川师笔译学生作业6

凯程葛老师为大家整理四川师范大学翻译硕士笔译学生上课笔记与课后作业：

综合语与分析语课堂讲义

一，英语有形态变化，汉语没有严格意义的形态变化。

所谓形态变化，即词的形式变化，主要包括以下两方面：

1．构词形态，即构词作用的词缀变化（affixation），包括大量的前缀（prefix）和后缀（suffix）。英语可以运用丰富的词缀构词造句，如：

He moved astonishingly fast.

He moved with astonishing rapidity.

His movements were astonishingly rapid.

His rapid movements astonished us.

His movements astonished us by their rapidity.

The rapidity of his movements was astonishing.

The rapidity with which he moved astonished us.

He astonished us by moving rapidly.

He astonished us by his rapid movements.

He astonished us by the rapidity of his movements.

(O.Jesperson)

2．构词形态，即表达语法意义的词形变化。

英汉互译时，往往要改变词性、转换词类，才能通顺地表达愿意。

1)They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for thirty years.

2)New factories are being built all over the country.

3)During the wartime,years like these would have meant certain death for many people.Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children.

他们告诉我，到（那年）年底，他们在一起工作就有三十年了。

全国到处都在兴建工厂。

战争期间（要是）碰到这样的年景，很多人肯定会死去，很多人会逃荒要饭，很多人会被迫卖儿卖女。

二．英语词序比较灵活，汉语词序相对固定。

1．英汉句子的主要成分如主语、谓语动词、宾语或表语的词序基本上相同，一般说来，英汉的排列顺序都是：主---动---宾（表）。但与汉语相比，英语词序倒置的现象比较多。

1）Interrogative inversion（疑问倒装）

What in the world do you mean?(C.Dickens)你的意思究竟是什么呀？

2）Imperative inversion（命令倒装）

Come you,everybody!大家都来吧！

3）Exclamatory inversion（惊叹倒装）

What a beautiful voice you have!(B.Shaw)你有多么好的嗓音啊！

4）Hypothetical inversion（假设倒装）

A pair of black eyes might have done some execution had they been placed in a smoother face.(W. Thacheray)

一对乌溜溜的眼睛如果长在一付再细净些的脸庞上，就足以迷人的了。

5）Balance inversion（平衡倒装）

Inexpressible was the astonishment of the little party when they returned to find that Mr.Pickwick had disappeared.(C.Dickens)

当这一伙人回来发现皮克威克先生不见了的时候，那惊愕(e)之态简直无法形容。

6）Link inversion（衔接倒装）

Such are the rewards that always virtue.(Shakespeare)

这样的报酬常常是美德所应该得到的。

7）Signpost inversion（点题倒装）

By negation is meant the denial or absence of facts.否定是指否认事实或不存在的事实。

8）Negative inversion（否定倒装）

Not a finger did I lay on him.(R.Quick)

9）Metrical inversion（韵律倒装）

Good friend for Jesus’sake,forbear

To dig the dust enclosed here,

Blessed be he that spares these stones

And curst be he that moves stones.(Shakespeare)

好朋友呀，看在耶穌的份上，请你住手

别来挖这块土丘。

那肯保存这几块石头的，但愿他添福添寿，

那要来打扰我的骸(hai)骨的，但愿呀挨骂挨咒。

汉语没有这种一致关系，只能按照表意的需要排列词序。如：

1)He had to quit the position and went in exile,having been deprived of his power.

2)We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural calamities that followed one another for three years after we left China in1959.(Hewlett and Nowell Johnson:to china at Ninety)

3)No man thinks more highly than I do of the patriotism,as well as abilities,of the very worthy gentlemen who have just addressed the house.(Patrick Henry)

4)It must be a great satisfaction to all ranks and races engaged in our common effort that the Japanese have been challenged and beaten in jungle warfare in Burma,and that their boastfulness should have received a salutary exposure.

5)Rocket research has confined a strange fact which had already been suspected:there is a “high-temperature belt”in the atmosphere,with its center roughly thirty miles above the ground. 2．汉语的定语一般在名词的前面，而英语的定语在许多情况下可以通过形态变化或借助连接词置于名词的前后，位置比较灵活。

语的定语一般都紧挨着名词，但英语的定语有时可以远离名词，借助语法关系前后一致的原则，中间插着一些别的词语。这种情况，若不细加分析，往往导致误译：

1)Many sketches are in existence of peasants seated by the roadside and men and women at work in the fields.

2)The second aspect is the application by all members of society,from the government official

to the ordinary citizen,of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.

家庭作业

1.They were forced to put forward an alternative of separate development for all races in this so-called homelands,with a promise of eventual independence for the Africans in these areas.

2.An element is a substance that cannot be thrown down into simpler substance by ordinary chemical means.

3.Keith:A little yellow,ragged,lame,unshaven beggar.(John Galsworthy)

4.She had such a kindly,smiling,tender,gentle,generous heart of her own.(W.M.Thackeray: Vanity Fair)

5.She was an intelligent,attractive and somewhat temperamental daughter of a well-to-do doctor in Haddington.(The new Encyclopedia Britannica)

6.I was all the more delighted when,as a result of the initiative of your Government,it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.

7.On earth,where fog or rain would interfere with transmission,lasers would have to be beamed through evacuated pipelines to prevent power loss.

8.It is easy to see what weight can be overcome and what thrust is necessary to maintain flight.

9.Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing.

10.The assertion that it was difficult,if not impossible,for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic,social and cultural development was now scarcely contested.

11.(1)Category II contains only four items,(2)and I shall say no more about them except that, (3)since they are under consideration,(4)we should not let the grass grow under feet,but attempt, as early as possible,to arrive at a common understanding(5)in the interest of humanity.

12.(1)I believe that(2)I speak for every sincere and serious representative in the United Nations ---(3)so I am encouraged to believe by the speeches to which we have already listened this morning---(4)when I say(5)that the anniversary must be an occasion for an honest assessment of our failures in the past,(6)matched by an equally determined will to do better in the future,(7)so that we can escape from frustration and(8)turn the anniversary into an inspiration and an achievement.

13.He spoke so well that everybody was convinced of his innocence．