Can English be dethroned 翻译 译文
Can English be dethroned?
Roland J.-L. Breton, geolinguist and emeritus professor at the University of Paris VIII.
Major languages other than English are spoken by over half the people on the planet. What can be done to give them more clout in international bodies?
Back in 1919, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson managed to have the Treaty of Versailles, which ended the First World War between Germany and the Allies, written in English as well as French. Since then, English has taken root in diplomacy and gradually in economic relations and the media. The language now seems set to have a monopoly as the worldwide medium of communication.
As the 21st century begins, faster economic globalization is going hand in hand with the growing use of English. More and more people are being encouraged to use or send messages in English rather than in their own language. Many do not mind. They see this as part of the unavoidable trend towards worldwide uniformity and a means whereby a growing number of people can communicate directly with each other. From this point of view, the spread of English may be seen as a positive development which saves resources and makes cultural exchange easier. After all, it might be said, the advance of English is not aimed at killing off local languages but is simply a means of reaching a wider audience.
Perhaps. But accepting that as the last word ignores the deep-rooted ties between individual freedom and political power, between the linguistic, social and economic mechanisms which in every society underpin relations between people and groups and between culture and communities. A person makes a mark through his or her ability to use the most useful language or languages. And over several generations, the most useful language eliminates the others.
Cultural imperialism is much more subtle than economic imperialism, which is itself less tangible and visible than political and military imperialism, whose excesses are obvious and easy to denounce. It would be wrong to say that the world domination of English is something deliberately organized and supported by the Anglo-Saxon powers, hand in glove with political initiatives or the penetration of the world economy by their transnational firms. The “language war” has very seldom been regarded as a war and has never, anywhere, been declared.
The military, diplomatic, political and economic strategies of the major powers can be studied and criticized, but linguistic strategies seem to be inconspicuous and tacit, even innocent or non-existent. The history of the past century has obliged many powers to take a more modest attitude to language, but has it taught them to stand up to domination by a single language?
Many years after the founding in 1945 of the Arab League, whose current 22 member states have 250 million people, the countries which share a French linguistic heritage broke new ground by creating a joint policy. In order to promote linguistic, economic and political co-operation, they set up the International Organization of French-Speaking Countries, which (like the Commonwealth) embraces more than 50 countries with over 500 million inhabitants.
Since 1991, there have been conferences of Dutch-speakers from eight or more communities representing some 40 million people, as well as Ibero-American summits, which every two years bring together more than 20 countries (350 million inhabitants). Turkish-speaking summits have been held biennially since 1992, with delegates from six independent countries (120 million people) of Europe, Central Asia and small ethnic communities elsewhere. Since 1996, the Association of Portuguese-speaking countries has brought together people from seven countries (200 million people).
Pockets of resistance
Will unco-ordinated resistance by the world’s most widely-used languages be enough to cope with the threat of cultural uniformity? Perhaps not, since each language has its own geographical sphere in which it is used with varying degrees of competence. If you add up the number of speakers of the world’s dozen most-used languages, you come up with a figure of more than three billion—half of humanity—which easily surpasses the two billion for whom English is more or less the official language (the Commonwealth and the United States). Backed by a concerted strategy, these major languages would surely make headway in international institutions.
It is not just the future of the world’s major languages that is at stake. Further down the scale are 100 or so tongues officially recognized by governments or sub-national regions, such as the constitutional languages of India and the languages of the Russian nationalities. These languages have their place and a right to defend it. At the bottom of the scale are thousands of sometimes struggling languages variously called native, minority, communal or ethnic tongues. Most are in danger of disappearing. They are spoken by some 300 million people.
Will minor languages die out, as some predict? Yes, because the best way to kill off a language is to teach another one. The monopoly that about 100 national languages have on education makes it inevitable that languages not taught in schools will be confined to the home and to folklore and eventually be pushed out of nurturing cultural environments.
Language murder or “linguicide”, whether it is carried out intentionally or not, is one of the basic tools of ethnocide, of the deculturation of peoples which has always been perpetrated by colonization and is still the semi-official aim of governments which do not recognize the rights of their native ethnic minorities. As local languages are increasingly excluded from education systems, “linguicide” is speeding up.
The language issue in the 21st century raises two questions. How can widely-used or national languages resist the encroachment of English? And how can minority languages in danger of extinction be saved and gain access to development?
