chapter 5[1].代词习题

Exercises for Pronouns

1. Most of the housework was done by two members of the family, my mother and ____. A. I B. mine C. me D. myself

2. “His grandmother still treats him like a child.”“She can’t imagine _____grown up.” A. he B. him C. his D. he’ll

3. Our home is finer than _____. A. yours or him B. your’s or his C. you or his D. yours or his

4. They talked about the problem among____. A. them B. each other C. themselves D. one another

5. He told me only part of the story and that was____. A. it B. this C.so D. that

6.____Mr.Chen will manage it all right.

A. In this way or the other

B. In one way or another

C. In one way or others

D. In some way or another

7. Barbara tried ____in the door but ____worked.

A. every of her keys/ none

B. all of her keys/ not everyone

C. all of her keys/none

D. her all keys/ not all

8. When drinking from a well, one mustn’t forget____who dug it. A. them B. these C. that D. those

9. He wrote few letters to ____of his family, but he sent a few cards to ____of his friends.

A. any/ some

B. some/any

C. none/every

D.every/none

10. This furniture is different from ____. A. that B. that one C. those D. those ones

11. “How much tea is left in the pot?”“_____.” A. None B. Not some C. Nothing D. No one

12. The scholar standing over there is _____the great mathematician, Chen Jing-run, himself.

A. no other but

B. no other than

C. none other than

D. no one but

13. One common family name is Smith; ____is Brown. A. another B. the other C. other one D. an other

14. Alan sold most of his belongings. He has scarcely ____left in the house.

A. everything

B. nothing

C. something

D. anything

15. I did not choose any of the offerings because I found _____satisfactory.

A. neither of them

B. no one of them

C. either of them

D. none of them

16. The Lunar New Y ear was always a happy time _____.

A. for us Chinese children

B. for Chinese children as us

C. for we Chinese children

D. for we, Chinese children

17. Will you buy me ____stamps when you go out? A. some B. any C. a little D. a few of

18. This bicycle is his, not _____. A. their B. hers C. her D. her’s

19. The couple looked at _____and accepted the salesman’s offer A. one another B. each other C. themselves D. them

20. John behaved so strangely today. I thought he wasn’t acting like _____. A. him B. himself C. he would D. he does

21. I don’t want to use John’s pen. I don’t like_____. A. that pen of his B. his that pen C. that pen of him D. that his pen

22. Larry helped me finish my work_____was very kind of him. A.and that B. and this C. and it D. and which

23. We used to meet _____month. A. every other B. any other C. other D. the other

24. “May I help you with some shoes, sir?”“Y es. I’d like to try on those brown_____.” A. one B. ones C. two D. pair

25. ____told us that he wasn’t there. A. None B. No anyone C. No one D. None of anyone

26. Because they usually receive the same score on standardized examinations, there is often disagreement as to ____is the better student, Bob or Helen. A. which B. who C. what D. whom

27. “Did you see any tigers in the zoo?”“_____.” A. None B. no one C. nothing D. not many ones

28. Those boys helped ____in their studies. A. each other B. one another C. one and another D. each and other

29. He was informed that it was_____who wanted the interview. A. I B. me C. myself D mine

30. A good writer is ____who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way. A. that B. he C. one D. this

31. I have heard both sides of the story and I don’t believe_____. A. either b. neither c. each D. any

32. ____do you think is the best pupil in Class One? A. which B. whom C. Who D. Of whom

33. “It’s not mine.”“____can it be?” A. Whoese else B. Who’s else C. Which else D. Who else

34. The boy took off his gloves. _____hand holes in the fingers. A. Either B. Any C. Every D. Each

35.____the students of the class passed the examination.

A. Almost all of

B. Most all of

C. Most of all

D. Almost the whole of

36. Today’s libraries differ greatly from _____. A. the past B. those of the past C. that of the past D. those past

37. As far as he is concerned, one piece of music is very much like _____. A. another B. the other C. others D. the others

38. “Do you like these cakes? ”“I don’t like ____.” A. all them B. them all C. every D. everyone

39. “Do you like these gloves, madam?”“No, show me_____.” A. another B. some others C. other one D. other ones

40. “What happened yesterday?”“I don’t think ____happened.” A. anything B. everything C. nothing D. something

