新媒体外文文献翻译2014年译文3700字

文献出处：Jones Robert, The origin and development of new media [J]. International Review of Business, 2014, 7(2): 157-169.

（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。）

原文

The origin and development of new media

Jones Robert

Abstract

The concept of new media is distinguished from the mass media. New media research fields regards it as a new research field which is different with the mass media. Academic researches on new media follow the path of mass communication research in later development in the process of becoming the new force of original communication research paradigm shift.

Key words: New media; Mass communication

1 Introduction

In the current communication field, the concept of "new media", is well known. The concept of scientific and new media research would be able to form independent, academia or opinions vary, unable to agree. Many new media researchers just coping with new media technology emerge in endlessly, and for the scientific nature of the new media and new media itself is the lack of attention.

2 How to understand new media

In 2000, the international academia about the mainstream of the new media research journal "new media and social issue one year discovers language wrote:" we recognize that the new media is the concept of a relatively vulnerable, but it points out the focus on technology, media, are intertwined with social life affect the importance of the potential for change." Although the "new media" is a relative concept, but it has some common into the culvert. For example, the government set woven (NGO) this

concept, is literally a negative there is no clear concept, referring to the originally used by the media, but when everyone to use this concept, it has specific connotation. At present, the understanding of the new media generally there are two different perspectives.

2.1The longitudinal historical perspective

In May of 2008, the international communication association conference prelude to held in Montreal, with "of the long history of the New media: in context of contemporary and future development" the topic of the issue of five points: (1) the discussion of "the Old and New media (Media History Old & New)", and more New media and has a long history of media;(2) "history compilation and New media (Historiography & New)", to reflect on New media research history -- how we understand the terminology used in the New media, we need to do our what changes in the existing ideology;(3) "culture, the meaning and Codes (Cultures, Meanings & Codes)", the new concept of media and cultural implications and the relationship between the excavated in a large amount has not been the history of new media;(4) "system, group, weave and network (Institutions, Organizations & Networks)", focus on new media history developing latent in the invention and use of the structural factors behind the media;(5) "books written History of new media (Doing NewMedia History)", think about how to write new media History.

The emphasis on the longitudinal historical perspective, the reason has the following three points: (1) the concept of "new media" itself is timeliness, but the media with history phase reference is the so-called "new media".(2) as a "new media" in the field of research is in the specific historical context, especially at a particular stage of medium development history, its connotation and denotation of relative stability. Can be seen from the foreign literature, 70 s ~ 80 s of the 20th century, this concept is used to refer to cannot be incorporated into new media phenomenon of traditional mass communication category. Before this, new media, there is no clear, (3) the research involves the evolution of media and new media revolution or theology and mutation. Only with longitudinal historical perspective, can grasp new media phenomenon and its implications.

2.2 The horizontal Angle of view

From the perspective of the history of media of longitudinal, new media is relative, and in a specific historical period, new media is a concept of time. Within a certain period of time, the connotation of the new media should have a relatively stable. such as more detailed instructions, gives a definition of new media based on digital technology and Internet technology, new media form of new technologies such as mobile communication technology, hardware and software and information service mode, such as Internet TV, mobile TV, mobile TV, virtual communities, blogs, podcasts, search engines, such as simple polymerization (RSS).

Abroad can be roughly divided into two categories: the definition of a class definition focuses on media form and the technical characteristics of the new media.For example, Bohr defines new communication technologies For the time of the "big about 25 kinds of transmission equipment hereinafter referred to as";(Ron Rice) emphasizes two-way transmission ability of computer and telecommunication technologies, new media is defined as such transmission technology - "contains computing power (or host) microprocessor, can allow or promote the interaction between users or between the user and information".(2) another definition is the technology in the study of the influence of the formation of the "social", think that the understanding of new media to transcend to the media attention, in the form of technology study of media technology and human behavior and the interaction of social structure. Steve Jones wrote in the introduction to the new media encyclopedia: "in the definition of new media, the only perfect undoubtedly comes from the comprehensive understanding of history, technology and society". In the new media handbook, a version of the preface, the editors put forward a framework to understand new media, think new media means transmission technology and its related social scene, which includes the following several aspects: "extending our transmission capacity equipment; using these devices for the spread of activities and practices; around the above equipment and practice form of social organization and practice. Today the cultural meaning of the new media also gradually attention by researchers,

