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201202 化工专业英语练习题 参考答案

201202 化工专业英语练习题 参考答案
201202 化工专业英语练习题 参考答案

练习一参考答案

1 将下列句子或段落翻译成英语

1) A process is any operation or a series of operations that causes a physical or chemical change in a substance or a mixture of substances. The material that enters a process is referred to as input or feed the process, and that which leaves is called output or product.

2)Founded in 1839 from a small production firm for pharmaceutical products, B. Braun has grown steadily into a multinational company dealing with medical products, medical technology, pharmaceutical and biotechnology.

2 将下列句子或段落翻译成汉语

1)包括的一系列操作,如混合、蒸发、过滤,无论产物是什么,这些操作都基本相同,从而引出了单元操作的概念。

2)与复杂的工厂可划分为基本的操作单元一样,过程工业中涉及的化学反应也可划分为一定的单元过程(如聚合、酯化和硝化),它们具有共同的特性。

3)化学工程经常从事于将化学家开发的小规模反应器和分离系统放大到非常大的商业化车间(的工作)。化学工程师必须与化学家紧密合作,以完全了解过程中涉及的化学知识,并要弄清化学家是否得到了过程设计、操作及优化所需的化学动力学数据及物性数据。(课本P25)

4)略

5)略

练习二参考答案

1 将下列句子或段落翻译成英语

1)Figure 7 shows the base case, a complete design (main unit operations, heat exchanger network, and

control loops) for part of a petrochemicals process. The system involves reaction and separation. The reaction is catalytic and conversion is variable over periods of several months due to catalyst deactivation.

During times od low catalyst activity, conversion falls off and consequently the composition of the distillation feed stream changes. The distillation column has its own control system (not shown), which is used to ensure that the composition of the bottom product is kept constant. The top product composition (recycle) is variable to accommodate the effect of catalyst deactivation.

2)Chemical engineers have to deal with industrial processes in which raw materials are changed or

separated into useful products. They must develop, design, and engineer both the complete process and the equipment used; choose the proper raw materials, operate the plants efficiently, safely and economically, and make sure that products meet the requirements set by customers at the same time

2 将下列句子或段落翻译成汉语

1)上述这些实例给我们一个主要的启示:虽然化学家制备并开发了具有特性性质的新的化学物质,

但是要将这些化学物质加工并转化为可实用的合适形态,还需要工程师和技术人员投入大量的工作。

2)单元操作已发展成为满足商品大规模生产的需要,其概念认为:任何化学生产过程可分解为一系

列同等的操作,如粉碎、干燥、焙烧、结晶、过滤、蒸发、蒸馏、电解等。

3)略

4)略(课本P15)

练习三参考答案

1 将下列句子或段落翻译成英语

1)If the values of all the variables in a process (e.g. all temperatures, pressures, volumes, flow rates, etc.)

do not change with time, except possibly for minor fluctuations about constant mean values, the process is said to be operating at steady state. If any of the process variables change with time, transient or unsteady-state operation is said to exist. By their nature, batch and semi batch process are unsteady-state operations, whereas continuous processes may be either steady state or transitional state.

2)Synthetic organic chemicals can be defined as derivative products of naturally occurring materials

(petroleum, natural gas and coal), which have undergone at least one chemical reaction, such as oxidation, hydrogenation, halogenation, sulfonation or alkylation.

2 将下列句子或段落翻译成汉语

1)中试工厂是用于研究过程操作中某些关键问题或进行基础研究的一整套设备。它是研究手段而不

是研究目的。中式工厂的规模,可从实验室小型实验设备直至比工业装置的外形略小一点的装置。

建立并进行中试操作的目的很多:检验所设想过程的可行性;提供设计数据;确定新过程在经济上的可行性;确定最佳的施工材料;检验控制系统的可操作性;确定工厂的维护范围;生产足够量的产品以供市场评价;获取动力学数据;为先进技术提供试验基地;提供解决放大问题的数据;

