专业英语复习

Part1.definition(名词解释）（4分*5）

1.“Glass ceiling” exists over women and minorities that allows them to think they can advance into management levels where in reality they are discriminated against.

2.Affirmative action was created to give certain groupings of people preference over others in order to compensate for past discrimination

3.Principal-agent theory:when individual are not always informed adequately ,they have not the technical skills to make decisions that will serve their best

interests .Others have the competence and information to make decision on behalf of the principal in the principal’s interests.

4.Strategic management is an approach to managing an organization that emphasizes long-term thinking and,as the term states,managing “Strategically”ins tead of reactively or intuitively.

5.Personnel Management is “the management of a system whereby public agencies recruit, compensate, and discipline their employees.

6.The compliance audit is the simplest and most common form of scrutiny of public agencies. An auditor checks whether financial transactions undertaken by a public agency comply with relevant financial laws and regulations.

7.A “balance budget”would be one in which revenues and expenditures for the coming year are equal, without the need to borrow to make up for a deficit or funds shortfall.

8.Equal employment opportunity (EEO) was intended to create a “level playing field” by giving everyone an equal chance at education and employment.

9.Strategic planning is the all important first step in strategic management. It identify the effects of current decision on future operation.

10. leadership. :The action of a person who, whether elected, appointed, or emerging by group consensus, directs, coordinates, and supervises the work of others for the purpose of accomplishing a given task.

Part2.questions(简答题）（6分*5）

1.Four issues that are central in organizational behavior:

Social pressures cause individual group members to conform

Effective work teams do not just happen, they must be built and nurtured

Making major changes in a government agency requires broad scope strategies that are more similar to military tactic s and strategies than to organization

theory

If an organization is to become and remain effective, its members must engage in” generative lear ning”, learning that enhances our capacity to create.

2.The tenets of classical organization

1. Organization exit to accomplish production-related and economic goals.

2. There is one best way to organize for production, and that way can be found through systematic, scientific inquiry.

3. Production is maximized through specialization and division of labor.

4. People and organization act in accordance with rational economic principles Three major theories challenge the hierarchical authority

3.Four conditions for successful team building:

Interdependence.

Leadership.

Joint decision.

Equal influence.

4.The key purposes of the budgetary process

1. Control over public money and accountability to public authority

2. Predictability and planning

3. Relating expenditure to revenue

4. Varying spending to suit the economy

5 Using the budget as a lever for efficiency

5.Four principles define the IGR in the United States:

1. Constitutional government

2. Formal federalism

3.The diversity of government

4. Pervasive democracy

6.Measurements for evaluating the productivity of public agency

1. A comprehensive set of scrutiny mechanisms designed to examine performance and productivity

2. Detect and expose fraud or lack of compliance with financial mandate s

3. Assess and evaluate broader issues to do with program effectiveness.

7.Three purposes of codes of ethics

1.Codes of ethics aid in the formation of a professional consensus.

2.Codes of ethics provide a point of reference when a public administrator is faced with a dilemma.

3.Codes of ethics provide a basis for educating members

8.please present four models of governance that underlie most current public sector reform proposals

1.Market Government

2.Participative Government

3.Flexible Government

4.Dergulated Government

9.the new public management

11.Privatization of many government activities.

2.Downsizing of public bureaucracies

3.An emphasis on government making policy rather than delivering services

4.Great use of nonprofits in service delivery

5.Deregulation

6.Reduced bureaucratic complexity

7.The decline of the politically neutral career public service

8.An emphasis on measuring,reporting and rewarding performance

10. Hierarchy of Ethics

1. Personal morality

2. professional ethics

3. Organizational ethics

4. Social ethics

.Part3.reading(阅读理解）（2分*10）

Part4.translation(翻译）（10分*3）

Chapter1:公共管理涉及两种明显不同但又紧密联系的活动，（1）职业领域（职业、工作、活动领域），以及（2）致力于了解、发展、批评、和提高这种职业实践和为个人提供这种职业培训和学术领域。这个术语的简单含义是非常直接的：一方面，它指主要与社会、政治组织以及其分支有关的业务，而这些分支基本上不是私人、家庭、商业和个人的。另一方面，它指对这些事物的严谨研究。就其最简单的意义来说，公共管理涉及政府和其他公共活动的管理。这个简单的定义表达了公共管理的本质，也可能包含了当代公共管理的大部分问题和活动。

