万学海文考研英语语法及长难句基础课程【演示版】
考研十训[引]
一训曰：汝不可因惰而随心所睡；
二训曰：汝不可移志而半途而废；
三训曰：汝不可随性而泡哥追妹；
四训曰：汝不可因苦而哭天抹泪；
五训曰：汝不可因闷而夜夜买醉；
六训曰：汝不可求闲而叫嚣疲惫；
七训曰：汝不可进步而自我陶醉；
八训曰：汝不可没座而迟到早退；
九训曰：汝不可因惧而错过机会；
十训曰：汝不可考上便吹嘘不累！
万学海文考研英语2012基础课程【语法及长难句】
主讲：付博
2011年4月9日
Q1、长难句在何处是考点？
Q2、是什么把句子变长了？
Q3、是什么把句子变难了？
Q4、考研中长难句的难度？
Q1、长难句在何处是考点？
阅读中：划分结构、宏观理解
翻译中：划分结构、推断词义
写作中*：利用结构、合理填充
完形中*：利用结构、去粗取精
【范例】
Man’s youth is a wonderful thing, it is so full of anguish and miracle, and he never comes to know it as it is, until it has gone away from him forever.
【范例】
P-135
Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the Cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn't they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.
1. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that
[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments
[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted
[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research
[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research
【范例】
P-135
Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the
validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
【范例】
Cheating in examinations comes less through the pressure from these tests and more from student’s dishonesty.
The deterioration of environment comes less through the fragility of nature itself and more from of aggressive human destruction.
【范例】
However, such statistics cannot convey the effects of obesity, be they moderate or serious, 7 the quality of life and the impact of premature deaths associated with obesity.
7. A. in B. with
C. for
D. on
【返回总目录】
Q2、是什么把句子变长了？
(一)并列句
(二)复合句
(三)比较结构
简单句
S + V
S + V + O
S + LV +SC
S + V + O1 + O2
S + V + O + OC
(一)并列句：
A：基本形式
Sentence 1, sentence 2, …, sentence n, and sentence n+1.
【范例】
2001-71
Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.
B: 其他形式
表示并列：neither/nor
What I said is true, nor must we forget about it.
表示对比：while
I like swimming while my girlfriend thinks it suicide.
表示转折：but/yet
NETEM is boring, yet it is a social ladder we have to climb.
表示因果：for/so
He paid the sweat, so he got the sweet.
表示选择：or/either ...or /neither... nor
You should be brave, or she would marry that “Mr. Brave”.
C：难点解析
【范例】
P-135
… As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. …
59. The word “it” (lin e 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to ________.
[A] the lack of stable communities
[B] the breakdown of informal information channels
[C] the increased mobility of families
[D] the growing number of people moving from place to place
【范例】
P-135
Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
(如果) 这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。
【范例】
P-135
In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.
一般地说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。
（二）复合句：
A：基本形式
主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
定语从句
状语从句
【范例】
What he said is what he is doing.
【范例】
News, massage, conclusion, assertion, assumption, suggestion, implication, …
I got the news that our team had won.
I got the news that I had been longing for.
【范例】
The first place that I will show you around is Big Wild Goose Pogoda, on the top floor of which you can appreciate the beautiful scenery of the city. To the north of the tower locates a square full of historical topics where you can indulge in thousands of poems.
【范例】
P-136
For example, with small classes, teachers can identify and remedy incipient problems among students at risk for low achievement.
Efforts required to lift these weights seems considerable.
The need to love and to be loved seems universal. Maybe this is one trait that separates human beings from other animals.
Students brave enough to attempt the course deserve to succeed.
【范例】
P-137
This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
【范例】
P-137
When the work is well done，a climate of accident-free operation is established where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.
B：难点解析
【范例】
P-136
New ways of organizing the workplace – all that re-engineering and downsizing – are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.
What does “which” refer to?