可以被废黜英语？
罗兰J.-L.布雷顿，geolinguist和名誉巴黎第八大学教授。
比英国其他主要语言有超过一半的人在地球上。怎样做才能给他们更多的国际机构的影响力？
早在1919年，美国总统伍德罗威尔逊管理有凡尔赛，结束德国和盟军的第一次世界大战以英文书写，
以及法国，条约。自那时以来，英国已采取外交的根源，并逐步在经济关系和媒体。现在看来，语言设置有一个作为全球交流媒介的垄断地位。
随着21世纪开始，加快经济全球化不断手与越来越多地使用英语的手。越来越多的人被鼓励使用或发送邮件英语，而不是他们自己的语言。很多人不介意。他们认为，作为对全球统一的必然趋势这部分的一种手段，使有越来越多的人可以互相沟通，直接。
从这个角度来看，英国的传播可能被看作是一个积极的发展，使节约资源和文化的交流更加容易。毕竟，这可以说，英语进步的目的不是扼杀了当地的语言，而只是达成一个更广泛的受众的手段。
或许。不过，接受，作为硬道理忽视个人自由和政治权力的根深蒂固的关系，与语言，社会和经济机制的基础，在每一个社会人与群体之间关系的文化和社区。通过一个人使他或她能够使用最有用的一种或几种语言的标记。，经过几代人，最有用的语言消除了别人。
文化帝国主义是更加微妙比经济帝国主义，它本身不太明显可见的不是政治和军事帝国主义的暴行是显而易见的，容易谴责。这将是错误的说英语的世界霸权，是故意的东西组织和支持的盎格鲁撒克逊的权力，在政治措施或其跨国公司对世界经济的渗透狼狈为奸。“语言的战争”，过去很少被视为一场战争，并没有任何地方，被宣布。
在军事，外交，政治和经济大国的战略可以研究和批评，但语言上的战略似乎并不起眼的默许，甚至无辜的或不存在的。在过去一个世纪的历史，迫使许多权力，采取较为温和的态度，语言，但它教他们站出来的一种语言的统治？
很多年后，在阿拉伯联盟，其目前的22个会员国1945年成立以来2.50亿人，国家有共同语言遗产法国打破了设立联合政策的新基础。为了促进语言，经济和政治合作，他们建立了法国国际组织葡语国家，这（如英联邦）包含有超过500万居民，50多个国家。
自1991年以来，已有荷兰的会议，发言者代表8个或更多的大约4000万人的社区，以及伊比利亚美洲首脑会议，它每两年带来20多个国家（350万居民）在一起。突厥语首脑会议每两年举行了自1992年以来6个（120万人在欧洲，中亚和其他地方的小族群）的独立国家的代表。自1996年以来，葡萄牙语协会说汇聚了来自7个国家（200万人）的人的国家。
一些零星的抵抗
将互不协调的是世界上最广泛使用的语言是足以应付文化统一性的威胁性？也许并非如此，因为每一种语言都有自己的地理范围，它是在具有不同程度的使用权限。如果您添加了世界的十几位发言者最常用的语言，你拿出了超过3亿元的数字，人类的一半，这很容易超过了20亿人英语或多或少的官方语言（英联邦和美国）。通过协调一致的战略的支持下，这些重大的语言将一定能在国际机构的进展。
它不仅是世界主要语言的未来，在危险之中。进一步下降的规模为100多方言正式由政府或国家以下的地区，承认，如印度宪法的语言和俄罗斯民族的语言。这些语言都有自己的位置，并有权捍卫它。在规模底部挣扎的语言，有时内含多个人，少数民族，数千名社区或族裔的舌头。大多面临消亡的危险。他们讲大约300万人。
将未成年人的语言消亡，一些预测？是的，因为最好的方式扼杀了一个语言教另一个。垄断，大约100个国家的语言教育已不可避免地让语言，学校不讲授将局限于家庭和民间传说，并最终被赶出了培育文化环境。
语言谋杀或“linguicide”，无论是进行有意或无意，是对种族灭绝的基本工具中一向犯下的殖民和仍然是半政府不正式的目的人民deculturation，认识到他们本国少数民族的权利。由于当地语言越来越多地从教育系统之外，“linguicide”正在加快。
在21世纪的语言问题，提出了两个问题。如何才能被广泛使用民族语言或抵制英语侵蚀？又如何在濒临灭绝的危险少数民族语言保存和获得发展？
英语翻译练习(参考译文)
翻译练习（一） Businesses in all industrial countries are confronted with an increasingly diverse workforce, and must deal with the issues of diverse languages and cultures everyday. Interculturalcommunication is an important topic not just for international business but for domestic business as well. The question is what businesses need to do to build a team with common goals, which is not an easy task. 翻译练习（二） In the next 20 years, the Chinese government will devote itself to the overall construction of a moderately developed society, and to the continual implementation of the strategy of developing the country through science and education. It will give priority to the development of education, energetically exploit education and human resources, turn the burden of a large population into an advantage, heighten the national ideological and ethical standards as well as cultural and scientific qualities, and form a complete modern national education system. 翻译练习（三） West China is abundant in natural resources, fascinating in scenery and sparsein population, which makes it an ideal environment for investment. Large-scale development will have significant impact on China’s ongoing effort to shake off poverty. A prosperous and wealthy
海伦斯诺翻译译文 英译汉