Chapter2:“行政型国家”这一术语是试图表达当代真丰富的若干现实：大量的社会资源被花费在了公共行政部门所开销的薪酬和行政活动中；公共部门的管理者对当代政府的运作是至关重要的；作为一个整体，公共部门的管理者同时拥有行政权力；国家通常采用行政的方法来试图解释他们遇到的问题以及实现相应的目标。

Chapter5:联邦制度是在宪法的基础上建立起来的。詹姆斯布莱斯解释说：“一直以来，一直认为，对美国来说唯一可能政府的形式是联邦政府。联邦政府系统主要采用的是一个单一的系统，如法国和日本，没有州政府，所有重要的权利是在国家政府手中。这种系统可能的好处就是做实事和重点问责制。他们避免重叠和复杂的各级政府或复杂联邦国家财政制度的关系。但非单一的联邦系统可以加强多样性方面的优势，承认全国各个不同地区人民多拥有的愿望，价值和资源以及民族的差异性。我们的联邦制度让伟大的民主政府渗透到每一个城市和国家的每一个角落，并通过这样做，是出现一个偏远和反应迟钝的独裁政府的潜在风险降低。

Chapter8:绩效管理包含六个阶段：1.该组织确定明确和可衡量的目标2.管理者选择和使用绩效指标来衡量该组织在实现其目标的进展情况 3.每个员工（或团队）的表现定期评估 4.绩效奖励是用来帮助激励员工，以满足该组织的目标5.财政和人力资源的相互协调以及做好预算，主要是为了保证组织资源被投入到实现组织目标的过程中6.在每个预算周期结束时对组织目标的进展情况进行评估，组织目标可以被重新设置来不断提高连续预算周期中的绩效水平。

Chapter11:公共人事管理的职能：1.招聘和选拔政府与雇员2.发展和维持政府职位的分类（工作），对于每个分类的职位建立公平的薪酬和福利制度3.开发和支持员工的绩效考核体系4.管理员劳动关系，包括与工会的集体谈判以及合同的维系5.管教或者解雇那些违反规定或表现达不到预期目标的员工，（同时要有）保证他们申诉权的制度3.协调员工和管理人员的培训计划