为以有过程或产品提供技术支持;评定过程的危险程度;确定操作费用;优化现有工艺;进行基础过程研究。

2)间歇反应器用于小于小规模生产,用于试验尚未完全开发成功的新过程,还用于生产昂贵的产品,

以及那些难于实现连续化操作的过程。间歇反应器可以从顶部加料。延长反应物在反应器的停留时间可以获得较高的转化率,这是间歇反应器的优点,而其缺点在于每个周期的劳动成本高及难以进行大规模生产。

练习四参考答案

1 将下列句子或段落翻译成英语

1)Isooctane is produced by the reaction of butylenes and isobutene in an emulsion of the concentrated

sulfuric acid. The fresh feed to the process flows at a rate of 40000 kg/h, and contains 25mol % isobutene,

25 mol % butylenes and 50 mol % n-butane. And the latter is chemically inert in this process. A portion

of the reactor effluent is recycled to the reactor the inlet, and the remainder passes to a settler, in which the aqueous (sulfuric acid) and hydrocarbon phases are allowed to separate. The acid is recycled to the reactor, and the hydrocarbons pass to a distillation column. The overhead from the column contains isooctane and n-butane, and the bottoms product, which is recycled to reactor, contains only isobutene. 2) A typical diagram of a fluid catalytic cracker is shown in Fig. 15. The unit is characterized by two huge

vessels; one is used for the reaction of the feed with hot catalyst and the other to regenerate the spent catalyst by burning off carbon with air. The activity of newer molecular-sieve catalysts is so great that the contact time between feed and catalyst is reduced drastically. Otherwsie, the oil will be overcracked to give unwanted gases and coke.

2 将下列句子或段落翻译成汉语

1)略

2)本章给出了对热力学平衡问题的描述及其解决方法。所导出的方程需要大量纯组分的平衡性质及

混合物的平衡性质,如果在要求的条件下,以实验方式得不到这些平衡数据,就必须估算这些数据。

3)然而,化学工程中大多数问题都是多变量、非线性、有约束条件的问题还常常需要利用离散变量。

此外,虽然优化概念上很有效的构想,但由于缺乏描述问题和求解问题的简便工具,使得优化的效果在实用上有一定的局限性。

4)缺乏经验的新手对涉及到的一些错综复杂的问题可能知之甚少,如混合不完全、径向温度梯度的

增加、传热面积对产热速比值的降低等。

练习五参考答案

1 将下列句子或段落翻译成英语

1)Because the product molecule, ammonia, has a lower volume than the reactant molecules, the

equilibrium yield of ammonia is increased by increasing pressure. Temperature increase produces the opposite effect on the equilibrium, but it increases the rate of reaction greatly. This negative temperature effect on equilibrium combined with a strong positive effect on rate is common to many other reactions and requires a nice balance of assure good operating conditions to make profits possible. Greater reaction rate means the reduced size of equipment, thereby reducing consequent equipment cost.

2)Nitric acid is used extensively for the production of inorganic and organic nitrates, for metal treatment of

various kinds and for photoengraving. It is produced by oxidizing ammonia to nitric oxide over a platinum-rhodium catalyst, oxidizing the nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide, and dissolving the NO2in

water. A side reaction that lowers the product yield is the oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen and water vapor.

2 将下列句子或段落翻译成汉语(略)

练习六参考答案略

练习七参考答案

1 将下列句子或段落翻译成英语

1)The most important routes for the conversation of methane to petrochemicals is via either hydrogen, or a

mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. This latter material is known as “synthesis gas”. The manufacture of carbon monoxide-hydrogen mixture from coal was first established industrially by the well-known water-gas reaction.