The Impact of Mother to Helen Each individual is extremely grateful to mother’s tending and educating. The influence of mother is anywhere but subtle. Sometimes we are unaware of the influence on our attitudes and behaviors. Helen Foster Snow was deeply influenced by her mother, without whom it could be extremely difficult to understand Helen with her attitude towards various challenges and her great motivation and desire for making success. In her struggle for kindness, Helen had had experiences such as being brave to be the first, acting as heroic and fearless and daring to take risks. All above came from her mother’s influence when Helen was young. Hannah Davis Foster, mother of Helen, devoted all her life to public service and her affairs. To improve lives of women and children, Hannah forged ahead and worked very hard. She was once a teacher, a businesswoman and even led community work. Energetic and creative, Hannah always participated in service activities in community with Helen around her, working selflessly for the development of society. Although she was a women leader, Helen’s mother always did men’s work. For example, she build house herself. Before Helen was 15, she stayed with her mother and learned from her mother during the whole process of her growth and development. In the period that Helen was to be an adult, she absorbed her mother’s crave for accomplishing gracious undertakings and the awareness of serving for the others. Helen’s mother worked very hard all her life and always worked over times. She built parks and playgrounds for children. Also she established the system of tutorship and she hoped that children could grow healthily, becoming physically- strong, noble-thinking, good-attitude and normative-behavior. As Helen’s mother put it, it was of great importance to adhere to good values and take pleasure in helping others, which she instructed Helen in a methodical and patient way. Helen emphasized on good morals which was a proof that her mother indeed influenced her. If we compared Ha nnah’s life with Helen’s experience, we will find many similarities. In 4th July, 1910, seated in the float for woman suffrage, Hannah took part in the
学术英语 课文翻译
U8 A 1 在过去的30年里，作为一个专业的大提琴演奏家，我花了相当于整整20年时间在路上执行和学习音乐传统和文化。我的旅行使我相信在我们的全球化的世界中，文化传统来自于一个身份、社会稳定和富有同情心的互动的基本框架。 2 世界在快速改变，正如我们一定会创造不稳定的文化，让人质疑他们的地方。全球化使我们服从于别人的规则，这往往会威胁到个人的身份。这自然使我们紧张，因为这些规则要求我们改变传统习惯。所以如今全球领导者的关键问题是：如何使习惯和文化发展到融入更大的行星，同时不必牺牲鲜明特色和个人的骄傲？ 3 我的音乐旅程提醒了我，全球化带来的相互作用不只是摧毁文化；他们能够创造新的文化，生机，传播存在已久的传统。这不像生态“边缘效应”，它是用来描述两个不同的生态系统相遇发生了什么，例如，森林和草原。在这个接口，那里是最小密度和生命形式的最大的多样性，每种生物都可以从这两个生态系统的核心作画。有时最有趣的事情发生在边缘。在交叉口可以显示意想不到的连接。 4 文化是一个由世界每个角落的礼物组成的织物。发现世界的一种方式是例如通过深入挖掘其传统。例如音乐方面，在任何的大提琴演奏家的曲目的核心是由巴赫大提琴组曲。每个组件的核心是一个称为萨拉班德舞曲的舞蹈动作。这种舞蹈起源于北非的柏柏尔人的音乐，它是一个缓慢的、性感的舞蹈。它后来出现在西班牙，在那里被禁止，因为它被认为是下流的。西班牙人把它带到了美洲，也去了法国，在那里成为一个优雅的舞蹈。在1720年，巴赫公司的萨拉班德在他的大提琴组曲运动。今天，我扮演巴赫，一个巴黎裔美国人的中国血统的音乐家。所以谁真正拥有的萨拉班德？每一种文化都采用了音乐，使其具有特定的内涵，但每一种文化都必须共享所有权：它属于我们所有人。 5 1998年，我从丝绸之路发现在数千年来从地中海和太平洋许多文化间观念的流动。