this framework gradually became plump perfect. Both the class definition is the product of new media research in different periods, the two complement each other. The first type definition to describe the technical characteristics of the new media, is basic to an understanding of the rich connotation of new media, new media also made clear a period to study media objects; the second definition based on this, understand the media framework is given and the general direction.

At the same time, the understanding of "new media" critical question is: where is the new media "new"? It is also a new media researchers abroad had a warm discussion questions. Barr and Merry put forward in the "new media" : "new" refers to the media for the first time in the form itself, or the media shape caused by the social, legal, political, economic and cultural communication of the new changes? This "new" refers to the engineering and technical personnel as the "new", or ordinary people to understand the "new"?" New" refers to the new extension of the original media transmission ability, or fundamental change or even completely replace?" New media" as a concept connotation is rich of polymerization, referred to in the study of diversity and complexity of the make we cannot simply answer the above questions, but in the concrete research inevitably have to face it.

3 New media is derived

As we know, the new media in the 20th century, 60 ~ 70 s gradually has its relatively fixed referred to. Here, we will be in the origin of the development of new media in the media to examine its specific historical connotation. The long history of human media is full of evolution and revolution of alternating, like a long river slowly has rapids. Our age is a medium of change. In the second half of the 19th century as a starting point to comb through the medium of change is a relatively reasonable choice. In the history of human communication, should occupy the important position in the second half of the 19th century, the telegraph, telephone, the phonograph, the motion and other important communication technologies. In 1836, Morse developed the famous Morse code, and the next year to develop the world's first transfer of "dot" and "stroke" symbol machine, named "telegraph". The invention of the telegraph is first

applied in electric power remote communication, constitute the cornerstone of modern communication, since then, the rapid development of "transmission line lightning", formed the huge communications network. Since that time, almost one and a half centuries "every 25 years is an important stage", such as cable of around 1850, 1850 and 1880 of the telephone, the transmission of electromagnetic waves around 1900, 1920 and 1930, the radio broadcasting and television from 1950 to 1960, the last is starting in the 70 s of the new media.70 s ~ 80 s, the first is called the new media, cable television, communications, video recorders, selective satellite receiving equipment and budding computer intermediary spread, etc. Communication scholars noticed that these cannot be incorporated into mass communication studied within the framework of the media. The communication equipment and its spread phenomenon shows its characteristics different from the traditional mass media, such as different from the focus of the linear one-way transmission, interactivity, etc. We want to computer intermediary spread, for example, the computer intermediary spread than other new media interactive stronger at that time, and is closely related to today's new media forms. Early cause is the main focus of the research institutions (such as university of rich set of aggregation concept, referred to in the study of diversity and complexity of the make we cannot simply answer the above questions, but in specific studies inevitably have to face it.

4 The formation of new media research field

New media studies in the past 30 years gradually formed an independent field of study, as opposed to the traditional mass media field, at the same time with the traditional research of cross, the continuation and inheritance, and with the public social transition process related to the differentiation of the information society.The 80 s to the 1970 s and early '90 s, there emerge some famous scholars, who have a great influence on new media research: author of post-industrial society, Daniel bell, for the first time put forward the concept of "information industry" civilized form historians may visit loyal husband, author of technological society, Jacques YiLvEr, author of

control revolution, bonitos and puts forward the concept of "knowledge industry" fritz mach up and others.