A. ways
B. contribution
C. productivity
D. economy
【并列句、复合句综合训练】
【范例】
1992-75
On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
（三）比较结构：
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Q3、是什么把句子变难了？
(一)抽象表达
(二)被动语态
(三)逻辑问题
(四)语序问题
(五)特殊成分
(一)抽象表达
【范例】
P136
But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.
1999 text3
【范例】
2009-Text4
There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.
(二)被动语态
【范例】
And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with scientists’ processes, and they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
(三)逻辑问题
A．关于否定
1.部分否定
I don’t know anything abo ut her.（一无所知）
I don’t know everything about her.（并不全知道）
None of the answers are right.（都不正确）
All the answers are not right. (并非都正确)
I don’t know any of them.（全不认识）
I don’t know all of them.（并非都认识）
Not + all, both, every, always, 以及entirely, altogether, completely, quite 和all the time Not all men can be masters.
I don't want both the books. 我不是两本书都要。
Both (the) windows are not open. 两扇窗子并不都开着。
Not every book is educative.
Every book is not educative.不是每本书都有教育意义的。
This flower is not seen everywhere. 这花并不是随处可见的。
He is not always so sad. 他并不是一直都这样悲伤。
The businessman is not to be entirely trusted. 不可以完全信任商人。
He felt not altogether satisfied. 他并不完全满意。
I don't agree completely. 我并不完全同意。
A foolish man doesn't make a mistake all the time. 笨人未必老是犯错误。
He did not speak clearly and correctly. 他讲得清楚但不正确。
This film is not interesting and instructive.
This film is not interesting or instructive.
This film is not interesting but instructive.
The house is not big and comfortable.
The house is not big, but comfortable.
The house is not big or comfortable.
Not… any…, no, none, neither, no one, never, not (never)… at all 等用于完全否定
No men can be masters.
I want neither of the books.
Neither of windows are open.
This flower is seen nowhere.
He is never so sad at all.
The businessman is never to be trusted at all.
I don't agree completely at all.
He did not speak clearly or correctly.
2.否定转移：
否定主语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语
Everyone can not enjoy the pop music
否定表语和宾语
The cloth doesn`t fell soft
I don`t like both of the books.
否定状语
He has not come to the decision quickly
I did not do it for myself.
Children of today do not automatically become more sophisticated because they have the access to more information than children of the past.
今天的孩子不会因为比过去的孩子更多的接触了信息就会自然地变得更加成熟
3.双重否定
Cannot …too/can never …too /can hardly…too/can not +over~~
You cannot be too cautious when driving.
This idea cannot be overemphasized。
Not +否定意义的词
Making a mess is not uncommon for a young man from home.
Although he is young for a writer, he is not unknown
否定词+形容词或副词的比较级=最高级
Nowhere can I expect to find a better girl than my wife.
Nothing is more precious than the health.
There is nothing more natural than a child`s belief in his parents.
B．关于比较
1.as …as…
2.not so … as…
3.not so much …as …
4.not so much as …
5.as much …as…
He is as old as me.
People are not so genuine as they used to be.
He is not so much a doctor as a teacher.
I don`t so much as know his name.
X is as much B as A.
Confidence is as much a source of danger as of danger.
A is as much X as B.
他大舅他二舅都是他舅，高桌子低板凳都是木头。
A pauper has as much a right to learn as a king.
To marry two women is as much a bad thing as to be single.
The drunkard is as much a danger to society as a lunatic at large.
Hetaerism is as much a social institution as any other.
It`s as much a question as anything else.
6.Know better than …
Be wiser than ….
I am wiser than to believe what he said.
Children is wiser than to believe stories from adults.
7.易混比较总结
No more than = only
Not more than = less than, at most
No less than=as much as, just as
Not less than = more than, at least
No more …than=neither…nor…
Not more…than=less…than
Not…any more than…=no more…than…
Not less…=more…than
No less …than=both…and
【范例】
There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.
(四)语序问题
A．完全倒装：
Over the bridge marched the soldiers.
On every top of hill lives a hermit.
Then came the order to desert the city.
Now is the hour when they say goodbye.
