新概念大学英语

The term "corporate culture" refers to an organization's value system. Managerial philosophies, workplace practices, and organizational network are included in the concept of corporate culture. Tyson Food's corporate culture is reflected in the fact that everyone—even CEO Don Tyson—wears clothes of a yellowish brown colour on the job.

The leaders who developed the company and the corporate culture typically shape the corporate culture. One generation of employees pass on a corporate culture to newer employees. Sometimes this is part of formal training. New managers who attend McDonald's Hamburger University may learn skills in management, but they also pick up the basics of the organization's corporate culture. Employees can absorb corporate culture through informal contacts as well, by talking with other workers and through their experiences on the job.

Corporate culture has a major impact on the success of an organization. In organizations with strong cultures, everyone knows and supports the organizations' objectives. In those with weak cultures, no clear sense of purpose exists. In fact, the authors of the classic book In Search of Excellence concluded the presence of a strong corporate culture was the single common thread among many diverse but highly successful companies such as General Electric and McDonald's.

Management expert Peter Duckers feels that, rather than trying to change the existing culture, managers should focus on changing employees and corporate practices. For instance, change the reward system—or develop a new one—to recognize some effective new practices. When employees realize that the organization really does reward the new approach, they will adopt it much more quickly.

As you can imagine, changing a company's corporate culture can be very difficult. But some managers try to do just that when they feel the current culture is weak, or when the organization's objectives change and the old culture no longer fits. Sometimes they are obliged to change the corporate culture because the competitive situation of the company changes. For instance, electric utilities, which once had their profits guaranteed by public regulation, now face more competition than ever. Firms that were competing against other American companies now find themselves fighting competitors from overseas, too.

Whether one wants to change an organization culture or not, it is important to choose managers and employees whose personal styles fit the organization's goals.

1.According to the passage, corporate culture ________________.

A. is the cultural atmosphere in a company

B. is established by top leaders and can't be changed

C. involves the core values of a company

D. has little influence on the performance of a company

2.In McDonald's Hamburger University, new managers ________________.

A. learn the company's corporate culture at length

B. are only interested in learning management skills

C. learn all the necessary skills and practices of the company

D. have chances to know about the company's corporate culture

3.If an organization has a strong corporate culture, ________________.

A. it can be sure of achieving great success

B. it will be as successful as General Electric and McDonald's

C. its staff tend to work for a common goal

D. it may have a strong influence on the market

4.One reason why some managers try to change a company's corporate culture is that

________________.

A. the existing corporate culture is very strong

B. the company is facing a lot of competition

C. they try to adapt the corporate culture to new situations

D. they are not so conservative as the old generation

5.What is the writer's purpose in writing this article?

A. To give readers some factual information about corporate culture.

B. To criticize managers who try to change the existing corporate culture of their companies.

C. To argue against Peter Duckers' opinion.

D. To promote the corporate culture of successful companies.

Questions 6 to 10 are based on the same passage.

I just returned from speaking to hospitality executives in Oslo and Amsterdam as part of my work as a communications coach. While preparing for the presentations, I asked the organizers about the biggest challenge facing hospitality managers in their countries. The answer was exactly what I hear from their US counterparts: motivating employees to offer exceptional customer service. The challenge is universal across countries and industries. Fortunately, so is the solution.

Motivation starts with employee engagement, and engagement begins with effective communication skills. In my presentation to hotel and travel executives, I quoted Jack Welch, former CEO of General Electric (GE) and

current Business Week columnist, who once said: "No company, large or small, can succeed over the long run without energized employees who believe in the mission and understand how to achieve it." Three key points in this quotation hold the secret to motivating employees: "energized employees," "believe," and "understand".

Successful companies have energetic employees. Nothing energizes employees more than public recognition and praise for their accomplishments. Praise fills emotional tanks, giving your team the fuel to perform to its peak potential. Not too long ago, a friend and her husband were treated to an all-expense-paid trip to Hawaii. She was one of the select few who made "President's Club" based on her high sales. She returned from the trip and started looking for a new job. Why? Her boss had failed to recognize her accomplishment publicly—first woman to make President's Club in the company's 18-year history. Yes, people want to be famous—especially in front of their peers.

Successful companies have employees who understand how to achieve success. The CEO of Dominos Pizza India, Ajay Kaul, says the company's mission must be simple enough to be understood by all 4,000 of his employees. Once it has been set, it's up to you to communicate constantly how well the company is performing against the objective. If you're genuine, passionate, and have a clear vision, it resonates (产生共鸣) with your employees and they will spare no efforts to accomplish the objective.