In general, the research achievements of these early focus on elucidating the macro level, the lack of specific empirical research, in 1970, Herbert - Scott ham report social impact of communication technology as an example, the author in the opening picture is pointed out that at present about the impact of communication technology in the future social discourse should be understood as a guess, and put forward to public policy makers and the possible problems. It is worth mentioning that continues today and is closely related to today's new media studies computer intermediary spread, because do not conform to the interpersonal communication, mass communication, the distinction between didn't first get all the attention in the field of communication, but was concerned by other disciplines, such as social psychology, political science, sociology, pedagogy, management, information science, library science, etc. Many of their discovery could help to the understanding of the communication field of computer intermediary.(j. Short) such as straw, for example, in 1970, British scholar of transmission research team, from the perspective of psychology to experimental method was developed for the determination of subjects with different media "telepresence" society, at the same time in "the social psychology of telecommunications transmission," said teleconferencing systems can be made by the "social telepresence" (social presence) to evaluate, the so-called "social face theory" are put forward. Similarly, Future research of California (Institute for the Future) of rob (Robert Johansen) and his colleagues put forward the concept of "remote sensing" (talked).Overall, the early computer intermediary spread attention is a personal, interpersonal and communication within the organization, on a personal level focus on how the person's psychology, attitudes, behavior is affected by the computer mediation; In organizational communication level basic task oriented, such as effective decision-making in the community, improve the work efficiency, etc.

In 1984, Ronald (Ronaid e. Rice) et al., editor of The new media, Communication, Research and technology "(The NewMedia: Communication, Research, and Technology) published a book.' in the preface the author points out: the intent of the

book is to remind the communication researchers, namely, micro processing technology, emerging technologies such as cable TV, satellite communication research is of great significance for communication studies. The selected papers in the book are mostly in traditional media effects research path, computer, telecom meeting how to affect the social structure and relationships. In 1986, Rogers, e. m. Rogers) in his book "the new Media transmission Technology: social" (Communication Technology: The New Media in Society) book, introduction to the use of new Communication technologies and history, to explore the interactive new Media to individuals, organizations and social life have put forward the basic problem. In 1988, another new media Research book "Research method and the new media" (Research, the Methods and the New Media) published, the content involves the particularity of new media Research, problems and solutions, and new media Research demands for the path of innovation theory and new research ethics.

译文

新媒体的起源与发展

罗伯特·琼斯

摘要

新媒体是与大众媒体相区别的概念; 新媒体研究领域作为与大众传播研究相区别的领域而出现。学术界对新媒体研究遵循大众传播研究的路径，在后来的发展过程中逐渐成为引发原有传播学研究范式转变的新生力量。

关键词: 新媒体；大众传播

1引言

在当下的传播学研究领域，“新媒体”的概念，已广为人知。这一概念的科学性以及新媒体研究是否能够形成独立领域，学术界还是众说纷纭，莫衷一是。

许多新媒体研究者只是忙于应对层出不穷的新媒体技术现象，而对新媒体的科学性和新媒体本身则缺少关注。

2如何理解新媒体

2000 年，国际学术界在关于新媒体研究的主流期刊《新媒体与社会》发刊一周年卷首语中写道:“我们承认新媒体是一个相对易受攻击的概念，但是它点出了关注技术、媒体、社会生活相互交织影响所带来的变革的重要性。”虽然“新媒体”是一个相对性的概念，但是它有其约定俗成的内涵。例如，非政府组织(NGO)这一概念，从字面上看是一个否定性的没有明确所指的概念，最初由媒体使用，但是当大家都来使用这个概念时，它便有了特定的内涵。目前，对新媒体的理解大致有两种不同的视角。

2.1 纵向历史视角

2008 年5 月，国际传播协会年会预备会在蒙特利尔举行，以“新媒体的漫长历史:置于情境中的当代和未来发展”为题进行了5个分议题的讨论:(1)“新旧媒体历史(MediaHistory Old ＆New) ”，比较新媒体与有悠久历史的媒体; ( 2) “历史编纂与新媒体(Historiography ＆the New)”，反思新媒体历史研究———我们如何理解用于新媒体的术语，我们要在已有思想体系中作哪些改变;(3)“文化、意义与符码(Cultures，Meanings ＆Codes)”，从新媒体与文化意涵和观念间的关系中发掘大量未被讲述的新媒体历史;(4)“制度、组织与网络( Institutions，Organizations ＆Networks)”，关注新媒体历史发展中潜隐于媒体发明与使用背后的结构性因素; (5) “书写新媒体历史( Doing NewMedia History)”，思考应该如何书写新媒体历史。

