中英文文献翻译-制动系统
英文原文
Brake systems
We all know that pushing down on the brake pedal slows a car to a stop. But how does this happen? How does your car transmit the force from your leg to its wheels? How does it multiply the force so that it is enough to stop something as big as a car?
When you depress your brake pedal, your car transmits the force from your foot to its brakes through a fluid. Since the actual brakes require a much greater force than you could apply with your leg, your car must also multiply the force of your foot. It does this in two ways:
?Mechanical advantage (leverage)
?Hydraulic force multiplication
The brakes transmit the force to the tires using friction, and the tires transmit that force to the road using friction also. Before we begin our discussion on the components of the brake system, we'll cover these three principles:
?Leverage
?Hydraulics
?Friction
Leverage and Hydraulics
In the figure below, a force F is being applied to the left end of the lever. The left end of the lever is twice as long (2X) as the right end (X). Therefore, on the right end of the lever a force of 2F is available, but it acts through half of the distance (Y) that the left end moves (2Y). Changing the relative lengths of the left and right ends of the lever changes the multipliers.
The basic idea behind any hydraulic system is very simple: Force applied at one point is transmitted to another point using an incompressible fluid, almost always an oil of some sort. Most brake systems also multiply the force in the process. Here you can see the simplest possible hydraulic system:
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Simple hydraulic system
In the figure above, two pistons (shown in red) are fit into two glass cylinders filled with oil (shown in light blue) and connected to one another with an oil-filled pipe. If you apply a
downward force to one piston (the left one, in this drawing), then the force is transmitted to the second piston through the oil in the pipe. Since oil is incompressible, the efficiency is very good -- almost all of the applied force appears at the second piston. The great thing about hydraulic systems is that the pipe connecting the two cylinders can be any length and shape, allowing it to snake through all sorts of things separating the two pistons. The pipe can also fork, so that one master cylinder can drive more than one slave cylinder if desired, as shown in here:
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Master cylinder with two slaves
The other neat thing about a hydraulic system is that it makes force multiplication (or division) fairly easy. If you have read How a Block and Tackle Works or How Gear Ratios Work, then you know that trading force for distance is very common in mechanical systems. In a hydraulic system, all you have to do is change the size of one piston and cylinder relative to the other, as shown here:
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Hydraulic multiplication
To determine the multiplication factor in the figure above, start by looking at the size of the pistons. Assume that the piston on the left is 2 inches (5.08 cm) in diameter (1-inch / 2.54 cm radius), while the piston on the right is 6 inches (15.24 cm) in diameter (3-inch / 7.62 cm radius).
The area of the two pistons is Pi * r2. The area of the left piston is therefore 3.14, while the area of the piston on the right is 28.26. The piston on the right is nine times larger than the piston on the left. This means that any force applied to the left-hand piston will come out nine times greater on the right-hand piston. So, if you apply a 100-pound downward force to the left piston, a 900-pound upward force will appear on the right. The only catch is that you will have to depress the left piston 9 inches (22.86 cm) to raise the right piston 1 inch (2.54 cm).
A Simple Brake System
Before we get into all the parts of an actual car brake system, let's look at a simplified system:
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A simple brake system
You can see that the distance from the pedal to the pivot is four times the distance from the cylinder to the pivot, so the force at the pedal will be increased by a factor of four before it is transmitted to the cylinder.
You can also see that the diameter of the brake cylinder is three times the diameter of the pedal cylinder. This further multiplies the force by nine. All together, this system increases the force of your foot by a factor of 36. If you put 10 pounds of force on the pedal, 360 pounds (162 kg) will be generated at the wheel squeezing the brake pads.
There are a couple of problems with this simple system. What if we have a leak? If it is a slow leak, eventually there will not be enough fluid left to fill the brake cylinder, and the brakes will not function. If it is a major leak, then the first time you apply the brakes all of the fluid will squirt out the leak and you will have complete brake failure.
Drum brakes work on the same principle as disc brakes: Shoes press against a spinning surface. In this system, that surface is called a drum.
Figure 1. Location of drum brakes. See more drum brake pictures.
Many cars have drum brakes on the rear wheels and disc brakes on the front. Drum brakes have more parts than disc brakes and are harder to service, but they are less expensive to manufacture, and they easily incorporate an emergency brake mechanism.
In this edition of HowStuffWorks, we will learn exactly how a drum brake system works, examine the emergency brake setup and find out what kind of servicing drum brakes need.
Figure 2. Drum brake with drum in place
Figure 3. Drum brake without drum in place
Let's start with the basics.