当丝绸之路合奏团执行，我们试图把世界上大部分集中在一个阶段。它的成员是一个名家的同等团体，大师的生活传统是欧洲、阿拉伯、阿塞拜疆、亚美尼亚、波斯、俄罗斯、中亚、印度、蒙古、中国、韩国或日本。他们都慷慨地分享他们的知识，并好奇和渴望学习其他形式的表达。 6 在过去的几年里，我们发现每一个传统都是成功的发明的结果。确保传统的生存的一个最好的方法是由有机进化，目前利用我们所有可用的工具。通过录音和电影；通过驻在博物馆、大学、设计学校和城市；通过表演从教室到体育场，合奏的音乐家，包括我自己，学习有用的技能。回到家中，我们和其他人分享这些技能，确保我们的传统在文化桌上有一席之地。 7 我们发现，在本国执行传统出口的是国外激励从业者。最重要的是，我们对彼此的音乐发展出了激情，并建立了相互尊重、友谊和信任的纽带，每一次我们都在舞台上这都是可触及的。这种欢乐的互动是为了一个理想的共同的更大的目标：我们始终能够通过友好的对话解决任何分歧。我们相互开放，我们形成一个桥进入陌生的传统，驱逐往往伴随着变化和错位的恐惧。换句话说，当我们扩大我们看世界的镜头的时候，我们更好地了解自己，自己的生活和文化。我们与我们的小星球的遥远的行星有更多的共同分享，而不是我们意识到的。 8 发现这些共同的文化是很重要的，但不只是为了艺术的缘故。所以我们的许多城市，不仅是伦敦，纽约，东京，现在即使甚至是中小城市正在经历着移民潮。我们将如何吸取同化有自己独特的习惯的人群？移民不可避免地会导致抵抗和冲突，就像过去一样？有什么关于德国的土耳其人口的阿尔巴尼亚人在意大利，北非人在西班牙和法国？文化繁荣的引擎可以帮助我们找出如何集合可以和平融合，同时不牺牲个性身份。这不是政治正确性。它是关于对人而言什么是珍贵的承认，和每一个文化已经给予我们世界的礼物。
毕业设计外文翻译附原文
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
【英语翻译】适用高三英语translation总共161句(有中文和译文)
A． 1. 宁静的乡村生活从来对我没有任何的吸引力。(Never，appeal) ----Never has the quite life of the countrypealed to me. (句型) 2. 他很快适应了新的工作环境，并着手开始保护濒危动物的工作。（adapt） ----He soon adapted himself to the new working conditions and set out to protect the animals in danger. 3. 他承认他对解决资金短缺问题的关键一无所知。（admit） ----He admitted that he knew nothing about the key to the problem of the shortage of fund. 4. 该鼓励学生将课堂上所学的知识运用到实践中去。(apply) ----Students should be encouraged to apply what we have learned in class to practice. 5. 几乎人人能享用电脑，这给我们的生活带来了方便。(access) ----Now almost everybody has access to computers, and this brings convenience to our lives. 6. 这些广告旨在吸引消费者购买商品。(appeal) ----These advertisements aim at appealing to customers to buy goods. 7. 各色阳伞给夏日的街头平添了活泼的气氛。(add to) ----Colourful umbrellas add to a lively atmosphere in the summer streets. 8. 他网球比赛输了，因为他不习惯与左撇子打球。(accustom) ----She was beaten in the tennis match for she was not accustomed to playing with the left-handers. 9. 彩灯与彩旗增添了节日的气氛。(add) ----The colourful lights and flags added to (= increased) the atmosphere of the festival. 10. 我们必须意识中国正在国际事务中起着越来越重要的作用。（aware） ----We must be aware that China is playing a more and more important role/part in the international affairs. 11. 如果你仔细检查的话，绝大部分拼写错误是可以避免的。（avoid） ----If you had checked it more carefully, most of the spelling mistakes could have been avoided. 12. 当你祝贺一个外国人获得成功时，你必须考虑到文化差异。（account n.）----When you want to congratulate a foreigner on his success, you must take the cultural difference into account. 13. 由于双方观点大相径庭，最终没有达成任何协议。（agreement） ----As the two parties hold totally different idea, they didn’t reach any agreement. 14. 如果你在这儿多呆一段时间，你会适应这儿的天气和饮食。（and） ----Stay here longer and you will adapt to the weather and food. 15.如果你仔细检查的话，绝大部分拼写错误是可以避免的。（avoid） ----If you had checked it more carefully, most of the spelling mistakes could have been avoided.. 16.一个人的童年所经历的一切往往对一生都会产生重大影响。（affect） ----What a person experienced in the childhood is likely to affect a person in his or her rest life. 17.由于大雾，从北京开往上海的火车晚点了2个多小时。（delay）
翻译译文