之所以强调纵向历史的视角，原因有以下三点:(1) “新媒体”本身是时间性的概念，惟有与历史媒体相参照才有所谓“新媒体”。(2)作为一个研究领域的“新媒体”是在特定历史语境中，尤其是在媒介发展史的特定阶段，获得其相对稳定的内涵和外延。从国外相关文献可以看出，20 世纪70 ～80 年代，这一概念被用来指称无法纳入传统大众传播范畴的新媒体现象。在此之前，新媒体并无明确的所指，(3)新媒体研究涉及媒体的演进与革命或者渐变与突变。惟有以纵向历史视角，才能把握住新的媒体现象及其意涵。（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。）

中英文文献翻译

毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日

Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system

英文文献翻译

中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。

科技外文文献译文

流动的：一个快速的，多平台的开放源码的同步化多媒体整合语言唱机Dick C.A. Bulterman, Jack Jansen, Kleanthis Kleanthous, Kees Blom and Daniel Benden CWI: Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica Kruislaan 413 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands +31 20 592 43 00 Dick.Bulterman@cwi.nl 摘要： 本文概述了一个出现在早期的流动性的同步化多媒体唱机。不同于其它同步化的实现，早期的播放器是一个可重组的同步化引擎，可以定制作为一个实验媒体播放器的核心。同步化唱机是一个引用了同步化多媒体引擎并可以集成在一个广泛的媒体播放器的项目。本文是以我们要创造一个新的同步化引擎为动机的综述开始的。然后论述的是早期媒体播放器的核心架构（包括可扩展性，播放器自定义的集成装置）。我们以一个关于我们在windows，Mac，Linux版本应用于台式机以及PDA设备上实施流动性例子的体验的讨论结束。 类别和主题描述符： H.5.2 多媒体的信息系统。 H.5.4 超级文本/超级媒体。 一般词汇： 试验，性能，验证。 关键词： 同步化多媒体整合语言，唱机，公开源代码，演示。 1.动机： 早期公开的同步化媒体播放器是一个非常有特色的公开源代码的同步化 2.0播放器，它以研究团体的意图被使用（在我们的研究团体内外）目的是为了研究项目的团体在需要源代码的时候可以访问生产特性的同步化播放器的网站。它也被用作一个独立的不需要专有的媒体格式的同步化播放器使用，播放器支持一系列同步化2.0配置文件（包括台式机和移动的配置）可以被分配利用在Linux，Macintosh，windows系统的台式机，PDA设备和掌上电脑。 同时现存的几个同步化播放器，包括网络视频播放软件,IE浏览器,小型同步化播放器, GRiNS ,X- GRiNS ，以及各种各样专有移动设备，我们发展流动性唱机有三个原因： 准许制作数字以及个人或者课堂使用中的的全部硬拷贝即时没有提供拷贝权限或者商业性的利益分摊，而且在第一页有这种拷贝的注意事项。服务器上有关于复制以及翻版的分发列表的通知。需要事先明确具体的许可权以及费用。 'MM’04, October 10-16, 2004, New Y ork, New Y ork, USA. Copyright 2004 ACM 1-58113-893-8/04/0010...$5.00. 现有的同步化播放器没有提供一个完整同步化2.0播放器的正确实现。早期的播放器所有的同步化工具，是以同步化2.0语言的属性为基础加上扩展功能能够支持高级的动画以及规范可移动设备以3GPP/PSS-6同步化使用. 所有的同步化播放器都是针对商业SMIL表达专有媒介。早期的播发器使用开源的媒体解码器和开源的网络传输协议,以便播放器可以轻松定制广泛的使用范围的研究计划。 我们的目标是建立一个鼓励发展类似的多媒体研究输出的平台,，我们期望的是一个标准的基线播放器的供给,其他研究人员和开发机构可以集中精力到基线播放器的集成扩展(从新媒体的解码器或新的网络控制算法任何一个中)。这些扩展可以在其它的平台上被共享。 在2004年中期，与螺旋形客户机对照，同时移动到一个GPL核心，早期的播放器支持一个广阔的范围的同步化应用指标构架，它提供了一个准确实现的更完整的同步化语言，它在低资源配置下提供了更好的性能，提供了更多可扩展的媒体播放器架构。它也提供了一个包含所有媒体解码作为部分开放的客户基础。