2 将下列句子或段落翻译成汉语

1)略

2)为了理解化学家和化学工程师在过程开发活动中做出的既可行又合乎需要的贡献,必须了解他们

各自的知识基础、思考问题的方法及兴趣所在。简言之,化学家的贡献在于寻找化学物、催化剂和反应条件的组合,以达到生产所需产品的最优转化率,而工程师的贡献在于确定实用、经济、安全的设备构型,使这些条件得以实现。

3)通过吸收将气体混合物中一个或多个组分脱除到合适的液体中去,是基于扩散速率控制的相际传

质的第二大化工操作。

4)化学需氧量(COD)氧化水样品中还原物质所需重铬酸钾量的一种亮度,化学需氧量浓度为ppm,

化学当量等于消耗的重铬酸盐总量。化学需氧量通常大于生物耗氧量,因为有些物质(如纤维素)在生物条件下可与重铬酸盐反应而不与氧反应。

练习八参考答案

1 将下列句子或段落翻译成英语

1)Westfalia Separater has been involved in centrifugal separation for almost 100 years. Nowadays the

equipments produced are applied in such industrial sectors as biological engineering, the chemicals and pharmaceuticals, food industry, mineral oil processing and wastewater treatment. Intensive R&D in combination with many years of experience qualifies Westfalia Separater as specialist for the most modern and process technology.

2 将下列句子或段落翻译成汉语

1)本文旨在综述进行中试的各种目的,并阐明在各种场合应用化学工程专业知识的益处,表明(深

刻)理解中试结果的内涵而用于最终生产装置设计和将来的小试得益更多

2)—4) 略

数学专业英语

数学专业英语课后答案

2.1数学、方程与比例 词组翻译 1.数学分支branches of mathematics,算数arithmetics,几何学geometry,代数学algebra,三角学trigonometry,高等数学higher mathematics,初等数学elementary mathematics,高等代数higher algebra,数学分析mathematical analysis,函数论function theory,微分方程differential equation 2.命题proposition,公理axiom,公设postulate,定义definition,定理theorem,引理lemma,推论deduction 3.形form,数number,数字numeral,数值numerical value,图形figure,公式formula,符号notation(symbol),记法/记号sign,图表chart 4.概念conception,相等equality,成立/真true,不成立/不真untrue,等式equation,恒等式identity,条件等式equation of condition,项/术语term,集set,函数function,常数constant,方程equation,线性方程linear equation,二次方程quadratic equation 5.运算operation,加法addition,减法subtraction,乘法multiplication,除法division,证明proof,推理deduction,逻辑推理logical deduction 6.测量土地to measure land,推导定理to deduce theorems,指定的运算indicated operation,获得结论to obtain the conclusions,占据中心地位to occupy the centric place 汉译英 (1)数学来源于人类的社会实践,包括工农业的劳动,商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。 Mathematics comes from man’s social practice, for example, industrial and agricultural production, commercial activities, military operations and scientific and technological researches. (2)如果没有运用数学,任何一个科学技术分支都不可能正常地发展。 No modern scientific and technological branches could be regularly developed without the application of mathematics. (3)符号在数学中起着非常重要的作用,它常用于表示概念和命题。 Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often. (4)17 世纪之前,人们局限于初等数学,即几何、三角和代数,那时只考虑常数。Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i. e. , geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants were considered. (5)方程与算数的等式不同在于它含有可以参加运算的未知量。 Equation is different from arithmetic identity in that it contains unknown quantity which can join operations. (6)方程又称为条件等式,因为其中的未知量通常只允许取某些特定的值。Equipment is called an equation of condition in that it is true only for certain values of unknown quantities in it. (7)方程很有用,可以用它来解决许多实际应用问题。

