic macrofungi from southwestern China(in Chinese).Science Press,Beijing

Yuan MS,Sun PQ(2007)Atlas of Chinese mushrooms(in Chinese).

Sichuan Publishing House of Science and Technology Press, Chengdu

Zang M,Li B,Xi JX(1996)Fungi of the Hengduan mountains(in Chinese).Science Press,Beijing

Zeng NK,Tang LP,Li YC,Tolgor B,Zhu XT,Zhao Q,Yang ZL (2012)The genus Phylloporus(Boletaceae,Boletales)from Chi-na:morphological and multilocus DNA sequence analyses.Fun-gal Divers.doi:10.1007/s13225-012-0184-7

Zhang LF,Yang JB,Yang ZL(2004)Molecular phylogeny of eastern Asian species of Amanita(Agaricales,Basidiomycota):taxonom-ic and biogeographic implications.Fungal Divers17:219–238

Mycol Progress

高考英语 Module 6 Old and New练习题 外研版必修3

Module 6 Old and New I. 阅读理解 A Most people who move to a foreign country or culture may go through some form of culture shock，and its degree is determined by the differences between cultures，the anxiety to adapt to a new culture and the familiarity with a new culture，etc.If you go，for example，to a culture that is far different from your own，you’re likely to experience culture shock more sharply than those who move to a new culture knowing the language and the custom of it. It is important to understand and learn how to deal with culture shock if you are to adapt successfully to your new home’s cultures.There are four general stages of cultural adjustment，and being aware of them helps you understand that culture shock won’t last long.It’s just a process you a re going through rather than a constant situation. The first stage is usually referred to as “the honeymoon stage”．Upon arriving in a new environment，you’ll be interested in the new culture.Everything will seem thrilling and everyone will seem friendly and helpful.During this stage you are merely taking in these impressions passively. But it isn’t long before the honeymoon stage gives way to the second stage—“the withdrawal stage”．The excitement you felt before is gone and problems arise.The language is hard to learn，people are unusual and unpredictable，friends，are hard to make，and simple things like shopping and going to the bank are challenges.It is at this stage that you are likely to feel anxious and homesick，and you will probably find yourself complaining about the new cu lture or country.This is the stage called “culture shock”． At some point，if you can manage it well，you’ll begin the transition into the next stage，“the recovery stage”，in which you’ll feel more confident functioning in the new culture.Customs and traditions are clearer and easier to understand.At this stage，you’ll deal with new challenges with humor rather than anxiety. 1.According to the passage，culture shock can be________. A．dealt with more easily for some people B．reduced by learning the language alone C．avoided by knowing adjustment stages D．got rid of by learning just the custom 2．“The honeymoon stage” here refers to________. A．the first month after the wedding B．the period of excitement C．the stage of adaptation D．the holiday for a newly-married couple 3．Which of the following doesn’t belong to the second stage? A．Becoming upset. B．Missing family. C．Feeling confident. D．Making complaints. 4．What would be probably discussed in the following paragraph?

高中英语Module6OldandNewSectionⅣOtherPartsoftheModule教学案外研必修3

Module 6 Old and New Section Ⅳ Other Parts of the Module [原文呈现] The Empire State Building, New York Most① of the tallest buildings in the world were built in the 1990s and in the twenty-first century, but the two tallest buildings in the US were built much②earlier. In fact, the second tallest building in the US is more than③ 75 years old! The Empire State Building, ④which was the tallest building at the time⑤ was finished in May 1931. It was the tallest building in the world until the World Trade Centre was built in New York in 1972. The World Trade Centre twin towers, which were destroyed⑥ in September 2001⑦， were 417 and 415 metres high⑧. [读文清障] ①most pron.大多数，与of连用时，句中谓语动词的单复数形式取决于of后面的名词的单复数形式。 ②much修饰比较级，用来加强语气。 ③more than多于；不仅仅是；非常 ④which was the tallest building at the time是which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the Empire State Building。 which不能用that来替换，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。 ⑤at the time在那时 ⑥destroy v．破坏，毁坏，之所以与were连用，是因为先行词是the World Trade Centre twin towers。 ⑦which were destroyed in September 2001是which引导的非限制性定语从句。 ⑧注意此句的表达法：“...＋be＋数字＋度量名词＋adj.”表示“某物有多高/长等”。 纽约帝国大厦 [第1～2段译文] 世界上大多数最高的建筑物是在20世纪90年代和21世纪建成的，但是美国的两座最高的建筑物建成得要早得多。实际上，美国第二高的建筑物已经有超过75年的历史了！ 帝国大厦是在1931年5月完工的，在那时它是最高的建筑物。它一直是世界上最高的建筑物，直到1972年世界贸易中心在纽约建成。2001年的9月被毁坏的世界贸易中心的双子塔分别有417米和415米高。 Facts about the Empire State Building：