41. He is ____of a musician. A. anybody B. anyone C. somebody D. something

42. I am sorry to say that the step you have taken is ____of great risk. A.that B. one C. any D. none

43. We talked about the lecture_____. A. each with the other B. with each other C. with ourselves D. with us

44. He asked them if they had_____he could do for them. A. anything B. something C. things D. much thing

45. I want _____these pencils. A. some B. few C. some of D. many

46. Few of you share my opinion so we have_____in common to discuss. A. a little B. little C. nothing D. something

47. After a long walk in the fields I wanted to drink _____.

A. cold something

B. some cold things

C. something cold

D. something to make cold

1. Most of we know that conductors direct their orchestras with a baton but how many are aware that they also direct with

A B C

their faces, hands and shoulders?

2. In the early morning the first thing that both my brother and me did was to go out to see that lovely pony of ours.

A B C D

3. If someone were to look though the window, what they would see was only an empty room.

A B C D

4. The monk spent so many years copying out manuscripts by candle, and eventually he damaged the eyes.

A B C D

5. Some trees have distinctive features that identify themselves from others at the first glance.

A B C D

6. Some of the plants in this store require very little care, but this one needs much more sunlight than other ones.

A B C D

7. The child was almost in tears as he told his mother that everyone but Evrest and he had been permitted to go.

A B C D

8. Y esterday the foreman spoke to both of us, Tom and I, about our work record. He was impressed.

A B C D

9. Of the three options presented, the latter seemed the best.

A B C D

10. None of the tires on the motorcycle looks any better than the other.

A B C D

11. Who did you say we should ask to donate several paintings to the new museum?

A B C D

12. In response to the advertisement, Ed replied that he was looking for a full time position, not part-time one.

A B C D

13. Neither of the boys who have been helping us know when this game will be over.

A B C D

14.Could it have been them who were responsible for the damage to the store’s window displays?

A B C D

15.Sarah said she heard someone in the attic, but we didn’t find someone.

A B C D

16.Those TV sets are all too expensive for we to buy at this time, but perhaps we will return later.

A B C D

17. Every doctor must know both medical theory and technique so that he can apply it in helping his patients.

18. Even though computers operate without human prejudice (偏见), some people fear that its logical solutions can be harmful

A B C

to man.

D

19.While the total number of farmers tilling (耕作) the soil is barely half what they were in 1959, the size of the average farm

has tripled.

20.Most Charles Dickens’novels deal with the universal problems of evil as represented by family disintegration and degeneration.

第一章习题解答

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英语人称代词和物主代词一、人称代词 三、课堂练习 （1）按要求写出下列代词的形式 1、I（宾格）________ 2、he（形容词性物主代词）________ 3、us（主格）________ 4、they（宾格）________ 5、she（宾格）________ 6、you（名词性物主代词）________ 7、it（宾格）________ 8、him（复数）________ 9、her（形容词性物主代词）________ 10、my（复数）________ 11、they（名词性物主代词）________ 12、we（单数）________ （2）选出括号中正确的词，在正确的词上打勾。 1. This is（my / I）mother. 2. Nice to meet （your / you）. 3.（He / His）name is Mark. 4. What’s（she / her）name? 5. Excuse（me / my / I）. 6. Are（your / you）Miss Li? 7.（I/ My）am Ben. 8.（She / Her）is my sister. 9. Fine , thank（your / you）. 10. How old is （he / his）? （3）用所给代词的正确形式填空。 1. These are ______ ( he ) brothers. 2. That is _______( she ) sister. 3. Lily is _______ ( Lucy ) sister. 4. Tom, this is _____ ( me ) cousin, Mary. 5. Now _____________(her parent) are in America. 6. Those __________ ( child ) are _____ ( I ) father’s students. 7. Do you know ______ ( it ) name? 8. Mike and Tom __________ ( be ) friends. 9. Thanks for helping ________( I ). 10. ______(Ann安)mother is ______(we) teacher. （4）填上正确的人称代词和物主代词 第 1 页共2 页