化工专业英语复习资料.doc

fundamental principles 基本原理evaporation 蒸发black body 黑体empty space 真空区concentration 浓缩visible light nJ'见光radiation 辐射distillate 憾出液acetonitrile 已睛precipitation 定cation阳离子hydroxide氢氧化物chromatography 层析recrystallization 重结晶sublimation 升华physisorption 物理吸附activated carbon 活性炭hydrophilic 亲水性heat exchanger 换热器fractionating column 精懈柱/塔volatilities 挥发性tray塔板supernate上清液azeotropic distillation 共沸蒸supersaturated 过饱和的silver chloride 氯化银ionic reaction 离了反应pharmaceutical 制药的batch operation 间歇操作Freeze-drying 冷冻干燥Separation process 分离过程crystallization 结晶 Filtration 过滤 homogeneous 均相的 condensation 7令凝 thermodynamics 热力学的 liquefaction 液化 copper 铜 separation 分离 laminar flow 湍流 convection 对?流conduction 传导phonon vibration 声子振动condensation 冷凝thermodynamics processes 热力学过程elastic impact 弹性碰撞thermal energy 热自呂buoyancy forces 浮力 1.Heat conduction is directly analogous to diffusion of particles into a fluid, in the situation where there arc no fluid currents? This type of heat diffusion differs from mass diffusion in behavior, only in as much as it can occur in solids, whereas mass diffusion is mostly limited to fluids. 2.In steady state conduction, the amount of heat entering a section is equal to amount of heat coming out. In this conduction, all the laws of direct current electrical conduction can be applied to "heat currents^. In such cases, it is possible to take "thermal resistances as the analog to electrical resistances .Temperature plays the role of voltage and heat tran sferred is the analog of electrical current. 3.Conduction is the transfer of heat by direct contact of particles of matter. The transfer of energy could be primarily by elastic impact as in fluids or by free electron diffusion as predominant in metals or phonon vibration as predominant in insulators. In other words, heat is transferred by conduction when adjacent atoms vibrate against one another, or as electrons move from atom to atom. Conduction is greater in solids, where atoms are in constant contact. In liquids (except liquid metals) and gases, the

化学专业英语试卷B答案

, 每小题2分,共

20分) 1、 NaCN Sodium cyanide 2、 Ba(OH)2 Barium hydroxide 3、 KMnO 4 Potassium permanganate 4、 H 2SO 4 Sulfuric acid 5、 ZnSO 4 zinc sulfate or zinc sulphate 6、 FeS Iron (II) sulfide or Ferrous sulfide 7、 H 3PO 4 phosphoric acid 8、 H 2SO 3 Sulfurous acid 9、 HClO 4 Perchloric acid 10、FeCl 3 iron (III) chloride or ferric chloride 二、给下列有机化合物的英语名称(共5小题, 每小题4分,共20分) 1. 甲乙醚 ethyl methyl ether 2. 对甲基苯酚 4-methyl phenol 3. 苯乙烯 styrene 4. CH 3CH =C(CH 2CH 3) CH 2 OH 2-ethyl-2-buten-1-ol 5. (CH 3)3CCH 2CH 2OH 4,4-dimethyl-1-butanol or 4,4-dimethyl butanol 三、英译汉(共10小题, 每小题4分,共40分) 1、 Carbon-sodium and carbon-potassium bonds are largely ionic in character; carbon-lead, carbon-tin, carbon-thallium and carbon-mercury bonds are essentially covalent. 碳-钠键和碳-钾键有较大的离子性,碳-铅键,碳-锡键,碳-铊键和碳-汞键基本上属于共价键。 2、 The reactivity of organometallic compounds increases with the percent ionic character of the carbon-metal bond. 金属有机化合物的反应活性随着碳金属键中离子性所占的百分数的增大而增强。 3、 Organometallic compounds of lithium and magnesium are of great importance in organic synthesis. 锂和镁的金属有机化合物在有机合成上有重大的意义。