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住宅小区中水回用初步设计说明书

住宅小区中水工程初步设计说明书

住宅小区中水工程初步设计说明书

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中水回用水质标准 1 总则 为统一城市污水再生后回用做生活杂用水的水质，以便做到既利用污水资源，又能切实保证生活杂用水的安全和适用，特制订本标准。 本标准适用于厕所便器冲洗、城市绿化、洗车、扫除等生活杂用水，也适用于有同样水质要求的其他用途的水。 本标准由城市规划、设计和生活杂用水供水运行管理等有关单位负责执行。生活杂用水供水单位的主管部门负责监督和检查执行情况。 本标准是制订地方城市污水再生回用作生活杂用水水质标准的依据，地方可以本标准为基础，根据当地特点制订地方城市污水再生回用作生活杂用水的水质标准。地方标准不得宽于本标准或与本标准相抵触；如因特殊情况，宽于本标准时应报建设部批准。地方标准列入的项目指标，执行地方标准；地方标准未列入的项目指标，仍执行本标准。 2水质标准和要求 生活杂用水水质标准 项目厕所便器冲洗，城市绿化洗车，扫除浊度，度105溶解性固体，mg/l悬浮性固体，mg/l105色度，度3030臭无不快感觉无不快感觉ph值~9.06.5~，mg/l1010cod cr，mg/l5050氨氮（以n计），mg/l2010总硬度（以caco3计），mg/l450450氯化物，mg/l350300阴离子合成洗涤剂，mg/铁，mg/锰，mg/游离余氯，mg/l管网末端水不小于总大肠菌群，个/l33 生活杂用水的水质不应超过上表所规定的限量。 生活杂用水管道、水箱等设备不得与自来水管道、水箱直接相连。生活杂用水管道、水箱等设备外部应涂浅绿色标志，以免误饮、误用。 生活杂用水供水单位，应不断加强对杂用水的水处理、集水、供水以及计量、检测等设施的管理，建立行之有效的放水、清洗、消毒和检修等制度及操作规程，以保证供水的水质。 3水质检验 水质的检验方法，应按《生活杂用水标准检验法》执行。 生活杂用水集中式供水单位，必须建立水质检验室，负责检验污水再生设施的进水和出水以及出厂水和管网水的水质。 分散式或单独式供水，应由主管部门责成有关单位或报请上级指定有关单位负责水质检验工作。 以上水质检验的结果，应定期报送主管部门审查、存档。] 城市杂用水水质标准 GB/T18920-2002项目冲厕道路清扫、消防城市绿化车辆冲洗建筑施工 PH~ 色/度≤30 嗅无不快感 浊度/NTU≤51010520 溶解性总固体(mg/L)≤1500150010001000 五日生化需氧量(BOD5)/(mg/L)≤1010201015 氨氮（mg/L)≤1010201020 阴离子表面活性剂(mg/L)≤ 铁(mg/L)≤--- 锰(mg/L)≤--- 溶解氧(mg/L)≤

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1.Types of Business Organization: 1)Sole Proprietorship :an unincorporated business owned by one person 2)Partnership :owned by two or more individuals (called partners) a)Limited partnership——general partners,limited partners 3)Corporation :a legal entity separate from its owners 2、Separation of Ownership and Control (pros and cons)： Pros(赞成的理由): Specialization，Efficiency，Diversify，Going concern Cons(反对的理由)：Four major downsides：agency problem,free-riding problem,increased costs of information https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d72278017.html,rmation asymmetry 3.Overview of Financial Statements balance sheet; income statement;statement of cash flows;statement of retained earnings 4. Statement of Retained Earnings,it shows: the retained earnings balance at the start of the period;how much the firm earned (net income); how much dividends the firm paid;how much net income was reinvested back into the firm (retained earnings);any repurchases of the firm’s stock;any new issues of the firm’s stock; andthe retained earnings balance at the close of the period. 4. Statement of Cash Flow:Operating Cash Flows ，Investing Cash Flows ，Financing Cash Flows 5.Analyzing Financial Ratios Financial ratios are not standardized. Analyzing a single financial ratio for a given year may not be very useful. Some of a firm’s financial accounting practices or choices will affect its financial statements and, finally, its financial ratios. Financial ratios do not provide analysts with all of th e answers about a firm’s condition. 7. Uses and Limitations of Financial Ratio Analysis：while ratio analysis can provide useful information concerning a company’s operations and financial condition, it does have limitations that necessitate care and judgment 1.Risk-return tradeoff Investors will take on additional risk only if they anticipate high return. 2.Time value of money A dollar available today is worth more than a dollar available at a future date. This is because a dollar today can be invested to earn a return. 3.Types of value Going-concern value,Liquidation value ,Book value ,Market value ，ntrinsic value 4.Valuation Approaches discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation，relative valuation，contingent claim valuation，option-pricing models 7.Contractual Provisions of a Typical Bond Par Value,and Coupon Rate,Maturity,Call Provisions,Sinking Fund Provisions,Conversion Rights ,Put Provisions,Indenture,Trustee,Collateral,Bond Rating 1.Introduction to Risk and Return All financial assets are expected to produce cash flows, and the risk of an asset is judged by the risk of its cash flows. Here are two assumptions about risk and return: Assumption (1): The returns from investments are normally distributed.Assumption (2): Investors are risk-averse. The risk of an asset can be considered in two ways: (1) on a stand-alone basis (2) in a portfolio context. In a portfolio context, an asset’s risk can be divided into two components: a,diversifiable risk ;b. market risk.An asset with a high degree of relevant (market) risk must provide a relatively high expected rate of return to attract investors. 4.Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) Assumption 1:The returns from investments are normally distributed.Assumption 2: Investors are risk-averse.Assumption3:Investorsare rational.Assumption4:Investors are price takers.Assumption 5: The Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) holds. 5. Three types of financial market efficiency: allocationally efficient, operationally efficient,informationally efficient 6. Three main factors associated with informational market efficiency The type of information to which the market price reacts,The speed at which the market price reacts to information,The degree to which market participants over-or under-react to information 8. Characteristics of an Informationally Efficient Market Price changes cannot be predicted. The price of the asset is equal to its fundamental (unobserved but true) value.Prices change due to the inflow of new information, and information flows randomly to the market.Therefore, price changes should be random and unpredictable. 10. Modern portfolio theory —Markowitz’s Mean-variance Framework ,Efficient portfolios are those that have: the lowest risk for an expected rate of return; or the highest expected rate of return for a given level of risk.The assets that meet these criteria make up the efficient frontier.