Don't confuse employee motivation with price of admission to compete as a successful company. A company has to meet basic expectations to motivate top talents. In the US, an employee expects two weeks vacation. In Europe, an employee expects five weeks. But while expectations might differ in countries and cultures, whether or not your own business will stand apart depends on the quality of your interaction with your employees and, in turn, how they engage with your customers.

6.From the first paragraph, we can learn that ________________.

A. European employees are not hospitable to clients

B. there is no easy way to solve the problem concerned

C. American employees are exceptional in offering customer service

D. hospitality managers in America and Europe are faced with the same problem

7.According to the second paragraph, which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. Jack Welch believed large companies would be more successful in the long run.

B. Jack Welch has retired from GE and is now writing a particular column.

C. The writer believes good communication will lead to strong staff motivation.

D. The writer quotes Jack Welch's words in that he strongly agrees on his viewpoint.

8. A good way to motivate an employee is to ________________.

A. treat him/her to expensive holidays

B. make him/her popular and fashionable

C. recognize his/her accomplishment in public

D. offer him/her the membership of "President's Club"

9.According to the text, in a successful company, ________________.

A. employees are all successful people

B. employees compete with each other for the objective

C. managers keep a close watch on the employees' performance

D. employees are well-informed of the company's objective and progress

10.What can we infer from the last paragraph?

A. Employees around the world have the same expectations.

B. Good communication with the staff is crucial to a company's success.

C. Customer recognition and loyalty will lead to stronger staff motivation.

D. A company can be sure of success if it meets the employees' basic needs.

Men and women use the Internet in entirely different ways, and

have distinct styles of writing emails, according to new research.

"There are pretty good odds at being able to guess the gender of

someone just by reading their email," said David Silver, an

assistant professor in the School of Communications at the

University of Washington. "Many studies have found that men using

email tend to supply answers or give a response that shuts down

the dialogue. Women are more prepared to open up the discussion.

They're also more prepared in a chatroom to say ‘I don't know.

What does everyone else think?'"

Male messages tend to be basic—confirming someone is right,

telling them they are wrong or offering solutions to problems.

Women tend to keep conversations going and ask more questions.

They aren't afraid to admit ignorance, or that they are wrong.

A study by Dr Susan Herring, a linguistic expert at Indiana University, has also shown that men tend to express strong opinions, disagree with others and use bad language, insults and sarcasms (讽刺). By contrast, women tend to use diplomatic language along with questions, offers, suggestions and polite expressions.

Silver said a huge change had occurred in global Internet use in the past few years as women find their place in a medium previously dominated by men. "Many women in the mid-90s were put off (对......失去兴趣) the Internet by slang," Silver said. "They would also go into chatrooms and get insulted very often. The old Intemet chatrooms were racist, biased against gays and often very sexist. There was a lot of abuse of women online. So women simply started their own chatrooms." Silver pointed to a series of studies into the differences between male and female behaviour online.

One study showed women were a lot less status-oriented in their use of the Internet. In one chatroom for academics, it was noticed that female undergraduates, graduates and faculty members all treated each other equally.

In the same chatroom, researchers noticed women were a lot quicker to share information, and happy to share booklists with colleagues.

The news comes as the gender balance in Internet use shifts towards women. In the UK, women have already accounted for about 60 per cent of those online by 2005. In the United States, the number is 51 per cent at that time.

11.According to David Silver, ________________.

A. it's always easy to identify someone by online chatting

B. men and women use emails in very different ways

C. people may get their identity stolen in writing emails

D. women don't have as much common sense as men do

12.What is the probable purpose of the study by Dr Susan

Herring?

A. To explore the different styles of language use online between men and women.

B. To arouse public attention to sexism online.

C. To illustrate the popularity of Internet use among women.

D. To criticize the widespreading dirty language online.

13.According to Silver, what's the new change in global Internet

use?

A. Male users have dominated the Internet.

B. Female users always get insulted on the Internet.

C. Internet chatrooms are full of racists and sexists.

D. There is an increasing number of female users.

14.Which of the following statements is true?

A. Female users online are more sensitive to status.

B. Female users online are more polite and friendly.

C. Male users are unwilling to express their opinions.

D. Male users are more ready to agree with others.

15.What is the subject matter of the passage?

A. The inequality between male and female Internet users.

B. The differences between male and female behaviour

online.

C. The great popularity of Internet use among men.

D. The potential risks involved in Internet use.

Questions 16 to 20 are based on the same passage.