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Chapter 5 Memory Reading 2 【模拟试题】（答题时间：30分钟） 一、单项选择 1.— Who cleaned the blackboard yesterday, Dick? — John_____. A. cleaned B. does C. did D. is 2. She was ill last week. But she is _____ to go to school today. A. well enough B. enough well C. enough good D. good enough 3. — Hi, Peter, why are you in a hurry? — ______a bus. A. Catch B. To catch C. Catching D. Caught 4. He went to bed after______ his homework last night. A. finish B. finishes C. has finished D. finishing 5. The_____ you are in the exam, the______ mistakes you will make. A. carefully, few B. more careful, fewer C. more carefully, fewer D. more careful, less 6. How noisy the room is! There are so many people______ in it. A. sing B. to sing C. singing D. song 7. Do you know_____? A. what he happened B. what the matter is with him C. what happened to him D. what did he happened 8. Tom is a hard-working boy, he always keeps_____ English. A. practise speaking B. practicing speak C. practicing speaking D. practise spoken 9. I____ go to bed if my father_____ back. A. will, come B. won’t, doesn’t come C. will, don’t come D. don’t ,comes 10.They arrived_____ Paris _____ a winter evening. A. at, in B. to, on C. in, on D. in, at 11. Could you tell me_____? A. where is the station B. who is he C. how I can get there D. when does the train leave 12. The music____ very_____. A. sounds, cold B. sound, sweet C. sounds, sweet D. sounding, cool 13. A computer can only do_____ you have told to. A. how B. after C. what D. when 14.The twin brothers_______ at the mall now. A. are all B. all are C. are both D. both are 15.I prefer_______ rather than________. A. to be a teacher, be a boss B. to be a teacher, to be a boss C. being a teacher, being a boss D. be a teacher, be a boss 二、用所给单词的适当形式填空 1. I bought this present _________ (especial) for you. 2. He is a _________(politely) little boy who says “Thank you” and “Excuse me” often. 3. Many__________ (foreign) travel to our country every year. 4. We should try our best to make our country more and more ___________(beauty). 5. A ___________(strange) on the street asked for directions to the highway. 三、阅读回答问题 I read in a book that we have a short-term memory and a long-term memory. When people get older, their short-term memory becomes worse, but we can still remember things that happened years ago.

新概念第一册练习题大全

新概念第一册练习题答案大全 A About you Copy this dialogue. Add your own name at the end. 抄写这段对话，. 在结尾处加上你的名字。 Sue: Excuse me. ______ John: Yes? ______ Sue: What’s your name? ______ John: Pardon? ______ Sue: What’s your name? ______ John: My name is John. ______ Sue: What’s your name? ______ You: My name is...... ______ B Vocabulary Write the correct words in the questions．. 用正确的词完成以下问句。book car coat dress house√. pen pencil shirt wathc 1 Is this your h______? Is this your c______? Is this your w______? Is this your c______? Is this your sh ______? Is this your d______? Is this your b______? Is this your p______? Is this your p______? 10 Is this your s ______? C Numbers

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古汉语通论十二人称代词指示代词者字所字

古汉语通论十二人称代词指示代词者字所字 集团公司文件内部编码：（TTT-UUTT-MMYB-URTTY-ITTLTY-

古汉语通论(十二)人称代词，指示代词，者字，所字 重点：所有 古代汉语同现代汉语一样，也有人称代词、指示代词和疑问代词。但古今汉语的代词体系仍有很大的不同。主要表现在以下三个方面： 第一，古代汉语有两类比较特别的代词是现代汉语所没有的。一类是无定代词“或”和“莫”，另一类是辅助性代词“者”和“所”。 第二，古汉语的人称代词、指示代词和疑问代词都使用了许多与今天完全不同的形式，比如同是第一人称代词，古汉语不但有“我”，还有“吾”、“余”、“朕”、“卬”等；与现代汉语指示代词“这”相当的，不但有“此”，还有“是”、“斯”、“兹”等。 第三，古代汉语人称代词体系不完备，第三人称代词发育不全。严格来说，先秦汉语没有真正的第三人称代词，第三人称代词的职务是由指示代词“其”和“之”来承担的。 (一)人称代词 (1)“吾”“我”“予”(余)都属於第一人称。例如： 吾日三省吾身。(论语·学而) 老吾老，以及人之老；幼吾幼，以及人之幼。(孟子·梁惠王上) 我非爱其财而易之以羊也，宜乎百姓之谓我爱也。(同上) 在上古汉语里，“我”和“予”(余)可以用作主语、宾语、定语；“吾”可以用作主语、定语，但一般不用作宾语。《庄子·齐物论》“今者吾丧我”（如今我忘记了自身），这是一个典型的例子，不能换成“今者我丧吾”或“今者吾丧吾”。但是这只是位置的关系；如果在否定句里，宾语放在动词的前面，却又可以用“吾”字了。例如：居则曰：“不吾知也。”(论语·先进)