原文：Limbo 文/ [美]朗达?卢卡斯 By Rhonda Lucas My parents? divorce was final. The house had been sold and the day had come to move. Thirty years of the family?s life was now crammed into the garage. The two-by-fours that ran the length of the walls were the only uniformity among the clutter of boxes, furniture, and memories. All was frozen in limbo between the life just passed and the one to come. The sunlight pushing its way through the window splattered against a barricade of boxes. Like a fluorescent river, it streamed down the sides and flooded the cracks of the cold, cement floor. I stood in the doorway between the house and garage and wondered if the sunlight would ever again penetrate the memories packed inside those boxes. For an instant, the cardboard boxes appeared as tombstones, monuments to those memories. The furnace in the corner, with its huge tubular fingers reaching out and disappearing into the wall, was unaware of the futility of trying to warm the empty house. The rhythmical whir of its effort hummed the elegy for the memories boxed in front of me. I closed the door, sat down on the step, and listened reverently. The feeling of loss transformed the bad memories into not-so-bad, the not-so-bad memories into good, and committed the good ones to my mind. Still, I felt as vacant as the house inside. A workbench to my right stood disgustingly empty. Not so much as a nail had been left behind. I noticed, for the first time, what a dull, lifeless green it was. Lacking the disarray of tools that used to cover it, now it seemed as out of place as a bathtub in the kitchen. In fact, as I scanned the room, the only things that did seem to belong were the cobwebs in the corners. A group of boxes had been set aside from the others and stacked in front of the workbench. Scrawled like graffiti on the walls of dilapidated buildings were the words “Salvation Army.” Those words caught my eyes as effectively as a flashing neon sign. They reeked of irony. “Salvation - was a bit too late for this family,” I mumbled sarcastically to myself. The houseful of furniture that had once been so carefully chosen to complement and blend with the color schemes of the various rooms was indiscriminately crammed together against a single wall. The uncoordinated colors combined in turmoil and lashed out in the greyness of the room. I suddenly became aware of the coldness of the garage, but I didn?t want to go bac k inside the house, so I made my way through the boxes to the couch. I cleared a space to lie down and curled
学术英语综合Unit9-译文
第九单元医学 Text A 谁还需要医生？在变化的时代洪流中与时俱进 费格斯?沙纳汉所有的一切都早经由前人说过，但是没有人听，于是我们不得不总是返回起点，从头开始。 ——安德烈?纪德 通常情况下，医生大都具备适应变化的能力。但随着变化的脚步逐渐加快，他们会不断面临挑战，所担任的角色也会遭到不少质疑。尽管医学界在医药方面已经取得了不少成就，但是现代社会对医疗职业却存有的越来越多的疑问；尽管与之前相比，人们变得越来越健康，但是健康仍旧是人们所关注的热门话题。因此，随着人们对医疗职业的职业满意度越来越低，替代医学逐渐兴起。美国的新 闻杂志借由其封面大声喊出，“谁还需要医生啊？”，而很多医学杂志的评论标题也充斥着负面的情绪：“不高兴的医生”；“现代医学一成不变”；“医学作为一种艺术的失败”；以及“医生会有未来吗？”而这种情绪也在皇家医师学会的报道中有所体现，他们报道的对象正是在变化大潮中不断变化的医生角色。报道中出现了一些对医生不利的词语与表达：“医疗职业……处于劣势”；“心神不安”；“很多医生看起来都不快乐”；“医生……过时了”以及“医生的角色需要清晰的解释”。