外研版学高中ModuleOldandNew英美文化欣赏教案必修英语 解析版

【导读】《大卫·科波菲尔》是英国小说家查尔斯·狄更斯创作的长篇小说，被称为他“心中最宠爱的孩子”，于１8４9至１8５0年间，分二十个部分逐月发表。全书采用第一人称叙事，融进了作者本人的许多生活经历，反映了狄更斯希望人间充满善良正义的理想。 David Copperfieid（excerpt） That was how I was born.My early childhood was extremely happy，as my beautiful mother and kind Peggotty took care of me.But when I was about eight，a shadow passed over my happiness.My mother often went out walking，in her best clothes，with a gentleman called Mr Murdstone.He had black hair，a big black moustache and an unpleasant smile，and seemed to be very fond of my mother.But I knew that Peggotty did not like him. A few months later Peggotty told me that my mother was going to have a short holiday with some friends.Meanwhile Peggotty and I would go to stay with her brother Daniel in Yarmouth，on the east coast，for two weeks.I was very excited when we climbed into the cart，although it was sad saying goodbye to my mother.Mr Murdstone was at her shoulder，waving goodbye，as the driver called to his horse，and we drove out of the village. When we got down from the cart in Yarmouth，after our journey，Peggotty said，“That's the house，Master DaviＤ．” I looked all round，but could only see an old ship on the sanＤ．“Is that—that your brother's house？”I asked in delight.And when we reached it，I saw it had doors and windows and a chimney，just like a real house.I could not imagine a nicer place to live.Everything was clean and tidy，and smelt of fish.Now I was introduced to the Peggotty family.There was Daniel Peggotty，a kind old sailor.Although he was not married，he had adopted two orphans，who lived with him and called him Uncle.Ham Peggotty was a large young man with a gentle smile，and Emily was a beautiful，blue-eyed little girl.They all welcomed Peggotty and me warmly. 大卫·科波菲尔（节选） 就这样我来到了世上。孩提时的我非常幸福，因为有我美丽的母亲和善良的辟果提照顾我。然而，在

外研版必修三Module 6 Old and New教案设计

Module Six Old and New Step 1 Presentation Read the sentences and answer the questions. a I met a man my grandfather worked with thirty years ago. b I met a man who my grandfather worked with thirty years ago. c I wante d to visit th e house that my grandparents lived in. d Th e bus which I took back to my birth place was full o f visitors from other parts of China. 1 Do the first two sentences mean the same thing? 2 In the first two sentences, who is the subject of the verb work ----the man or the grandfather? 3 Can the words that and which be removed from the third and forth sentences without changing the meaning? Suggested answers: 1.Yes, they do 2.The grandfather 3.Yes, they can Step 2 Explanations: 定语从句的缩短 定语从句可以缩短或简化，主要通过以下形式： 一、省略作宾语的关系代词 在定语从句中作宾语的关系代词有who（m），which，that。在限制性定语从句中，当who（m）和that作宾语用于指人时，可以互换使用，通常可以省略；当that和which作宾语用于指物时，两者也可以互换使用，关系代词that/which也通常省略。例如： Is that the man（whom）/（who）/（that）you gave your tickets to?（whom，who或that可以省略） Is that the address（which）/（that）you sent the telegram to?（which或that可以省略）

四年级英语上册《Lesson 2 New and old》教案

Unit 1 The Clothes We Wear Lesson 1 Skirt and trousers 教学目标： 1.知识目标： (1)学生能听懂、会说、认读并书写词汇：is, are, new, old, it, they (2)学生能听懂、会说句子：This is a new sweater. These are old trousers. Is it new? Yes. Are they new? No. They're old. 2.能力目标： (1)在日常情境中注意观察，并用简单的英语对话（对每季度所穿衣服能加上颜色进行描述） (2)养成听录音和跟读句子的习惯。 3.情感目标： 在每天的生活中试着模仿和运用英语。 教学重点： 1.学生能听懂、会说、认读并书写词汇：is, are, new, old, it, they 2.学生能听懂、会说句子：This is a new sweater. These are old trousers. Is it new? Yes. Are they new? No. They're old. 教学难点： 代词it和they的区别及其在句子中的具体应用。 教学准备： 教学光盘、上一课的词汇卡和图片、新旧物品的图片或实物 在教室里挂一些本单元要学的服装实物，以便有真实的例子供学生练