The Drum Brake
The drum brake may look complicated, and it can be pretty intimidating when you open one up. Let's break it down and explain what each piece does.
Figure 4. Parts of a drum brake
Like the disc brake, the drum brake has two brake shoes and a piston. But the drum brake also has an adjuster mechanism, an emergency brake mechanism and lots of springs.
First, the basics: Figure 5 shows only the parts that provide stopping power.
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Figure 5. Drum brake in operation
When you hit the brake pedal, the piston pushes the brake shoes against the drum. That's pretty straightforward, but why do we need all of those springs?
This is where it gets a little more complicated. Many drum brakes are self-actuating. Figure 5 shows that as the brake shoes contact the drum, there is a kind of wedging action, which has the effect of pressing the shoes into the drum with more force.
The extra braking force provided by the wedging action allows drum brakes to use a smaller piston than disc brakes. But, because of the wedging action, the shoes must be pulled away from the drum when the brakes are released. This is the reason for some of the springs. Other springs help hold the brake shoes in place and return the adjuster arm after it actuates.
Brake Adjuster
For the drum brakes to function correctly, the brake shoes must remain close to the drum without touching it. If they get too far away from the drum (as the shoes wear down, for instance), the piston will require more fluid to travel that distance, and your brake pedal will sink closer to the floor when you apply the brakes. This is why most drum brakes have an automatic adjuster.
Figure 6. Adjuster mechanism
Now let's add in the parts of the adjuster mechanism. The adjuster uses the self-actuation principle we discussed above.
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Figure 7. Drum brake adjuster in operation
In Figure 7, you can see that as the pad wears down, more space will form between the shoe and the drum. Each time the car stops while in reverse, the shoe is pulled tight against the drum. When the gap gets big enough, the adjusting lever rocks enough to advance the adjuster gear by one tooth. The adjuster has threads on it, like a bolt, so that it unscrews a little bit when it turns, lengthening to fill in the gap. When the brake shoes wear a little more, the adjuster can advance again, so it always keeps the shoes close to the drum.
Some cars have an adjuster that is actuated when the emergency brake is applied. This type of adjuster can come out of adjustment if the emergency brake is not used for long periods of time. So if you have this type of adjuster, you should apply your emergency brake at least once a week.
Servicing
The most common service required for drum brakes is changing the brake shoes. Some drum brakes provide an inspection hole on the back side, where you can see how much material is left on the shoe. Brake shoes should be replaced when the friction material has worn down to within 1/32 inch (0.8 mm) of the rivets. If the friction material is bonded to the backing plate (no rivets), then the shoes should be replaced when they have only 1/16 inch (1.6 mm) of material left.
Photo courtesy of a local AutoZone store
Figure 9. Brake shoe
Just as in disc brakes, deep scores sometimes get worn into brake drums. If a worn-out brake shoe is used for too long, the rivets that hold the friction material to the backing can wear grooves into the drum. A badly scored drum can sometimes be repaired by refinishing. Where disc brakes have a minimum allowable thickness, drum brakes have a maximum allowable diameter. Since the contact surface is the inside of the drum, as you remove material from the drum brake the diameter gets bigger.
The current Bosch component Anti-lock Braking System (ABSⅡ), is a second generation design wildly used by European automakers such as BWM, Mercedes-Benz and Porsche. ABSⅡsystem consists of : four wheel speed sensor, electronic control unit and modulator assembly.
A speed sensor is fitted at each wheel sends signals about wheel rotation to control unit. Each speed sensor consists of a sensor unit and a gear wheel. The front sensor mounts to the steering knuckle and its gear wheel is pressed onto the stub axle that rotates with the wheel. The rear sensor mounts the rear suspension member and its gear wheel is pressed onto the axle. The sensor itself is a winding with a magnetic core. The core creates a magnetic field around the winding, and as the teeth of the gear wheel move through this field, an alternating current is induced in the winding. The control unit monitors the rate o change in this frequency to determine impending brake lockup.
The control unit’s function can be divided into three parts: signal processing, logic and safety circuitry. The signal processing section is the converter that receives the alternating current signals form the speed sensors and converts them into digital form for the logic section. The logic section then analyzes the digitized signals to calculate any brake pressure changes needed. If impending lockup is sensed, the logic section sends commands to the modulator assembly.
The hydraulic modulator assembly regulates pressure to the wheel brakes when it receives commands from the control utuit. The modulator assembly can maintain or reduce pressure over the level it receives from the master cylinder, it also can never apply the brakes by itself. The modulator assembly consists of three high-speed electric solenoid valves, two fluid reservoirs and a turn delivery pump equipped with inlet and outlet check valves. The modulator electrical connector and controlling relays are concealed under a plastic cover of the assembly.