因此， 人们呼吁医生们在塑造未来的过程中能够担当起更加积极的角色。对医疗行业来说，明智之举就是培养更多的领导能力，重点关注如何能使人们保持健康的状态，以巩固医疗行业对社会福利的影响。但是目前，医疗行业存在的最大挑战将会是 在“伙伴关系”方面，也就是医生和病人之间的关系——医患关系。 十多年前有社论观点做出预测称，正是超级专业化，分子医学以及冠以“循证”的一切这些因素促进了医疗行业的变化，而最彻底的变化是在医患关系方面。 这种关系错综复杂，容易受到社会潮流的影响。而过去的分析倾向于侧重医生们如何确诊疾病，而当前难以捉摸的诊断已经很少见了。而对于病人来说，医患关系的好坏结果也取决于医生的职业福利，因此这方面需要获得人们的关注。随着世界变化日新月异，人们的职业也应在变化的大潮中面对挑战，做出相应的回应，所以医生个人需要与时俱进，并且要思考如何能够信心十足地面对挑战，并且享 受挑战。这里并不是指通过某些“熟能生巧”来提高工作技能或者委托给继续医学 教育进行新的资格认证就能达到的。这里关乎的是医学态度与医学方法。 医生终将会适应经济，社会以及人口学的潮流，但是在面对未来科学技术的进步时，有些人仍会遭遇挑战，或者无法跟上科技进步的脚步。上文提到的现代医学所感受到的不安与焦虑中，究竟有多少是来自信息技术对医患关系产生的影
毕业设计英文翻译
使用高级分析法的钢框架创新设计 1．导言 在美国，钢结构设计方法包括允许应力设计法(ASD)，塑性设计法(PD)和荷载阻力系数设计法(LRFD)。在允许应力设计中，应力计算基于一阶弹性分析，而几何非线性影响则隐含在细部设计方程中。在塑性设计中，结构分析中使用的是一阶塑性铰分析。塑性设计使整个结构体系的弹性力重新分配。尽管几何非线性和逐步高产效应并不在塑性设计之中，但它们近似细部设计方程。在荷载和阻力系数设计中，含放大系数的一阶弹性分析或单纯的二阶弹性分析被用于几何非线性分析，而梁柱的极限强度隐藏在互动设计方程。所有三个设计方法需要独立进行检查，包括系数K计算。在下面，对荷载抗力系数设计法的特点进行了简要介绍。 结构系统内的内力及稳定性和它的构件是相关的，但目前美国钢结构协会（AISC）的荷载抗力系数规范把这种分开来处理的。在目前的实际应用中，结构体系和它构件的相互影响反映在有效长度这一因素上。这一点在社会科学研究技术备忘录第五录摘录中有描述。 尽管结构最大内力和构件最大内力是相互依存的（但不一定共存），应当承认，严格考虑这种相互依存关系，很多结构是不实际的。与此同时，众所周知当遇到复杂框架设计中试图在柱设计时自动弥补整个结构的不稳定（例如通过调整柱的有效长度）是很困难的。因此，社会科学研究委员会建议在实际设计中，这两方面应单独考虑单独构件的稳定性和结构的基础及结构整体稳定性。图28.1就是这种方法的间接分析和设计方法。
在目前的美国钢结构协会荷载抗力系数规范中，分析结构体系的方法是一阶弹性分析或二阶弹性分析。在使用一阶弹性分析时，考虑到二阶效果，一阶力矩都是由B1,B2系数放大。在规范中，所有细部都是从结构体系中独立出来，他们通过细部内力曲线和规范给出的那些隐含二阶效应，非弹性，残余应力和挠度的相互作用设计的。理论解答和实验性数据的拟合曲线得到了柱曲线和梁曲线，同时Kanchanalai发现的所谓“精确”塑性区解决方案的拟合曲线确定了梁柱相互作用方程。 为了证明单个细部内力对整个结构体系的影响，使用了有效长度系数，如图28.2所示。有效长度方法为框架结构提供了一个良好的设计。然而，有效长度方法的
英语翻译专业必翻经典文章英文原文参考译文
文档简介 一，英语翻译经典文章之英文原稿二，中文翻译：这篇英语文章的最好翻译版本！不是俺说的，是俺老师说哒！！ 英文原稿Brian It seems my only request (“please, let me sleep”) is not clear enough, so I made this simple table that can help you when you’re in doubt. Especially during the night
中文翻译小子： 我只想好好地睡觉，你不明白吗？！所以，我做了这个简表。当你不知道怎么办时，特 别是在晚上的时候，你可以看看它。 具体情况行动指南 1，我正在睡觉禁止进入 2，你不确定我是否睡觉，你想搞清楚管你“鸟”事；禁止进入 3，你嗑了药，想奔向我的床你他妈的滚远点 4，你在youtube上看了一个超赞的视频，禁止进入；在脸书上把链接发给我想让我看看 5，就算第三次世界大战开始了管我屁事，他妈的别进来 6，你和你的基友们想和我“玩玩”抱歉，直男一枚。不要碰我的任何东西，门都别碰 7，你想整理我的房间我谢谢你了！我自己会打扫 8，普京宣布同性婚姻合法化终于等到“它”！还好你没放弃！还是不要来我房里！ 9，我不在家进我房间，想都别想 10，白天，我在家。你敲了门，我说“请进” 你可以进来了 福利放送！！
如果你已经看到了这里，那么说明你应该是英文爱好者哦。 下面有一些非常实用，我精心整理的英文资料，你一定用得到！快去看看吧！ 一，最常用英语翻译政治文体句型总结大全完美版 二，英文合同翻译最常用句型总结专业版 三，英语毕业论文提纲模板优秀完整详细无敌版
研究生学术英语翻译
Deciding on a topic 决定一个主题 As a college student of science and technology,you are often required to write a literature review about a certain topic,or a 1500-word term paper.In either case,the writing is a complex process which involves choosing a topic,searching for relevant materials,and compiling a reference list.Hence the first thing you need to do is to choose a research topic. 作为一个研究科学技术学生，你通常需要写一个关于某一主题的文献综述，或一个1500字的论文。不管是哪种，写作都是一个复杂的过程，涉及选题，查找资料，编写参考清单。因此，你首先需要做的是选择一个研究课题。 A topic is what the essay or research paper is about.Choosing a topic for your literature review or research paper requires careful consideration.A topic that is too specialized or the general may bring many problems in terms of the time you can devote to the research or the sources of information available on the topic.How do you choose a topic which is possible to research?There are four principles: 主题就是文章或研究论文是与什么有关的。