习。 教学过程： Step1: Warm-up 1.问候Greeting。并复习学过的衣服单词，利用句型 What's this/What are these? This is a… These are… 2.课文导入Lesson hook：今天我们要学习谈论衣服的更多说法。Step 2: Presentation 1. New or old? 看第一部分4幅图，讨论左右两边的衣服有什么不同。 板书：new，old 课件出示新旧衣服图片，问：Is this a new/an old sweater? Are these new/old trousers? 出示四幅图的句子：This is a new sweater. This is an old sweater. These are new trousers. These are old trousers. 领读2遍，学生看书播放录音三遍跟读，练习读熟。 练习： (1)示范练习: 教师指向毛衣图片，与学生甲对话 What's this? It's a sweater. Is it new? Yes. It's a new sweater. 再指向裤子：What are these? These are trousers. Are these old? No. They're new trousers. (2)链式游戏：

高一英语外研版必修3教案： Module6OldandNewPeriod3

Module 6Old and New Period 3Grammar 1 & Grammar 2 & Writing 整体设计 教学内容分析 这一课时包括语法1，语法2 和写作。语法1主要是关于who 和which引导的非限制性定语从句。语法2 主要是定语从句的省略，如created by，living in。在这节课的最后一部分是发展学生的写作能力。在这一部分中，学生将要写一封关于到一个地方参观的电子邮件。 三维目标设计 Knowledge and skills 1．To help the students learn and revise the following words and expressions. Words：construction，project，region，essential，reservoir，submerge Expressions：hold back，take away，make sense，a large amount of，be full of，work with 2．To help the students learn the usage of non-defining attributive clauses and contraction of attributive clauses. 3．To help the students learn how to write an email about a visit to a place. Process and methods 1．To encourage the students to take an active part in the learning activities by giving them clear instructions on what to do while reading a new passage.In addition，correct possible mistakes they might make in a proper way by making necessary changes while repeating their sentences. 2．To encourage the students to cooperate with the others by working in pairs or in groups of four. 3．To make sure that the students pay attention to the important points by summarising the usage of non-defining attributive clauses and contraction of attributive clauses. Emotion，attitude and value 1．To let the students have confidence in learning English and express themselves freely. 2．To help the students appreciate the advantage of cooperative learning. 教学重点 1．To get the students to have knowledge of these grammar points：non-defining attributive clauses and contraction of attributive clauses. 2．To enable the students to use non-defining attributive clauses and contraction of attributive clauses. 教学难点 1．To help the students learn to use non-defining attributive clauses and contraction of attributive clauses. 2．To help the students write a description about a place. 教学过程 Lead-in 【3 min.】 Brainstorming. First ask the students to look through the following non-defining attributive clause and ask them to give their own examples. The power of the Yangtze River，which is the world's third longest river，has been harnessed by the Three Gorges Dam. Grammar 1 【8 min.】 1．Show the four sentences on page 54. a．Mao Zedong wrote a poem in which he dreamed of“walls of stone to hold back clouds and rain”． b．The Three Gorges Dam，which is the biggest construction project in China since the building of the Great Wall and the Grand Canal，has been built to control flooding. c．Sun Yat-sen，who was the leader of the 1911 Revolution，first suggested the idea in 1919. d．More than a million people who lived in the region have moved from their homes. Ask the students to read the four sentences and answer the following questions.

Module 6 Old and New 教案

Module 6 Old and New Ⅰ单元教学目标 Ⅱ目标语言

Ⅲ.教材分析与教材重组 1．教材分析 本单元的中心话题是“建筑”，所谈论的话题涉及古今中外的一些著名建筑及文化遗迹。目的在于通过单元教学，让学生了解古今中外的知名建筑，培养学生的审美观，并能就所谈论的话题写出一则新闻报道。 1.1 Introduction部分通过四个问题的提问让学生进行说前的热身，接着通过对三段小短文的展开讨论让学生明确本单元的话题。 1.2Reading部分向我们介绍了新建的三峡大坝。文章从三峡大坝兴建的原因、建成的规模、建成后的利与弊等方面进行了介绍。文章语言简洁、条理清晰，不仅有助于提高学生的阅读能力，而且在写作上也会让学生有所启发。 1.3 Grammar 1部分是学习非限制性定语从句的相关知识。