Each front wheel is served by electric solenoid valve modulated independently by the control unit. The rear brakes are served by a single solenoid valve and modulated together using the select-low principle. During anti-braking system operation, the control unit cycles the solenoid
valves to either hold or release pressure the brake lines. When pressure is released from the brake lines during anti-braking operation, it is routed to a fluid reservoir. There is one reservoir for the front brake circuit. The reservoirs are low-pressure accumulators that store fluid under slight spring pressure until the return delivery pump can return the fluid through the brake lines to the master cylinder.
中文译文
制动系统
众所周知，踩下制动踏板可以使汽车减速至停止。但这是如何产生的呢？汽车是如何将力从你的腿传递到车轮的呢？汽车是如何将力放大到足够大以致可以将像汽车一样大的东西制动的呢？
制动系统组件
当你踩下制动踏板的时候，汽车通过液体把力从脚传递到制动器。因为制动器需要的真正力量比你的腿能提供的要大的多，所以汽车必须放大脚产生的力
有两种方式：
机械杠杆作用
液力放大
制动器通过摩擦把力传递给轮胎，并且轮胎也是通过摩擦把力传递给路面的。在我们讨论制动系统的组成之前，先来介绍以下三条原则：
杠杆
液力
摩擦力
杠杆和液力
在下面的图中，一个力F加在杠杆的左端。左端的杠杆长度（2X）是右端（X）的两倍。因此杠杆右端可施加的力为2F ，但是右端移动的距离(Y)是左端距离(2Y)的一半。改变杠杆的左端和右端的长度可以改变放大系数。
任何液压系统背后的基本原理都是非常简单的：作用在某一点力通过通常是油一类的不可压缩的液体传递到另一点。大多数的制动系统也在这个过程中放大力。下面的是最简单的液压系统：
简单液压系统
在上图中，两个活塞放在两个充满油的玻璃液压缸中并且由充满油的管道相连。如果在一个活塞上施加一个向下的力，那么力将通过管道中的油传递到第二个活塞。因为油液是不可压缩的，所以传递效率很好，大部分的作用力都传递到了另一个活塞。
液压系统的好处连接两液压缸的管道可以是任何长度和形状，这样就可以使管道弯曲的通过两活塞之间的各种部件。管道也可以是分叉的，如果有需要的话，这样一个主缸可以驱动数个副缸。如下图所示：
带有两个副缸的主缸
液压系统的另一个好处是产生放大（或者缩小）力相当地容易。如果你一读过滑车设备工作原理或者齿轮齿数比原理，那么你就会知道在机械系统中把力转化为距离处理是很常见的。在液压系统中，我们所要做的就是相对地改变一组活塞和液压缸的尺寸。如下图所示：
中英文文献翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
建筑类外文文献及中文翻译
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
企业创新战略外文翻译文献
企业创新战略外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 翻译之一： Choosing an innovation strategy: theory and practice Author：Joseph T. Gilbert Nationality：America Derivation：Business Horizons, Nov-Dec, 1994 Innovations come as both inventions and adoptions. They come in many types and vary greatly in complexity and scope. Companies attempting to
make a profit cannot continue for long periods without innovating. If they try, their customers will leave them for firms with more up-to-date products or services. It is an observed fact that different companies take different approaches to the use of innovation in attempting to improve their performance. Both academic and practitioner publications in recent years have contained a great deal of writing about innovation, the subjects of which have ranged from comparisons of national patterns of innovation to studies of individual innovations. However, little has been published regarding one issue of both theoretical and practical importance: the innovation policy or strategy of individual firms. Business strategy as a field of study is concerned with how a company competes in its chosen business. It deals with the analysis of a