One of the most successful, influential and beloved women in American history, Eleanor Roosevelt, once said that she had one regret: she wished she had been prettier. Who hasn't felt the same way? We are all too aware of our physical imperfections. To overcome them, we spend billions upon billions of dollars every year on cosmetics (化妆品), diet products, fashion, and plastic surgery (整容手术).

Why do we care so much about how we look? Because it matters.

Because beauty is powerful. Because even when we learn to value people mostly for being kind and wise and funny, we are still moved by beauty. No matter how much we argue against it or pretend to be immune, beauty exerts its power over us. There is simply no escape.

Aristotle said, "Beauty is a greater recommendation than any letter of introduction." It's not fair, but it's true. We simply treat beautiful people better than we do others. Attach a photograph of a beautiful author to an essay, and people will think it is more creatively and more intelligently written than exactly the same essay accompanied by the photo of a homely author.

As children, beautiful ones are more likely to become favourites with parents and teachers. Later, they're more likely to get good jobs and promotion. Beautiful lawyers get paid more than their less attractive colleagues. Good-looking criminals are more likely to win the sympathy of judges and juries. Attractive people in needs are more likely to receive help from strangers.

Our sensitivity to physical beauty is not something we can control at will. We are born with it. Experiments conducted by psychologist Judith H Langlois showed that even small infants prefer to look at attractive faces. Before they have met a single supermodel, before they have watched a single TV show, before they have opened up a single fashion magazine, they are drawn to the same faces which adults have judged to be attractive.

There are more important things in life than beauty. But as Etcoff says, "We have to understand beauty, or we will always be enslaved by it." If you aim to be wise and kind and funny, it doesn't mean that you can't also try your best to look beautiful. There's no reason to feel guilty about being moved by beauty's power. It moves us all.

16.According to the passage, Eleanor Roosevelt

________________.

A. was one of the most beautiful women in American history

B. was popular with American people in spite of her ugly

appearance

C. spent millions of dollars on plastic surgery

D. was interested in pursuing beauty just like others

17.It's not fair but it's true that ________________.

A. we value people for being kind and wise

B. we try every effort to make ourselves more attractive

C. we treat beautiful people better than others

D. we hold prejudice against beautiful authors

18.Which of the following best summarizes the fourth paragraph?

A. Beauty is misleading.

B. Beauty is powerful.

C. Beauty is everything.

D. Beauty is key to career success.

19.According to the passage, small babies ________________.

A. are immune to the influence of beauty

B. are sensitive to physical beauty

C. prefer attractive women to men

D. are keen on watching supermodels

20.What's the writer's probable purpose in writing the passage?

A. To criticize people's focus on appearance.

B. To promote the industry of cosmetics.

C. To warn people against the trap of beauty.

D. To present some facts about the power of beauty.

Questions 1 to 10 are based on the following passage.

A. opposed

B. converse

C. equally

D. written

E. developed

F. strategies

G. compared H. awake I. higher

J. expectations K. deal L. absolutely M. aware N. better O. further

Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text. The reader puts questions, as it were, to the text and gets answers. In the light of these, he

puts 1.

For most of the time, this "conversation" goes on below the level of consciousness. At times, however, we

become 2.

usually when we are running into difficulties, when mismatch

is occurring between 3.

meaning. When successful matching is being experienced, our question of the text continues at the unconscious level.

Different people 4.

text differently. Some stay very close to the words on the page; others take off imaginatively from the words, interpreting, criticizing, analyzing and examining. The former represents a kind of comprehension which

is 5.

represents 6.

comprehension. The balance between these is important, especially for advanced readers.

There is another conversation which from our point of view

is 7.

do not with what is read but with how it is read. We call this a "process" conversation

as 8.

conversation. It is concerned not with meaning but with

the 9.

If we are an advanced reader, our ability to hold a process conversation with a text is usually pretty

well 10.

hold a content conversation.

Questions 11 to 20 are based on the following passage.

A. presented

B. fine

C. narrow

D. involve

E. amazing

F. bottom

G. deception H. crammed I. engage

J. learning K. precious L. worrying

M. disappointed N. criterion O. disgusting

All this high level debate about education makes me dizzy,

and turns me off. So far as I can tell, both American and Soviet systems of education

work 11.

limitations. The 12.

the quantity of knowledge is too large to

be 13.

have to make choices, making it

either14.

perhaps both. You'll just have to be prepared

to 15.

learning.