1.4 Writing部分通过范例让学生掌握写e-mail的结构特点，并通过模仿达到会撰写，目的在于提高学生的英语写作能力。 1.5Speaking部分通过讨论的形式练习提高学生的口语表达能力，同时也可以让学生进一步熟悉本单元的话题。 1.6Grammar 2部分是学习定语从句引导词的省略的知识。该部分通过多种形式的练习让学生逐渐理解和掌握这一知识。 1.7 Listening部分设置了与本单元话题相关的短文，既可以提高学生的听力，也可以在这个过程中让学生了解更多的文化背景知识。 1.8Pronunciation部分主要练习朗读含有定语从句的句子，要让学生注意语音和语调，提高学生的口语表达能力。 1.9 Function and Everyday English部分让学生了解一些用于表达强烈感情的形容词，目的在于提高学生运用词汇来描述和交流情感的能力。 1.10Culture Corner分为两部分。阅读部分介绍了美国纽约的帝国大厦，以作为对Reading的补充。另一部分则列出了高度世界排名前十位的著名建筑，开拓了学会的视野，丰富和扩充了学生的课外知识。 1.11Task的前两部分要求学生写出一则新闻介绍某一中国建设过程的开工典礼或建设。第三部分要求学生转换角色进行表演。 2.教材重组 2.1将Introduction, Function and Everyday English和Speaking部分整合在一起上一节“口语课”。Speaking部分既是Introduction部分第三段小短文的延伸，同时又可以引申出下节课的话题，为Reading部分埋下伏笔。 2.2将Reading and V ocabulary, Task和练习册中的vocabulary整合在一起上一节“阅读课”。练习册中的vocabulary是对Reading的补充和巩固。 2.3将Grammar 1, Grammar 2, 和练习册中的Grammar部分整合在一起上一节任务型“语法课”。涉及的主要任务有：学习非限制性定语从句和探讨定语从句引导词的省略问题。 2.4 Writing部分的短文可作为写作的范例，将Writing和练习册中的Writing 整合在一起上一节“写作课”。 2.5将Listening, Pronunciation和练习册中的Listening and Speaking整合在一

必修3 Module6 Old and New单元重难知识点总结

Unit 6. Old and New 一.重点词汇及拓展 1. date vi.始于(某一历史时期) 2．generate vt.发(电) 3．harness vt.利用；将(自然力)变成动力 4．narrow adj.狭窄的 5．remove vt.迁移；搬迁 6．ridiculous adj.荒唐的；可笑的 7．enormous adj.庞大的；巨大的 8．foggy adj.有浓雾的 9．crash vi.(飞机)失事；坠毁 10. civil adj.民用的，国内的→civilize v．使文明，使开化→civilization n．文明11．engineering n．(土木)工程→engineer n．工程师→engine n．发动机12．accommodate vt.容纳(乘客等)→accommodation n．容纳13．construction n．建造；建筑→construct vt.建造→constructive adj.建设性的14．freezing adj.极冷的→freeze v．冷冻 二.重点短语 1. date from起源于 2．hold back阻止 3．come true(梦想等)变成现实 4．bring an end to结束，终止 5. work out算出，解决 6．dream of梦想 7．now that既然 8．make sense有意义，有道理 三.重点句型 1. It took six years to build and cost US $20 billion.它花费了6年时间建成，耗资200亿美元。 2．sb.be surprised to do sth.某人惊奇地做某事zxxkw 四.语法 1. Nondefining attributive clauses(非限制性定语从句) 2．Contraction of attributive clauses(定语从句的省略形式) 一.重点词汇及拓展 1．date n．日期，年代；时代；约会 v．加日期于；起始于(某时期)；属于(某时期) 归纳拓展 (1)date from/back to属于(某一历史时期)；始于……；追溯到……(二者作谓语时常用一般现在时，且无被动语态和进行时态。若句中有信息提示从过去某一时间往前推，则用过去时态。) (2)to date到目前为止；迄今，至今 out of date 过时的；过期的 up to date现代的，直到最近 set a date for选定……的日期 go out for a date出去约会