为你的文献综述或研究论文选择一个主题需要仔细考虑。一个太专业或太宽泛的主题可能带来的诸多问题，影响你花费在研究或与主题相关的信息资源上的时间。你怎么选择一种可能的研究课题？有四个原则： 1)Interesting.If a topic holds your interest,you will most likely working on it.However,you should also be aware of the interest of your readers.For example,if your readers are from different disciplines or academic backgrounds,your topic should not be too specific. 1)有趣.如果一个话题引起了你的兴趣，你将很有可能在它上工作.但是，你也应该知道你的读者的兴趣.例如，如果你的读者是来自不同的学科或学术背景的，你的主题不应该太具体。 2)Important.You also have to consider the value of the topic you are likely to choose,both academic and social.And essay without practical or theoretical value will probably not attract readers. 2)重要.你也需要考虑你可能选择的课题研究的价值,包括学术的和社会的。没有实践或理论价值的论文可能不会吸引读者。 3)Manageable.Narrow down your topic to make your paper manageable.For example,if you want to discuss the history of a disease,it may not be possible for you to cover all the important ideas in a 1500-word essay. 3)可控的.缩小你的主题，使你的论文易于管理。例如，如果你想讨论一种疾病的历史，你或许不可能用一篇1500字的文章来涵盖所有重要的想法。 4)Adequate.You have to ask the question:Can the topic I have chosen be researched?One criterion is that you mast make sure that there are adequate source materials available on the topic.Avoid a topic that has very limited information about it,for it is difficult to carry out your research without previous studies. 4）足够的。你必须问这个问题：我选择的话题能被研究吗？一个标准是，你必须确保这个主题有足够的可用的源材料，避免一个仅有非常有限的信息得主题，因为没有以前的研究，你是很难进行你的研究的。 Formulating a research question 制定一个研究问题
英文翻译译文
Macroeconomics 1、 2、
3、
4、Abby consumes only apples. In year 1, red apples cost 1 dollar each, green apples cost 2 dollar each, and Abby buys 10 red apples. In year 2, red apples cost 2 dollar, green apples cost 1 dollar, and Abby buys 10 green apples. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d72892641.html,pute a consumer price index for apples for each year. Assume that year 1is the base year in which the consumer basket is fixed. How does your index change from year 1 to year 2? https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d72892641.html,pute Abby’s nominal spending on apples in each year. How doe s it change from year 1 to year 2? https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d72892641.html,ing year 1 as the base year, compute Abby’s real spending on apples in each year. How does it change from year 1 to year 2? d.Defining the implicit price deflator as nominal spending divided by real spending, compute the deflator for each year. How does the deflator change from year 1 to year 2? Suppose that Abby is equally happy eating red or green apples. How much has the true cost of living increased for Abby? Compare this answer to your answers to parts (a) and (d). What does this example tell you about Laspeyres and Paasche price indexes? a. According to the CPI(消費物價指數), prices have doubled. b. N-spending is the total value of output produced in each year. In Y1 and Y2, Abby buys 10 apples for $1 each, so her N-spending remains constant at $10. c. R-spending is the total value of output produced in each year valued at the prices prevailing in Y1.In