齿轮参数中英文对照

A。 1．abrasive tooth wear 齿面研磨磨损?2。absoｌutｅｔangenｔｉａｌｖｅlｏci ty 绝对切向速度?３。acceｌerometer 加速表 ４. addendｕｍ齿顶高 5。ａddenｄum angle 齿顶角 6.addenduｍｃｉrｃle 齿顶圆 7。adｄenｄｕm sｕｒface上齿面?8.adhesｉve weaｒ粘着磨损?9。adjustａｂil iｔy可调性? 11. ａｄjustｉｎｇwedgｅ 10.adjustａbilitｙcｏeffiｃients 可调系数? 12。ａlｌowａｂleｓtress 允许应力 圆盘端铣刀的可调型楔块? 14. anｇｕlａr bａcｋｌasｈ角侧１3．aｌtｅｒnａtｅblaｄe cuｔｔｅr 双面刀盘? 隙?1５. ａnguｌar bevｅlｇearｓ斜交锥齿轮?１6。aｎｇular ｄisｐlａｃement角移位 17。aｎguｌａr pitch齿端距 20.１８. angｕlar testing maｃｈinｅ可调角度试验机?１9. apｐｒoach aｃtion啮入? 21. ａrbｏr diｓtance 心轴距?２２。aｒcｏｆapｐroacｈ啮入弧aｒbｏｒ心轴? 23. arc of reｃesｓ啮出弧 2４. attｒａctiｏｎ收紧 25. ａｖｅrage cｕttｅｒdiameter 平均刀尖直径 26. axial dｉspｌacemeｎt轴向位移?2７. aｘial faｃtoｒ轴向系数?２8。aｘiａl l ｏcating sｕrfaｃe 轴向定位面 31．ａxiaｌrakeａngle 2９。axｉal pitcｈ轴向齿距? 30. axｉal ｐlａne 轴向平面? 轴向前角 33．axｌe tｅｓｔing macｈine 传动桥试验机??B. 32．ａxial thruｓt 轴向推力? １．ｂacｋangle背锥角 2．Bａｃk anｇle distance背角距（在背锥母线方向)?3. Bａck cone 背锥 ４．Bａcｋｃｏnｅｄｉstance 背锥距?５．Bａｃk ｃone elｅmｅｎt 背锥母线?６. Bacｋlash侧隙?７。Ｂaｃklaｓh tolerance 侧隙公差 8。Ｂackｌａsｈvariation侧隙变量 9．Backlasｈvariａtion ｔoｌｅｒancｅ侧隙变量公差 1０．Baｎdwｉdtｈ频带宽 11．Ｂasｅcircle 基圆 1２．Ｂase diameter基圆直径 13.Basｅpitch 基节 16. Baｓｉ1４．Basｅｒaｄius基圆半径? 15。Basｅｓpiral anｇｌe 基圆螺旋角? c rack基本齿条 １7．Bearing 轴承 18．Bｅaring preｌoad轴承预负荷?１9．Beaｒinｇｓpacing/spｒeaｄ轴承间距?２０．Bendingｆａtigue弯曲疲劳?２1.Bｅndｉng ｓtress弯曲应力 22.Bｅvel gｅars 锥齿轮?2３。Ｂiａｓ对角接触?2４．Biaｓin内对角接触 27．Bｌaｄe edg 26．Ｂlａde aｎglｅ刀齿齿廓角? 2５。Bｉａs out 外对角接触? 28. Blade letter 刀尖凸角代号 ｅradｉｕs 刀尖圆角半径? 31．Ｂｌ 30．Bｌaｄeｐoiｎｔwｉdｔｈ刀顶宽? 2９．Ｂlａde lｉfｅ刀尖寿命? 32．Ｂland poｓition 毛坯位置 anｋoffsｅｔ毛坯偏置距? 35。 34．Ｂoundａryｌubrｉｃaｔiｏn界面润滑?33. Ｂottomｌanｄ齿槽底面?