firm's strengths and weaknesses and the opportunities and threats presented by the firm's environment. Strategy looks toward consistent execution of broad plans to achieve certain levels of performance. Innovation strategy determines to what degree and in what way a firm attempts to use innovation to execute its business strategy and improve its performance. To choose an innovation strategy, managers might logically start by thinking about various kinds of innovations and their requirements. We shall discuss three major features of innovation, and analyze each in terms of distinct opposites, even though innovations found in the real world more often appear at various points between these opposites. Innovation is sometimes used in a limited sense to refer only to inventions (products, services, or administrative procedures that no other firm has introduced). More often, however, it applies in a more general sense that includes both invention as described above and imitation (adoption by a firm of a product, service, or administrative procedure that is not an invention but is new to that firm). We use the term in this second sense. Innovations can be characterized in a variety of ways. In the following
文献翻译英文原文
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/cf7712157.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
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在影响自身服装购买意向和评价的标准上，台湾和美国的女大学生两个不同群体的评价标准是非常类似的，可见购买意向的形成标准具有普遍性。此外，在上述十二项影响购买意向或在购买时考虑的因素中，服装的尺寸是否适合被认为是最重要的标准。本文还对这两个不同的群体进行跨境比较从而得出比较研究的结论，着重提供了在消费者的购买决策过程中对消费者的购买意向会产生重要影响的信息，从而有助于服装品牌和制造商在市场营销中运用这些信息从而制定和发展国际营销战略。 关键词消费者行为；消费者购买决策；评估标准；跨境 正文 美国商品和商品服务在国际市场份额中的不断增长对美国经济的影响越来越大，为了在国际市场上获得进一步的成功，调查评估是非常必要的：即不同国家和地区的消费者对于美国的商品和商品服务到底是如何评价和如何进行衡量的？通过数年来多次广泛采样和调查研究，消费评估的模式模型已经初步制定，用以对消费者的购买意向和心理提供一个框架性的指导，并藉此预测消费心理学和行为学的复杂性。该模型系采用恩格尔、柯莱特、米尼阿德模式的消费决策来构建的（即恩格尔，布莱克威尔及米尼阿德于1995年提出的EKM模型），该EKM模型包括四个阶段的消费决策行为： （1）消费信息的获取； （2）消费信息的处理； （3）消费的决策过程； （4）模型中的变量影响决策过程的模式； 在模型中，给出消费信息的获取阶段之前，个体需要形成消费需求的意向，这一意向导致其认为自身有必要进行相关的此项消费，一旦对于自身需要进行此项消费的意向形成，则个体即开始通过收集和搜索来获取消费的相关信息，“所谓的信息处理，其宏指涵盖的消费进程，包括信息的获取、对所获取信息的评估和判断，对评估判断完成后的相关信息进行储存、以及在进行具体的消费行为时重新从储存的信息中进行提取”（恩格尔等1995年发表的相关论文，第472页）。据此，消费信息的处理阶段有如下五个步骤：消费者对于该信息的首次接触，对于该信息的关注，进一步的理解，接受该信息所包含的内容，并最终保留该消费信息。而决策过程的阶段则有如下六个步骤：对自消费需求进行认可、开始搜索信息、在购买前对信息进行评估、购买行为决定、具体的消费行为和购买后对发生的消费行为的评价。而变量影响决策过程分为三类：一、环境造成的影响；二、个体间的差异造成的影响；三、心理决策过程差异造成的影响。这其中，环境因素包括消费者所处的文化氛围，所在的社会阶层，消费者的个人经历，消费者的家庭境况；而个体间的差异则包括消费者可利用的资源，消费的动机，消费者的知识，对于消费的态度，消费者的人格，价值观念和取向以及生活方
英文文献翻译
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
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专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
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不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
营销策略外文翻译文献
营销策略外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)