学术英语翻译
Conveying of most building concrete from the mixture or truck to the form is done in bottom-dump buckets or by pumping through steel pipelines.（大多数建筑混凝土从散沙到塑性是通过底部卸料的吊斗或钢管泵运输的）The chief danger during conveying is that of segregation. （运输中的主要危险是隔离问题）The individual components of concrete tend to segregate because of their dissimilarity.（由于混凝土的成分不同，所以要分离它们）In overly wet concrete standing in containers or forms, the heavier gravel components tend to settle, and the lighter materials, particularly water, tend to rise. Lateral movement , such as flow within the forms, tends to separate the coarse gravel from the finer components of the mix.（处于容器或模型中的过度潮湿的混凝土，其中较重的砾石组分应该沉降，较轻的材料特别是水应该升高。横向运动，例如形式内的流动，应该将粗砂砾与混合物的较细组分分开。）The danger of segregation has caused the discarding of some previously common means of conveying, such as chutes and conveyor belts, in favor of methods which minimize this tendency.（由于分离存在的危险，像是溜槽和传送带这样以前常用的运输方法已经被淘汰了，而采用最小化这种趋势的方法） 大多数建筑混凝土从搅拌机或卡车到模板内的输送是由底部卸料吊斗或由泵通过钢管完成的。输送中的主要危险是骨料离析。由于混凝土的成分的互异性所以容易发生离析。处于容器或模型中的过渡潮湿的混凝土，其中较重的砾石组分易于沉降，较轻的材料特别是水容易上浮。横向运动，例如模具内的流动容易将粗砂砾与混合物的较细成分分开。离析的风险使得人们废弃了之前经常采用的输送方式例如溜槽和传送带而采用使离析风险最小的方法。 Placing and Compacting of Concrete Placing is the process of transferring the fresh concrete from the conveying device to is final place in the forms. Prior to placing, loose rust must be removed from reinforcement, forms must be cleaned, and hardened surfaces of previous concrete lifts must be cleaned and treated appropriately. Placing and compacting are critical in their effect on the final quality of the concrete. Proper placement must avoid segregation, displacement of forms or of the reinforcement in the forms, and poor bond between successive layers of concrete. Immediately upon placing, the concrete should be compacted by means of hand tools or vibrators. Such compacting prevents honeycombing, assures close contact with forms and reinforcement, and serves as a partial remedy to possible prior segregation. Compacting is achieved by hand tamping with a variety of special tools, but now more commonly and successfully with high frequency, power-driven vibrators. These are of the internal type, immersed in the concrete, or of the external type, attached to the forms. The former are preferable but must be supplemented by the latter where narrow forms or other obstacles make immersion impossible. 浇筑是将新拌好的混凝土通过输送装置输送到其在模具中的最终位置的过程。在浇筑之前，必须清除钢筋上的浮锈，清洁模具，对于以前的混凝土吊车的硬化表层也必须进行适当的处理和清洁。浇筑和捣实对混凝土的最终质量有重要的影响。正确的浇筑必须避免离析，模具或模具内钢筋的位移以及相继浇筑的混凝土层之间的不牢固粘接。浇筑后应立即用手工工具或振捣器将混凝土捣实。捣实是为了防止变成蜂窝状，确保混凝土与模具和钢筋紧密接触，也是对之前可能产生离析的一个部分补救。捣实以前是使用各种特殊工具手动夯实来实现的，而现在更普遍和成功地采用高频率的电动振捣器来完成。浸入混凝土中的是内部形式，附着在模具上的是外部形式。前者是更期望的但是由于狭窄的部分或其他障碍物不可能浸没，所以后者肯定存在。