第一人称代词还有“朕”，先秦一般人都可以用，如： 皋陶曰：“朕言惠。”（《尚书·皋陶谟》） 帝高阳之苗裔兮，朕皇考曰伯庸。（《楚辞·离骚》） 用乍朕皇考大仲尊簋。（大簋） “朕”到了秦始皇统一中国后规定为皇帝专称，一般人不能使用。 (2)“女”(汝)“尔”“若”“而”“乃”都属於第二人称。例如： 力不足者中道而废，今女画。(论语·雍也) 往之女家。(孟子·滕文公下) 必欲烹乃翁，幸分我一杯羹。(汉书·项羽传) 第二人称代词可以分为两类：一类是“女（汝）、尔、若”，可以作主语、宾语和定语；另一类是“而”和“乃”，一般只作定语，偶尔可作主语，但绝不作宾语(连否定句的宾语都不能)。 另外，第二人称的“女（汝）”注意跟男女之“女”区别。“尔”还可以作指示代词和语气词；“若”还可以作动词（像）、指示代词、假设连词等；“而”可以作名词（胡须）、连词；“乃”可以作副词，这些都需要根据上下文进行区别。 (3)“其”和“之”同属第三人称，“其”字略等於现代汉语“他的”“她的”“它的”；“之”字略等於现代汉语的“他”“她”“它”。这种“其”用作定语，“之”用作宾语。例如： 管仲以其君霸，晏子以其君显。(孟子·公孙丑上) 今吾於人也，听其言而观其行。(论语·公冶长) 师之所为，郑必知之。(左传僖公三十二年) 虽有天下易生之物也，一日暴之，十日寒之，未有能生者也。(孟子·告子上)下，视其辙；登，轼而望之。

语言学chapter1课后练习答案

Chapter 1 Revision exercises reference 1.How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language? Refer to section1.1.1 Linguistics investigates not any particular language, e.g. English, Chinese, Arabic and Latin, but language in general. Its ultimate goal is to find the rules that govern the structure and use of language that can be applied to all human languages. It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of objective linguistic data, not sentence made up by linguists themselves. In their investigation linguistics follow a procedure quite similar to that of natural scientists. First of all they have to observe and collect language facts, i.e. the language people actually use. Based on the data thus obtained, they make some hypotheses about the structure of the language. Then the hypotheses have to be checked again and again against more language data before its validity is fully proved. Only at this stage can the linguists draw a conclusion. From the way the linguists work, we can say their study of language is objective and scientific. 2.What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? Refer to section1.1.2 The major branches of linguistics include the following: Phonetics: The study of sounds used in linguistics communication. Phonology: The study how sounds are put together and are used to convey meaning in communication. Morphology: The study of how morphemes, i.e. symbols, are arranged and combined to form work. Syntax: The study of rules that govern the grammatical formation of sentences. Semantics: The study of language meaning. Pragmatics: The study of how language is used in actual communication. The study of language can also be combined with other branches of learning of the humanities. These include the following: Sociolinguistics: The study of the social aspects of language and its relation with society. Psycholinguistics: The study of how the mind works when language is used. Applied linguistics: The study of how findings in linguistics studies can be applied to the solution of practical problem, such as the recovery of speech ability and foreign language teaching and learning.