专业英语复习整理(12年)

Main Points Chapter 1 Communication: Mass and Other Forms 1.The 8 elements in the communication process: A source, encoding process, message, channel, decoding process, receiver, feedback, and noise. 2.The 3 types of noise:Semantic, environmental, mechanical. 3.The 3 main settings for communication: Interpersonal, machine-assisted interpersonal, mass communication. 4.Each element in the communication process may vary according to setting. 5.Mass Communication: Refers to the process by which a complex organization, with the aid of one or more machines, produces public messages that are aimed at large, heterogeneous, and scattered audiences. 6.Characteristics for a mass communicator: Traditionally, it is identified by its formal organization, gatekeepers, expensive operating costs, profit motive, and competitiveness. The internet has created exceptions to these characteristics. 7.New models have been developed to illustrated Internet mass communication. A.Push Model—the traditional model of mass communication was a ―one-to-m any‖ model. Under the traditional model there is little direct interaction between sources and receivers. B.Pull Model –the new model makes it possible that several different levels of communication happen in a computer-mediated environment. The content is provided not only by organizations but also by individuals. It is not a one-way model. Instead, receivers can choose the time and manner of the interaction. The messages flowing to each receiver are not identical. In this new model, the receiver pulls only the information that he or she wants. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d72278017.html,munication content has become more specialized in the past 40 years, but the channels of mass communication still have the potential to reach vast audiences. 9.7 trends for modern mass communication: Audience segmentation, convergence, user-generated content, increased audience control, multiple platform, more mobility, social media. 1 / 24

专业英语复习要点1

考试时间：90分 试题总分：100分 考试题型： 选择题——30％（课内） 完型题——30％（课内、课外） 阅读题——20％(课外) 判断题——20％（课内） 复习要点： 1. Windows 2000 provides you with quick and easy access to the Internet, no matter what programs you are running or tasks you are performing. 不管正在运行何种程序或执行何种任务，Windows 2000使你能快速而方便地访问互联网。 2. Internet Explorer lets you search the Internet for people, business, and information about subjects that interest you. Internet Explorer使你能在互联网找人，查询某个企业，以及感兴趣的相关主题信息。 3. Encryption is the way to solve the data security problem. 加密术是解决数据安全问题的一种方法。