1外文文献翻译原文及译文汇总

华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日

红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。 1 绪论

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新媒体研究考试题

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毕业论文英文参考文献与译文

Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of

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https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d6514192.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world

英文文献及中文翻译

毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程

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变电站_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_变电站的综合概述

英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,

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户建立了关系。随着顾客上网历史的增加，企业可以提供给他们更多的产品信息并且在第一时间获得顾客的回复。通过这种方法，客户服务的成本可以降低；企业与客户的关系可以变得稳定；企业与客户之间可以建立更多的联系；企业与客户之间的沟通可以个性化。 基于格朗鲁斯的研究，他认为关系营销意味着企业通过发展、维护和提高与顾客的关系来达到企业的目的。越来越多的企业发展其吸引力来构建自己的形象以留住和吸引新的顾客。因此，一个企业的专业性和企业形象的构建对企业来说是很重要的。一个公司是否可以提供服务或产品以满足客户的需求影响着客户对企业的信任和忠诚度。 基于Web2.0大流行，大众媒体已经覆盖了许多拥有新颖、有趣故事的网站，吸引了更多的公众关注互联网。这些问题对因特网的常用用户来说都不是问题。因特网发展很迅速。近来微博服务供应商例如Facebook、Twitter和Plurk是新闻的热点话题，已经聚集了大量用户。根据市场研究公司的成员尼尔森最近的一份报告，在2008年二月到2009年二月间，Twitter是用户增长速度最快的一个社交网站（从475000个用户到17600000个用户）。它的绝对访客增长率在美国是1382%。在2009年五月，全国用户数量达到37300000，这是一个令人吃惊的数据。博客用户一直在讨论是否微博可以取代博客。因特网用户最关注的是微博是否可以缩短他们与朋友们之间的距离，是否可以帮助他们交到新朋友。然而，商人们最关注的是微博是否可以替代博客变为一个新的营销武器。 博客营销是指不仅让因特网用户变的亲密，也是指需要“可信的”网络发言人的赞语。博客成为值得信赖的网络发言人是由于他们长时间在某些话题上努力花费时间。通过写文章，他们在互联网用户的心中构建了“大师”的形象。结果，即使他们的一个“好”字也对有科技非常强大的影响力。这就是博客营销的有效性。博客的权利：检查实际操作者在博客上的使用对公共关系产生的影响。 对于微博，我们可以在Twitter上看到谷歌。在谷歌在Twitter上的账户建立后，立马就有16000个追随者。现在谷歌在Twitter上的追随者有1670000人。这意味着谷歌每在Twitter上发表一条新闻，1760000个人在下一秒将在互联网或手机短信上被通知。这种传播新闻的速度和范围是令人吃惊的。 再来说说戴尔，一个主要的国际电脑制造商，例如，通过微博的能力来提供信息，特别提供了可以通过短信迅速传递给所有微博用户信息的功能。因为价钱很合理，许多用户已经立即决定变成戴尔的追随者。并且戴尔继续提供给追随者们更多的第一手优惠券。结果，通过微博达到的总订单金额已经达到了新台币100000000元。通过微博，消息可以更加迅速地传递给互联网用户。然而，这并不意味着任何一种营销信息都可以通过微博随意