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出在市场上将使组织获取或维护竞争优势的战略。操作的营销被建立在营销策略作用和贯彻各种各样的计划和策略(包括适当的混合营销的发展)吸引顾客和促进顾客忠实的基础之上的。 产品和服务营销的方法 有很多的方式能用来销售你的产品或服务包括做广告，直接响应、推销活动和宣传。然而，除非你能了解顾客、市场和产业的需要并且竞争的优势和劣势，否则这些方法是不太可能成功的。营销策略帮助一个组织尖化它的焦点和在市场顺利地竞争。营销策略与二个组分有关：目标市场和用最佳的方式传达你的产品价值或服务到那个市场。一个可实行的销售方针的发展取决于几个关键维度。首先，与组织之内的所有全球性战略一样，一个成功的销售方针需要由在组织之内的最高管理层签名。销售方针本质上也具有政治性的色彩：在组织之内的强有力的单位在最佳的销售方针也许不同意，并且协议也许需要谈判达成。销售方针也许受组织文化的也影响，并且那得假定这发生。例如，如果组织总是销售它的装饰物给商业主管，它也许就看不到组织之内的低层人员甚至是成人或少年的个人消费潜力。 实施战略销售计划发展的因素 存在一些能冲击战略销售计划发展的因素，这些因素首先包括组织已经拥有或它可能欣然获取的财产和技能。例如，如果组织拥有一个重大编程的部门，就为它能做和销售应用软件提供了可行性的条件。然而，如果这些人员已经在其他工作介入并且不能自由研究一个新的软件项目，并且组织没能力聘用另外的程序员，起始一条新的软件线是不妥当
健康心理学外文文献翻译
Collaborative Relationships: School Counselors and Non-School Mental Health Professionals Working Together to Improve the Mental Health Needs of Students 浅议基于合作关系的学校辅导员和非学校的心理健康专家对学生心理健康需要的改善作用 Chris Brown, Ph.D. David T. Dahlbeck Lynette Sparkman Barnes 摘要： 本研究调查了53名受聘于各初中、高中的辅导员和管理员关于他们对校内与校外心理健康专家协同工作来回应学生的心理健康需求的看法。除此之外，本研究还试图了解学校辅导员和学校校长或副校长是如何看待学校辅导员的角色、职责以及对学校辅导员培训的范围。 正文： 为了努力提供一系列广泛的服务来帮助学生处理他们带进课堂的社交及情绪问题，学校和社会心理健康机构已经开始实施合作伙伴关系(Walsh & Galassi, 2002)。沃尔什和加拉西断言，如果我们想要成功的使结构复杂的校内和校外儿童生活产生交叉，我们就必须以整个儿童的发展为重点。这样做将需要“跨越专业和机构界限的合作”。体现着学校与社区心理健康机构建立伙伴关系的扩展的学校心理健康计划在美国有不断发展的倾向。在这些计划中，学校聘请的心理健康专业人员在强调有效地预防、评估和干预方面提供了无数的服务(Weist, Lowie, Flaherty, & Pruitt, 2001)。这项合作活动是为了减轻教育系统的负担和责任，同时提高了服务的零散和不完整传递给适龄儿童和青年。研究表明，在申请心理健康服务的年轻人中只有不到三分之一的人得到了他们所需要的关心（美国卫生与人类服务部，1999）。 考虑到提高儿童与青少年心理健康的多系统协作的重要性和认可度，这些合作伙伴关系的知觉功效就是这项调查议程的驱动力。的确如此，我们对学校辅导员、学校校长、副校长所拥有的与学校-社区机构合作有关的知觉能力感兴趣。另外，我们试图了解学校辅导员和学校聘请的校长和副校长是怎样看待学校辅导员的角色和职责以及学校辅导员的培训范围。 尽管许多学校辅导员会感到处理学生个人，社会和心理的需求的训练已经足够了，在某些情况下甚至认为这类训练是在浪费他们的时间，实际上学校区域内正在与校外心理健康专家就回应学生心理健康需求的问题进行协作。在某种程度
英文文献及中文翻译
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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土木工程专业外文文献及翻译
（ 二 〇 一 二 年 六 月 外文文献及翻译 题 目： About Buiding on the Structure Design 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程(建筑工程方向) 班 级：土木08-4班 指导教师：
英文原文： Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the
战略管理参考文献
战略管理研究参考文献 （总目录） 项保华2003-5-31 重要说明：本目录经过多届博士生的共同努力，于2003年5月整理完成，主要提供本人指导的战略管理研究方向的博士生学习参考之用。可以认为，只要通读了本目录的大部分文献，必将能够对战略管理领域的当前及经典理论、方法有比较系统的把握。若能在此基础上潜心感悟，加强与同行的交流探索，定可具备解决具体战略理论与实践问题的创新思路与实用技能，从而顺利完成博士学位论文的选题与撰写。作为战略管理研究方向博士生培养的业务目标定位为，通过对战略理论与实践的系统学习，达到胜任国内重点高等院校战略领域的教学、研究、咨询工作之要求。所以，对于硕士生以及非战略管理研究方向的博士生而言，不作全面通读本目录文献之要求，各位可以根据自己的兴趣，从本目录中选取部分文献阅读，以作为参与战略课程学习之补充。 学习建议：以具体老师为师的范围终有限，而以文献为师则可延请古今中外名家赐教，广泛借鉴吸收多方面的见解。多读、多思、多写，书山无路勤为径，以学为乐恒则成！谨以此与各位共勉！ 1、中文部分 为人经世 ?孔子, 论语（网上下载） ?老子, 道德经（网上下载） ?孙子, 孙子兵法（网上下载） ?马基雅维里（1469-1527）, 君主论, 中国社会出版社, 1999 ?葛拉西安（1601-1658）, 智慧书——永恒的处世经典（网上下载） ?何兆武, 西方哲学精神, 清华大学出版社, 2002 ?墨顿·亨特, 心理学的故事, 海南人民出版社, 1999 ?维克托·E.弗兰克尔, 人生的真谛, 中国对外翻译出版公司, 1994
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