新译林三下Unit 5 How old are you教案

Unit 5 How old are you? 第一课时 教学目标：1.能初步感知、体验单词lovely, nine, eight, our, five, six, seven, ten， 2.能在情境中感知如何谈论年龄，能初步听懂、会说、会读句型日常交际用语：How old are you? I’m …. How lovely! Here you are. 3. 能正确地理解并朗读对话内容，在教师的引导和帮助下尝试复述、表演课文。 4. 能初步运用本课所学的词汇和句型，询问年龄。 教学重难点：1. 能在情境中感知如何谈论年龄，能初步听懂、会说、会读句型日常交际用语：How old are you? I’m …. How lovely! Here you are. 2.能正确地理解并朗读对话内容，在教师的引导和帮助下尝试复述、表演课文。 教学过程：Step 1. Greeting and warm up T: …, please close the door. …, please close the window. Good morning/afternoon, boys and girls. Ss: Good morning/afternoon, Miss Chen. T: …, can you count from one to ten?学生试着说,What’s this number? (呈现数字8) Ss: Eight. (T教eight,以同样的方法教nine,ten) Step 2．Presentation and practice . T:(出示Mike, Helen, Tim的图片)Look, this is Mike.Mike is nine.And how old are you? Ss: I’m eight/nine /ten . 新授句型，引导学生问答。 T: Good. Helen is Mike’s sister.And how old is Helen? Guess! （引导学生猜测Helen的年龄）She’s …. Step 3. Learn to say . 出示图片T：This is a museum. Mike and his family are in a museum. What can you see? Ss: Toys. T: Yes, and what are they going to do ? Let’s have a look. 1.观看动画，整体感知课文：Do they see toys in the museum? How do they feel? Find the sentence: Look！How lovely! 2.提出问题，让学生带着问题再听一遍录音：How old is Mike? How old is Helen?How old is Tim? 学生操练：How old are you ? I’m nine/eight/two. 3.仔细读课文， 出图片3 ：This is for you. Thank you. 出图片4 ：Here you are . Thank you. 4.Read after the tape.逐句跟读，注意语音语调。 Read together. 注意人物的表情和动作。 Read in roles.让学生自己去读，感受语音语调，鼓励学生加入自己的感情动作来表演对话。 Act in roles. 4人小组进行表演。 Step 4 Consolidation Make a dialogue.引导学生在习得课文语句的基础上进行对话创编： T：Now I’m the worker at the Toy Museum. Look at the toys . Ss: How lovely! T: Hello! How old are you? S: I’m …. T: This …is for you./Here you are.学生在小组内开展对话练习与创编。 Homework 1.Read the dialogues after the tape and imitate the pronunciation. 2.Read and recite Story time.

高一英语《Module 6 Old and New》语法

"高一英语《Module 6 Old and New》语法 " I. Learning Objectives: To learn about non-defining clauses and contraction of relative clauses II. Learning Method: To learn by using English in practice. III. Learning Procedures: Step 1: Understanding relative clause--- Non-defining relative clauses The door, which was bright red, was very conspicuous. My sister, who lives in Beijing, is coming to stay with me next week. 总结：非限定性定语从句和先 行词关系松散，只是对先行 词做附加说明，如果省去， 主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。非限定性定语从句和主 句之间用逗号隔开。 Step 2: Understanding the differences between defining and non-defining relative clause 1.My sister, who is studying German, wants to travel to Switzerland. 2.The girl (who, whom, th at) you saw at the mee ting is a well-known sw immer. 3.Mr. Henry, whom we will meet tomorrow, will be our guide. 4.His uncle, to whom we send a birthday card every year, is ninety-one years old. 5.Is that the student to whom you lent your di ctionary? 6.Wang Hong has a cat whi ch follows her everywhere. 7.The package that arrived last night is on the table. 8.The TV se t in the corner, which is covered in books, is mine. 9.He lives in Boston, whi

ModuleOld and New 教学设计外研版必修教案

Teaching plan Module Six Old and New Teaching Aims: 1. Knowledge and Skill a.Talk about the great building projects in world history. b.Write a news bulletin about changes that have taken place in your region. c.Grasp the usage of some adjectives to express their strong feelings. d.To get them familiar with the advantages and disadvantages of the Three Gorges Dam e.Understand and grasp the usage of Non-defining relative clauses and contraction of relative clauses. and Values a.To get them familiar with the advantages and disadvantages of the Three Gorges Dam and believe that it will make a great contribution to our society and next generation. b.To make them know something about their hometown and cultivate their feelings of loving the place where they were born 3. Cross-cultural awareness: a.Know something about Chinese and foreign tallest buildings or projects and take famous construction projects as a topic to communicate with the foreign friends orally b.Understand the development and changes of our times, broaden their outlook, and strengthen the consciousness of the world and responsibilities of era. 4. Character-building: a.To help them know more about the Three Gorges Dam and know the importance of the western development of their motherland. b.To let them know the importance of cooperating with others in a group. Difficulties and Importance: a. Use the adjectives to express strong feelings freely. b. Help the students understand the text exactly and retell the text in students’ own words. c.Master the usage of Non-defining relative clauses and contraction of relative clauses. Teaching Method: a.Task-based methodology https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511747831.html,municative Approach Teaching Time: Five periods: Period 1 vocabulary and speaking Speaking Period 2 Reading and Vocabulary Period 3 Grammar 1 Non-defining relative clauses Pronunciation Period 4 Grammar 2 contraction of relative clauses. Listening and Vocabulary Period 5 Cultural corner Function and Everyday English Writing