I suspect the Soviet-style specialization came about for a

simple reason of economics: in old days in China, college

graduates were so 16.

the government would assign you a job after you graduated. In hind sight, it never

stopped 17.

18-year old could be convinced to devote his life to the

specialty of welding, or mechanics for that matter.

But my American students have kept telling me that they

are 18.

choices and they spend too much

time 19.

made the right choices. Relax. Nobody will really know if you make right or wrong choices. So long as you remain curious

enough to make choices, you'll be fine. We are all in this game

of 20.

like Michael Suo and dream about the ultimate method of learning

新概念英语青少版A教案

青少版新概念英语1a教案详解版 UNIT 1 Meet the family! Ⅰ.教学内容 句型与结构词 My name is… Is this your/my pen Yes, it is./No, it isn’t. Whose is this pen % It is / I t’s my/your pen. Ⅱ. 教学目标 1）学会用英语进行日常的打招呼； 2）学会用英语简单的自我介绍； 3）学会用英语介绍自己的家人和朋友； 4）学会用英语数1-10; 5）学会两个前元音/I/和/i:/。 Ⅲ. 教学重点 … 陈述句（Statements）

一般疑问句（Simple Question） 特殊疑问句（Wh-question） LESSON 1（1课时） Warm-up Teacher: Hello! Everyone, my name is Karen(教师英文名), Nice to meet you. & What’s your name (逐一询问学生姓名) Hello! ***(学生姓名)

Write the students ’ English names on the whiteboard. Let ’s count how many students are there in the classroom (One, two, three, four, and five…) Listening and Understanding 听力理解 1） 介绍故事 Today we meet the Jenkins family. 2） 理解情景 Please open your books and turn to page 2. Let ’s look at the pictures together. 3） 听力目标 Please close your books and listen to the tape to find the answer … 4） & 5） 播放录音或朗读对话 No stop 6） 回答问题 Ask the question again, (让一个学生回答，其他学生举手表示同意与否Is he/she right or wrong) 7） 精读 Let’s listen to the tape again and read the sentence one by one.(让程度较好的学生给出解释) 8） 再次播放录音或朗读对话 No stop 9） 重复跟读 Let ’s repeat the text sentence by sentence. 10） 大声朗读 Let ’s read the text together loudly. Notes on the Text 课文注释 1） ] 2） Hello!—How do you do —Hi!—Nice to meet you! (3） My name is William Jenkins. 4） This is my family . 5） This is Karen. Karen is my wife . How do you do 6） This is Lucy. Lucy ’s my daughter . Hello! 7） This is my son, Robert. Hi!

新概念英语第一册课文知识讲解

新概念英语第一册课 文

$课文1 对不起！ 1. Excuse me! 对不起 2. Yes? 什么事？ 3. Is this your handbag? 这是您的手提包吗？ 4. Pardon? 对不起，请再说一遍。 5. Is this your handbag? 这是您的手提包吗？ 6. Yes, it is. 是的，是我的。 7. Thank you very much. 非常感谢！ $课文3 对不起，先生。 8. My coat and my umbrella please. 请把我的大衣和伞拿给我。 9. Here is my ticket. 这是我（寄存东西）的牌子。 10. Thank you, sir. 谢谢，先生。 11. Number five. 是5号。 12. Here's your umbrella and your coat. 这是您的伞和大衣 13. This is not my umbrella. 这不是我的伞。 14. Sorry sir. 对不起，先生。 15. Is this your umbrella?

这把伞是您的吗？ 16. No, it isn't. 不，不是！ 17. Is this it? 这把是吗？ 18. Yes, it is. 是，是这把 19. Thank you very much. 非常感谢。 $课文5 很高兴见到你。 20. Good morning. 早上好。 21. Good morning, Mr. Blake. 早上好，布莱克先生。 22. This is Miss Sophie Dupont. 这位是索菲娅.杜邦小姐。23. Sophie is a new student. 索菲娅是个新学生。 24. She is French. 她是法国人。 25. Sophie, this is Hans. 索菲娅，这位是汉斯。 26. He is German. 他是德国人。 27. Nice to meet you. 很高兴见到你。 28. And this is Naoko. 这位是直子。 29. She's Japanese. 她是日本人。 30. Nice to meet you.