【范例】
P138-B1
With economic growth has come centralization: fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households.
B．部分倒装
否定副词作状语置于句首时，助动词，情态动词放在主语之前，谓语部分位置不变
Hardly had he got out of the court when reporters raised a lot of questons to him.
Only +状语置于句首，部分倒装
Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize ha had made a big mistake.
C. 虚拟倒装
Were they to cease advertising, prices would be significantly reduced.
D．强调倒装
So absurd was his manner that everyone stared at him.
【范例】
P139-E2
And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language form the mixture of sound around him ,to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in
new ways.
【范例】
P138-A4
Implicit within Tyler’s definition is the concept that culture is learned,shared and patterned behaviors.
E．平衡倒装
【范例】
P138-A1-4
Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated vulgarize activity known to geologists as hot spots.
Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies, which enable the storage, and delivery of more information with greeter speed to more locations than he’s ever been possible before.
Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition ,as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.
Implicit within Tyler’s definition is the concept that culture is learned,shared and patterned behaviors.
【范例】
P138-C1
I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems.
【范例】
P136-性质主语2
For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.
(五)特殊成分
主格结构
A．常见基本结构
Here are the first volumes, the third one to come out next month.
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
She came into the room, ear red with cold.
He put on his socks, wrong side out.
He came out of the library, large book under arm.
B．带with的独立主格结构
With the hard work to be done, we have to prepare for it.
With the guide leading us, we got to the village.
He stood there, with his hand raised.
With the door open, he left the classroom.
With the gloves off, she left cold.
C．独立主格的省略
Generally speaking, Strictly speaking, Talking of, Speaking of, Judging from, Taking all things into consideration, C onsidering…
Other things being equal, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.
Taking all things into consideration, we can draw a conclusion that this theory should be put into practice.
【返回总目录】
Q4、考研中长难句的难度？
1.That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will
have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.
译文：这种性别比例能在最大程度上增加个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制的数量，所以这种性别比例得到认可。
难句类型：倒装、省略
2.Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of
these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones.
难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词
译文：哈代的缺陷缘于两个方面，一方面，他显然无法控制好那结不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来；另一方面他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。
3.As she put it in The Common Reader. “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed
or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote; and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore.”
译文：正如她在《普通读者》中所说，“我们完全可以说，乔叟所说或者所写的东西并没有给人们形成任何的定规，也没有强加给人们什么样的规则；然而，随着不断深入到他的作品中去，我们一点一点逐渐接受了其中全部的道德教诲。
疑难单词
1. frame [ freim ]
n. 框,结构,骨架v. 构成,设计,陷害
2. absorb [ ?b's?:b ]
v. 吸收,吸引...的注意,使全神贯注
3. morality [ m?'r?liti ]
n. 道德,美德
4. pore [ p?:, p?? ]
n. 毛孔,小孔v. 熟读,熟视,细想
Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves’ preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy.
Monogamy
Bigamy
Bigamist
Polygamy
Misogamy
Misogamist
Endogamy
Exagamy
难句类型：插入语
译文：虽然古特曼承认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的偏爱——在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来——在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制（monogamy）。
解释：本句中插入语的使用revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, 后半个分句中的主语that slaves' preference与系动词was离得太远，造成阅读的困难。
4.This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from West
African rules governing marriage, which, though they differed from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against union with close kin.
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
译文：古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻（union with close kin）的禁止。
5.It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences
among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.
有可能通过其他方法来证明神经元种类间的细微的结构差异；可是，这样的证据是缺乏的，即神经冲动的性质或者状态是受这些差异所影响的，而这些差异看起来却能影响神经网络的发育模式。
复杂修饰、倒装
6.Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved,
the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system.
尽管在神经能量上存在着质的不同，这一点从来都没有在严格的意义上被反对过，但是以上教条通常被抛弃掉，而转向相反的观点，即：神经冲动从根本上本质相同，而且被当作“一种普通流”在整个神经系统中传播。
类型：复杂修饰、双重否定
【返回总目录】