4. Almost all encryption schemes used in the Internet uses asymmetric key encryption for exchanging the symmetric encryption key, and symmetric encryption for better performance. 在互联网中几乎所有的加密方案都使用非对称密钥加密来交换对称加密密钥，然后使用对称密钥以得到更好的性能。 5. Since the advent(出现，到来) of the Internet and computer network security, many people have sought for firewall. 由于互联网和计算机网络安全的出现，许多人都在寻找防火墙。 6. In other words, these protocols provide nearly all services available to today’s Netsurfer. 这就是说，这些协议为网上冲浪者提供了几乎所有可利用的服务。 7. Network-1evel protocols manage the discrete mechanics of data transfer. 网络层协议管理数据传输的离散结构。

中水回用水质标准

中水回用水质标准 1 总则 1.1 为统一城市污水再生后回用做生活杂用水的水质，以便做到既利用污水资源，又能切实保证生活杂用水的安全和适用，特制订本标准。 1.2 本标准适用于厕所便器冲洗、城市绿化、洗车、扫除等生活杂用水，也适用于有同样水质要求的其他用途的水。 1.3 本标准由城市规划、设计和生活杂用水供水运行管理等有关单位负责执行。生活杂用水供水单位的主管部门负责监督和检查执行情况。 1.4 本标准是制订地方城市污水再生回用作生活杂用水水质标准的依据，地方可以本标准为基础，根据当地特点制订地方城市污水再生回用作生活杂用水的水质标准。地方标准不得宽于本标准或与本标准相抵触;如因特殊情况，宽于本标准时应报建设部批准。地方标准列入的项目指标，执行地方标准;地方标准未列入的项目指标，仍执行本标准。 2 水质标准和要求 生活杂用水水质标准 项目厕所便器冲洗，城市绿化洗车，扫除浊度，度105溶解性固体， mg/l12001000悬浮性固体，mg/l105色度，度3030臭无不快感觉无不快感觉ph值6.5~9.06.5~9.0bod，mg/l1010cod，mg/l50505cr氨氮(以n计)，mg/l2010总硬度(以caco计)，mg/l450450氯化物，mg/l350300阴离子合成洗3 涤剂，mg/l1.00.5铁，mg/l0.40.4锰，mg/l0.10.1游离余氯，mg/l管网末端水不小于0.2总大肠菌群，个/l33 2.1 生活杂用水的水质不应超过上表所规定的限量。

2.2 生活杂用水管道、水箱等设备不得与自来水管道、水箱直接相连。生活杂用水管道、水箱等设备外部应涂浅绿色标志，以免误饮、误用。 2.3 生活杂用水供水单位，应不断加强对杂用水的水处理、集水、供水以及计量、检测等设施的管理，建立行之有效的放水、清洗、消毒和检修等制度及操作规程，以保证供水的水质。 3 水质检验 3.1 水质的检验方法，应按《生活杂用水标准检验法》执行。 3.2 生活杂用水集中式供水单位，必须建立水质检验室，负责检验污水再生设施的进水和出水以及出厂水和管网水的水质。 分散式或单独式供水，应由主管部门责成有关单位或报请上级指定有关单位负责水质检验工作。 以上水质检验的结果，应定期报送主管部门审查、存档。] 城市杂用水水质标准 GB/T18920-2002 项目冲厕道路清扫、消防城市绿化车辆冲洗建筑施工 PH 6.0~9.0 色/度? 30 嗅无不快感 浊度/NTU? 5 10 10 5 20 溶解性总固体(mg/L)? 1500 1500 1000 1000 五日生化需氧量10 10 20 10 15 (BOD5)/(mg/L)? 氨氮(mg/L)? 10 10 20 10 20 阴离子表面活性剂(mg/L)? 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 铁(mg/L)? 0.3 - - 0.3 - 锰(mg/L)? 0.1 - - 0.1 - 溶解氧(mg/L)? 1.0 总余氯(mg/L) 接触30min后?1.0，管网末端?0.2 总大肠杆菌(个/L)? 3 景观环境用水的再生水水质指标 景观环境用水的再生水水质指标