新概念英语一总复习

新概念英语一总复习 Lesson 1---Lesson30 A.特殊疑问词引导的疑问句 What( 什么 )：What make is it? What colour is your dress? What is your job? What must I do? Which( 哪个、那些 )： Which book? Which glasses? Which one? Which ones? Whose( 谁的 )： Whose is this shirt? Whose shirt is this? Who( 谁 )： Who are you? Where( 哪里 ): Where is it? Where are they? How ( 怎样 )： How are you? How do you do? 补充： why ( 为什么 )： Why are you late? B.一般疑问句 Is this your coat? Are you a teacher? C.知识点

1.人称物主代词：名词性物主代词： 形容词物主代词： 2.方位介词（1）：翻译在厨房里 （） 在桌子上（）在房子的中间（） 在墙上（）在门旁（） 在左边（）在右边（） 3.There be 句型和冠词（ a , an, the ）: 改 错 1】This not is me house. 2】Is that you car? 3】Is it her handbag? No, it is my. 4】The book is her. 5】Here are your shirt. 6】Look! There is a postmen. 7】There is a empty bottles on table. 8】Are there any tickets in the shelf? 9】The stereo near the door. Lesson 31---Lesson60

新概念二册课文赏析

《新概念》英语二册第25课 课文赏析 李正宏 Lesson25 Do the English speak English? I arrived in London at last. The railway station was big, black and dark. I did not know the way to my hotel, so I asked a porter. I not only spoke English very carefully, but very clearly as well. The porter, however, could not understand me. I repeated my question several times and at last he understood. He answered me, but he spoke neither slow ly nor clearly. ‘I am a foreigner,’ I said. Then he spoke slowly, but I could not understand him. My teacher never spoke English like that! The porter and I looked at each other and smiled. Then he said something and I understood it. ‘You’ll soon learn Eng lish!’ he said. I wonder. In England, each man speaks a different language. The English understand each other, but I don’t understand them ! Do they speak English ? 《新概念》英语二册第25课标题是 Do English speak English? 讲述一个外国人第一次坐火车 去伦敦的感受和经历。 一般情况下，我们会把这一课的重点放在并列句连词：Not only……，but……as well以及neither……nor的使用上。而我在给学生上这一课时，在单词语法讲解之后，则从作者描写一个外国 人第一次来到遥远陌生的大城市时的惶恐、懵懂，甚至有所委屈厌烦的心情入手，讲解文章的修辞手 法和写作用意，带领学生体会这篇英语故事的美妙。 第一句：I arrived in London at last . 一个at last 道出主人公（也就是作者本人）经过 长途颠簸终于到达目的地的旅途艰辛。At last 的使用既可以表达成功的喜悦，也可以表达艰辛之后 的无奈。在本文中到底是哪一种呢？作者留下伏笔，让读者带着疑问和好奇继续阅读。 第二句：The railway station was big, black and dark. 我不知道别人在读到这句是想到了什么，反正我是想到了《红楼梦》里刘姥姥进大观园的场景。Big 、black and dark 三个普通的形容词，看似用来描述大车站，却精准、深刻的描述了主人公此时此刻的心情。Big：面向一个你认为大的场景，自然感到自己的渺小、自卑和惶恐。Black：黑色代表沮丧。Dark：更是暗示主人公心情的黯淡。有前文的铺垫，后面一句就顺理成章了。 接下来，I did not know the way to my hotel, so I asked a porter. 问路引出一个车站搬 运工。搬运工，社会最底层人士，但是因为其生活在这个大都市,天生一种优越感。外地人与本地人相见，会是一种什么场景呢？I not only spoke English very carefully, but very clearly as well .形象地描写了外地人谨小慎微。The porter, however, could not understand me. I

新概念英语青少版(1A)课文内容(双语).

新概念英语青少版 1a ---- 在秉承《新概念英语》先进教学理念的基础上, 《新概念英语青少版》拥有更多不同的特质 Unit 1 Lesson 1 Meet the family! (认识下我的家人 William: Hello. My name is William Jenkins. This is my family. This is Karen. Karen is my wife. (你好,我的名字叫威廉 . 詹金斯,这是我的家人,这是凯伦,是我的妻子。 Karen: How do you do? (你好 William:This is Lucy. Lucy’s my daughter. (这是露西,露西是我的女儿。 Lucy :Hello! (你好 William: This is my son, Robert. (这是我的儿子,罗伯特。 Robert: Hi! (嗨。

William:And this is Paul. Paul’s my nephew. (这是保罗,保罗是我的侄子。 Paul: Hello! Nice to meet you! (你好,很高兴见到你。 Rhyme 英语童谣: One, two, this is my shoe One, two, this is my shoe Three, four, that is the door Five, six, pick up sticks Seven, eight, open the gate. Nine, ten, say this again. Unit 2 What is it? (那是什么? Robert: Hey, this is good! Look, Lucy! What is this? (嘿,这个真不错,看,露西,这是什么? Lucy: It's a wheel. (是车轮。 Robert : No, it isn't! Look! It's green! It's a hat! (不是,看,它是绿色的额,是个帽 子。 Lucy: OK. It's a green hat. (嗯,诗歌绿色的帽子。 Robert: Now look! What's this? (再看,这是什么? Lucy: It's a flower. It's a red flower. (是花,红色的花。 Robert: No, it isn't. It's a red umbrella.