汉语人称代词

中文第一人称包括使用中文、汉语的人用于指代说话、书写者自己的人称代词。有时汉语复数，如“我们”，可以指单数；例如行政官员发言时用“我们”以示代表整个政府发言。 [编辑]现代汉语 ?我、我们：最常见中文第一人称代词。 ?咱、咱们：比较常用中文第一人称代词。其中“咱们”通常包括聆听、阅读者，而“我们”可能包括，也可能不包括。中国东北方言“咱们”的用法相当于“我们”。 ?本人：多用于书面语。 ?人家：多为女性所使用，古义中性，今义则带有撒娇或挑逗等亲密关系意味。 例：《红楼梦》第九十二回：袭人啐道：“小蹄子，人家说正经话，你又来胡拉混扯的了。” 中文第二人称包括使用中文、汉语的人用于指代对方的人称代词。如“你”、“你们”（用于复数）等 [编辑]现代汉语 ?你、你们：最常见第二人称代词 ?妳、妳们：用于女性，多见于现代文学作品（中文本无此用法，大陆使用很少；“妳” 原为“奶”或“嬭”的异体字） ?您：普通话中用于表示尊敬的称呼 ?祢：多见于宗教作品，指代“神”。 中文第三人称包括使用中文、汉语的人用于指代我、你以外的人的人称代词。 [编辑]现代汉语 ?他：用于男姓（能用于女姓）； ?他们：用于指代你我以外的人（不分性别）； ?她：用于女性（不能用于男姓，由刘半农在五四运动时期提出[1]）； ?她们：（中文本无这种用法，模仿自西方语文，最早由刘半农在五四运动时期提出）； ?牠、牠们：用于指代你我以外动物（中国大陆并入“它”字）； ?它、它们：用于指代你我以外“死物”（中国大陆指所有非人类事物）；有时代指人类的婴儿和尸体等，没有明确人格的身分。 ?怹：用于尊称，不常用，多见于文学作品。

朗文5A-Chapter-2复习题要

朗文5A Chapter Two复习提要 Part A and B New words and phrases （要求：知道中文意思，会读，会拼写。）competition 名词，竞争，比赛，竞赛 (注意发音)。 mark 名词，(考试的)分数，可数。 course 名词，1.科目，课程; 2.一道菜 the main course 主菜(4B)。weight 名词，重量。 hard 它是个多义词，在本课中是个副词，意为“努力地”；比较级harder，更加努力地。 turn over a new leaf 它是英文中的习惯表达，类似汉语中的成语，意 为“重新开始，改过自新，翻开新的一页”。 wishing tree 许愿树 make plans for...为...制定计划 the new school year 新学年 want to do sth. 想要做某事 win the swimming competition赢得游泳比赛 get high marks 取得高分 put on weight发胖，增重 practise swimming harder更加努力地练习游泳 take a Japanese course 攻读一个日语课程 join the Cubs加入幼童军 Sentences （要求：会读，知道其中文意思，会拼，会写，会运用。）本部分学习so作为连词的用法，在句中意为“所以，因此” What do you want to do? 你想要做什么？

I want to win the swimming competition so I’m going to practise swimming harder. 我想要赢得游泳比赛，因此我计划更加努力地练习 游泳。句中用一般现在时描述目标，运用短语want to do sth. so后 面连接计划、打算，用be going to一般现在将来时表达。 2. What do you want to do? I want to improve my English so I’m goi to read more English books. 我想要提高英语，所以我计划读更多英文 书。 3. What do you want to do? I want to keep fit so I’m going to play mo sport. 我想要保持苗条（健康），所以我打算做更多运动。 4. What do you want to do? I want to learn Japanese so I’m going to a Japanese course. 我想要学习日语，所以我打算攻读一个日语课程。 5. What do you want to do? I want to get high marks so I’m going to work hard. 我想要得高分，所以我计划努力学习。 6. What do you want to do? I want to put on weight so I’m going to e more. 我想要增重，所以我打算吃更多(东西)。 7. What do you want to do? I want to make more friends so I’m goin join the Cubs. 我想要交更多朋友，所以我计划加入幼童军。 8. What do you want to do? I want to draw well so I’m going to join th Art Club. 我想要画得好，所以我打算加入艺术俱乐部。 Part C and D New words and phrases （四会） advertisement 名词，广告（注意发音）

(完整版)新概念第一册练习题(精心整理版)

新概念英语(一)习题集 Lesson1—Lesson2 一、填空 1.打扰啦_____________________ 2.请再说一遍__________________ 3.谢谢你_____________________ 4.不用谢______________________ 5.手表_______________________ 6.房子________________________ 7.预订_______________________ 8.铅笔________________________ 9.你的_______________________ 10.非常地_____________________ 二、从下面A、B、C三个选项中选出正确的答案，并把正确的字母编号写在括号里。( ) 1. Mrs. White ___ a pair of red shoes. A. is B. have C. has ( ) 2. Do you like the grey shirt? No, I ___ . A. am B. do C. don’t. ( ) 3. The children ___ wearing yellow shoes. A. am B. is C. are ( ) 4. How much ___ the trousers? A. are B. is C. be ( ) 5. What’s ___ job? He’s a bus driver. A. her B. his C. he ( ) 6. I want to ___ a bank manager. A. is B. am C. be ( ) 7. What ___ he do? A. does B. do C. is ( ) 8. ___ T- shirt is this? It’s Jane’s. A. Who’s B. Who C. Whose ( ) 9.Let’s go and ask ___. A. her B. she C. he ( ) 10. My uncle is ___ ambulance driver. A. a B. an C. / ( ) 11. I have ___ brother or sister. A. not B. a C. no ( ) 12. The lady is ___ Canada. A. from B. at C. for ( ) 13. The child ___ an egg. A. is B. has C. have ( ) 14. Janet usually does ___ homework after dinner. A. my B. his C. her ( ) 15. Can you help ___ take a photo? A. me B. I C. we 1