数学专业英语课后答案

2.1 数学、方程与比例 (1)数学来源于人类的社会实践,包括工农业的劳动,商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。 Mathematics comes from man’s social practice, for example, industrial and agricultural production, commercial activities, military operations and scientific and technological researches. (2)如果没有运用数学,任何一个科学技术分支都不可能正常地发展。 No modern scientific and technological branches could be regularly developed without the application of mathematics. (3)符号在数学中起着非常重要的作用,它常用于表示概念和命题。Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often. (4)17 世纪之前,人们局限于初等数学,即几何、三角和代数,那时只考虑常数。 Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i. e. , geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants were considered. (5)方程与算数的等式不同在于它含有可以参加运算的未知量。 Equation is different from arithmetic identity in that it contains unknown quantity which can join operations. (6)方程又称为条件等式,因为其中的未知量通常只允许取某些特定的值。Equipment is called an equation of condition in that it is true only for certain values of unknown quantities in it. (7)方程很有用,可以用它来解决许多实际应用问题。 Equations are of very great use. We can use equations in many mathematical problems. (8)解方程时要进行一系列移项和同解变形,最后求出它的根,即未知量的值。To solve the equation means to move and change the terms about without making the equation untrue, until the root of the equation is obtained, which is the value of unknown term. 2.2 几何与三角 (1)许多专家都认为数学是学习其他科学技术的必备基础和先决条件。 Many experts recognize that mathematics is the necessary foundation and prerequisite of studying other science technology. (2)西方国家的专家认为几何起源于巴比伦和埃及人的土地测量技术,其实中国古代的数学家对几何做了许多出色的研究。 The western experts think that geometry had its origin in the measurements by the Babylonians and Egyptians of their lands. Infect, the ancient Chinese mathematicians made much remarkable study for geometry. (3)几何的学习使学生在思考问题时更周密和审慎,他们将不会盲目接受任何结论。 In studying geometry, the student is taught to think clearly and critically and he is led away from the practice of blind acceptance of any conclusions. (4)数学培养学生的分析问题的能力,使他们能应用毅力、创造性和逻辑推理来解决问题。

化学化工专业英语(课本内容)

第二章科技英语构词法 词是构成句子的要素,对词意理解的好坏直接关系到翻译的质量。 所谓构词法即词的构成方法,即词在结构上的规律。科技英语构词特点是外来语多(很多来自希腊语和拉丁语);第二个特点是构词方法多,除了非科技英语中常用的三种构词法—转化、派生及合成法外,还普遍采用压缩法、混成法、符号法和字母象形法。 2.1转化法(Conversion) 由一种词类转化成另一种词类,叫转化法。例如: water(n.水)→water(v.浇水) charge(n.电荷) →charge(v.充电) yield(n.产率) →yield(v.生成) dry(a.干的) →dry(v.烘干) slow(a.慢的) →slow(v.减慢) back(ad.在后、向后) →back(v.使后退、倒车) square(n.正方形) →square(a.正方形的) 2.2派生法(Derivation) 通过加前、后缀构成一新词。派生法是化工类科技英语中最常用的构词法。 例如“烷烃”就是用前缀(如拉丁或希腊前缀)表示分子中碳原子数再加上“-ane”作词尾构成的。若将词尾变成“-ane”、“-yne”、“-ol”、“-al”、“-yl”,则分别表示“烯”、“炔”、“醇”、“醛”、“基”、等。依此类推,从而构成千成种化学物质名词。常遇到这样的情况,许多化学化工名词在字典上查不到,全若掌握这种构词法,能过其前、后缀分别代表的意思,合在一起即是该词的意义。下面通过表1举例说明。需要注意的是,表中物质的数目词头除前四个另有名称外,其它均为表上的数目词头。 本书附录为化学化工专业常用词根及前后缀。此外还可参阅《英汉化学化工词汇》(第三版)附录中的“英汉对照有机基名表”、“西文化学名词中常用的数止词头”及“英汉对照有机词尾表”。 据估计,知道一个前缀可帮助人们认识450个英语单词。一名科技工作者至少要知道近50个前缀和30个后缀。这对扩大科技词汇量,增强自由阅读能力,提高翻译质量和加快翻译速度都是大有裨益的。 2.3合成法(Composition) 由两个或更多的词合成一个词,叫合成法。有时需加连字符。 如副词+过去分词well-known 著名的 名词+名词carbon steel 碳钢 rust-resistance 防锈 名词+过去分词computer-oriented 研制计算机的 介词+名词by-product 副产物 动词+副词makeup 化妆品 check-up 检查 形容词+名词atomic weight 原子量 periodic table 周期表 动词+代词+副词pick-me-up 兴奋剂 副词+介词+名词out-of-door 户外 2.4压缩法(Shortening) (1)只取词头字母 这种方法在科技英语中较常用。

化学专业英语试卷A答案

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