新概念课文解析

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OK,what’sthat? It’sgr ey. Isitabird? Yes!it’sagreybird. No,it’sak ey! That Andwho’sthatgirlontheredbicycle? That’sLucyJenkins. She’sRobert’ssister. Lookatthatyoungman. Whoishe?

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Thedoctor’sverybusy. Yes,butRobertisill. Perhapsnotveryill. Butyouareright. Bettersafethansorry. C Karen,thisisClaire. Claire’sournewneighbor. Hello,Claire.Nicetomeetyou. Comeandmeetthefamily. ThisisWilliam,myhusband.ThisisLucyandthisRobert.

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★secretary n. 秘书 secret v.秘密： keep a secret保守秘密； an open secret一个公开的秘密 ★nervous adj. 精神紧张的 be nervous worried：为以后的事情担心 upset:不安的 与nervous容易混淆的另一个词是irritable（易怒的，急躁的）： Our teacher is an irritable old lady. She gets angry easily. 我们的老师是位脾气急躁的老太太。她很容易生气。 ★afford v. 负担得起（损失、后果等），花得起（时间）（常与can连用）afford sth. I can afford the hoilday.有时间去 afford money/time afford to do sth. I can afford to buy the book. I can't afford to be ill again.我不能再病了 ★weak adj. 弱的 strong adj.强壮 ★interrupt v. 插话，打断 (n.)interruption disturb：打扰某人 interrupt：打断某人的话 ★look down upon/on sb：瞧不起某人 I look down upon my sister. I look down 往地上看 The firm could not afford to pay such large salaries. Look up 查字典 ★collect salary 领薪水 pay salary 支付薪水 ★so的后面加形容词或副词 such的后面加名词，容许在该名词前面加修饰词 ★My turn has come. It is my turn.轮到我了 ★in a ... voice in a loud(大声)/low (低声)／weak(心里不踏实)／strong(理直气壮) voice 间接引语 一、主从一致：主句和从句的时态一致 1.主句的动词为一般现在时，从句为任意时态 2.主句的动词为一般过去时，从句为相对应的过去时态 （过去时：一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时）一般现在时——一般过去时 现在进行时——过去进行时 现在完成时——过去完成时 将来完成时——过去将来完成时 一般过去时——过去完成时 二、人称变化 主要是第一和第二人称变化，设身处地

新概念英语4-课文资料讲解

NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH(IV) (new version) 2 Lesson1Finding Fossil man We can read of things that happened5,000years ago in the Near East,where people first learned to write.But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write.The only w ay that they can preserve their history is torecount it as sagas--legends handed down from one generation of story-tellersto another.These legends are useful because they can tell us somethin g aboutmigrations of people who lived long ago,but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesianpeoples now living in th e Pacific Islands came from.The sagas of these peopleexplain that some of them came from Indo nesia about2,000years ago.But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that ev en theirsagas,if they had any,are forgotten.So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first'modern men'came from.Fortunately,however,ancient me n made tools of stone,especially flint,becausethis is easier to shape than other kinds.They may also have used woodand skins,but these have rotted away.Stone does not decay,and so the tool s oflong ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace. 3 Lesson2Spare that spider Why,you may wonder,should spiders be our friends?Because they destroy somany insects,and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the humanrace.Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world;they woulddevour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds,if it were not for the protectionwe get from insect-eating animals.We owe a lot to the birds and beasts wh o eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover,unlike some of the other insect eaters,spiders never dothe least harm to us or our bel ongings.Spiders are not insects,as many people think,nor even nearly related to them.One can t ell the difference almost at a glance for a spider always has eight legsand an insect never more th an six.How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf?One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England,andhe estimated that there were more than2,250,000in one acre,that is something like6,000,000spiders of different kinds on a f ootball pitch.Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects.It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill,but they are hungry creatures,not content wi th only three meals a day.It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spi ders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the c ountry.T.H.GILLESPIE Spare that Spider from The Listene Lesson3Matterhorn man Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them goodsport,and the more