chapter1习题答案

一、名词解释 1、芽孢：某些细菌在其生长发育后期, 在细胞内形成的一个圆形或椭圆形、壁厚抗逆性强的休眠构造。 2、糖被：包被于某些细菌细胞壁外的一层厚度不定的透明胶状物质, 成分是多糖或多肽。 3、菌落：将单个细菌细胞或一小堆同种细胞接种到固体培养基表面，当它占有一定的发展空间并处于适宜的培养条件时，该细胞就会迅速生长繁殖并形成细胞堆，此即菌落。 4、基内菌丝：当孢子落在固体基质表面并发芽后，就不断伸长、分枝并以放射状向基质表面和内层扩展，形成大量色浅、较细的具有吸收营养和排泄代谢废物功能的基内菌丝 5、孢囊：指固氮菌尤其是棕色固氮菌等少数细菌在缺乏营养的条件下，由营养细胞的外壁加厚、细胞失水而形成的一种抗干旱但不抗热的圆形休眠体，一个营养细胞仅形成一个孢囊。 6、质粒：指细菌细胞质内存在于染色体外或附加于染色体上的遗传物质，绝大多数由共价闭合环状双螺旋DNA分子构成。 7、微生物：是指肉眼看不见或看不清楚的微小生物的总称。包括细菌、放线菌、霉菌、酵母菌和病毒等大类群。 8、鞭毛：是从细菌质膜和细胞壁伸出细胞外面的蛋白质组成的丝状结构，使细胞具有运动性。 9、菌落：将单个或一小堆同种细胞接种到固体培养基表面，经培养后会形成以母细胞为中心的一堆肉眼可见的、有一定形态构造的子细胞集团称菌落。 10、放线菌：一类呈丝状生长、以孢子繁殖、陆生性较强的原核微生物。 11、荚膜：有些细菌在生命过程中在其表面分泌一层松散透明的粘液物质，这些粘液物质具有一定外形，相对稳定地附于细胞壁外面，称为荚膜。 二. 填空 1、芽孢的结构一般可分为孢外壁、芽孢衣、皮层和核心四部分。 2、细菌的繁殖方式主要是裂殖，少数种类进行芽殖。 3、放线菌产生的孢子有有性孢子和无性孢子两种。 4、细菌的核糖体的沉降系数是70s 。 5、细菌的鞭毛有三个基本部分，分别为基体，钩形鞘，和鞭毛丝。 6、微生物修复受损DNA的作用有__光复活作用__和_切除修复。 7、基因工程中取得目的基因的途径有_3_条。 8、在低渗溶液中，G+ 菌的肽聚糖被破坏，细胞将涨破。 9、原核细胞通过其附属物称为性菌毛从一个细胞向另一个细胞转移DNA。 10、支原体细胞膜中含有甾醇，与动物相似。 11、脂多糖是革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁特有成分,它由三部分组成，即类脂A、核心多糖和O-特异性侧链。 12、革兰氏阴性菌的细胞壁有两层，内层称为电子致密层，约2-3nm厚以肽聚糖为主要成分，外层称为脂多糖层，约8nm 厚，不含肽聚糖。 13、革兰氏阳性菌的细胞壁有一层,其厚度为20-80nm磷壁酸是革兰氏阳性细菌特有的化学成分。 14、在周质空间中，存在着多种蛋白质，包括: 水解酶类、合成酶类、结合蛋白和受体蛋白。 15、芽孢是某些细菌在生活史的一定阶段形成的没有生长活性的休眠体，对热，干燥和辐射具有抗性。