国际贸易实务双语教程课后题答案

Key

Chapter1

I. Answer my questions

1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.

2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.

3. To gain profit.

4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.

5. There are four major forms which are the following:

Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.

6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.

7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.

8. Yes. There are great differences between them.

1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.

2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily

for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.

9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).

10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.

11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.

12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm?s products and services and by customers? capacity to make purchase.

13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitme nt and least risk of a firm?s resources.

14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.

15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers? business.

II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right

1. J

2.A

3.E

4.B

5.C

6.D

7.I

8.G

9.F 10.H

III Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese

1 购买力11 经济复苏；恢复

2 潜在销售量12 经济衰退

3 加价，涨价13 间接投资

4 国内市场14 有形货物

5 制成品15 有形进出口

6 边际利润16 收入及支出；岁入及岁出

7 市场占有率17 超额能力

8 贸易歧视18 贸易中间人（商）；经纪人

9 时机选择19 全部包建的工程承包方式

10 经销周期20 许可证协定

IV Translate the following into English

1. Trade is often the …engine? of growt h. However oversimplified this metaphor

may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.

2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.

3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.

4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs.

Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country?s imp ort needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.

I. Answer the following questions

(Omited)

II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:

1.meeting/satisfying;

2.agent, foreign/overseas;

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/da10014945.html,mission;

4.own;

5.setting;

6.patent;

7.profits;

8.outlets;

9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiary

III.Translate the followings into English

1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically

self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.

In today?s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are

self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.

Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.

Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar. Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan

has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.

Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.

2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation?s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.

I. Translate the followings from Chinese into English:

1 terms of payment

2 written form of contract

3 execution of the contract

4 sales contract

5 purchase confirmation

6 terms of transaction

7 trading partners 8 the setting up of a contract

9 trade agreement 10 consignment contract

11 the contract proper 12 extension of the contract

13 the contracting parties 14 special clause

15 general terms and conditions

II. Answer the following questions in English:

1 A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevant parties. And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.

2 There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written. The former refers to direct discussions abroad; written negotiations often begin with enquiries made by the buyers.

3 A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution. A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailed than a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. It is usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.

4 The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any other

type of formal agreements. It generally contains: 1) the title. The type of the contract is indicated in the title; 2) the contract proper. It is the main part of a contract; 3) the signature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer; 4) the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties.

5 It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing methods, insurance, commodity inspection, claims, arbitration and force majeure, etc.

III. Translate the following into Chinese:

合同是在双方达成协议的基础上制定的，而协议又是双方进行商务谈判的结

果。商务谈判有口头谈判和书面谈判两种形式。口头谈判是通过参加商品交易会，派遣贸易小组，出国或邀请客户本国进行的面对面讨论，而通过国际长途电话所进行的商务讨论也属于口头谈判。

IV. Case Study

1 The law of the United States of America applies to this contract because: (a)

this was a CIF contract; (b) the place of conclusion of the contract was in the USA; (c) the place of the execution of the contract was also in the USA. The seller completed this responsibilities after he delivered the goods at the port of the USA.

2 This contract was not concluded effectively. Item 1 of Article 19 of the CISG indicates, " A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additions, limitations or other modifications is a rejection to the offer and constitutes a

counter-offer.

In this case, though Mr. Johnson accepted Mr. Anderson's offer, his acceptance contained some additions to and modifications of the offer; for example, Mr. Anderson asked for " telegraphic transfer", Mr. Johnson sent the money to the bank to be kept there. According to Item 3 of Article 19 of the CISG, alteration to the mode of payment is material one, thus Mr. Johnson might keep silent and reject the acceptance.

Chapter4

I (Omited)

II 1) F. Price terms, or trade terms, are used to indicated the different liabilities,

cost and risks of the buyer and the seller.

2) F. Warsaw-Oxford rules specialize in explaining CIF contracts.

3) T.

4) T.

5) F. On CIP terms the seller?s responsibilities end when he hands over the

goods to the carrier at the place of shipment, although he has to pay the freight

rate and insurance premium.

6) T.

7) T.

8) F. By CFR Landed is meant that the seller pays for unloading the goods at the

port of discharge.

9) T.

10) F. On FAS terms the seller needs only to put the goods within the reach of the ship?s tackle. He is no t responsible for loading the goods on board.

III. Judgment

a) Incorrect. On FOB terms the seller?s responsibilities end when he

delivers the goods at the port of shipment, that is, at one of the ports in

China.

b) Incorrect. On CIF terms the seller pays for transportation and insurance

till the goods reach the destination; the terms should be followed by the

port of destination.

c) Correct.

d) Incorrect. On CIP terms the seller pays for transportation and insurance

till the goods reach the destination; the terms should be followed by the

port of destination.

e) Correct.

f) Correct.

g) Incorrect. On FOB terms the seller?s responsibilities end when he

delivers the goods at the port of shipment, that is, at one of the ports in

China.

h) Incorrect. On DES terms the seller must put the goods under the actual

control of the buyer at the port destination; a port of destination should

be attached to DES.

i) Incorrect. On DDP terms the seller must physically deliver the goods to

the buyer at a named place in the import country, that is, a named place

of destination should be added to DDP terms.

j) Correct.

IV. Translation

1) please refer to INCOTERMs (19900

2) you must load the goods on board in accordance with the stipulations of the INCOTERMS

3) In reference to the consignment of June 5

4) but our business is on cash payment whether the customs are new or old

5) meeting each other halfway and allowing you a 10% discount

6) the lowest FOB Liverpool prices of the following articles.

7) Our prices are subject to change without notice

8) As this is a big order, we hope you can make a 5% discount off the list price

9) Because of the frequent change of the market prices, it is not possible for us to keep the prices open for a whole week

10) to receive your cable offer of July 15 for 300 dozen shirts of sample

No.1302 CIF New York at USD 35 per dozen

V. Case Study

1) It was not right for the buyer not to take delivery of the goods. In this case, the contract concluded between the seller and the buyer was on CIF terms, accordi ng to which, the seller?s responsibilities ended when he loaded the goods on board the ship and paid the freight and insurance premium; the risk separation was the side of the ship; that is to say, the risks were transferred to the buyer or the other parties concerned after the seller put the goods on board the ship. Since the documents presented by the seller were right and proper, the seller could directly get paid form the Issuing Bank of the L/C.

However, part of the goods got lost because of rough sea. Does this mean

that the buyer suffered loss? It is definitely not the case because there are other two sub-contracts existing on CIF terms-I/P and Bill of Lading. In this case the buyer could claim damages with the insurance company, but he had to take

de livery of the goods. Obviously, the actual reason for the buyer?s refusal to accept the goods in this case was that the prices of the goods were going down. This is, certainly, unjustified.

2) In this case the contract was concluded between Company E and Company W on FOB term, according to which the seller (Company E) ended his responsibilities when he delivered the goods on board the ship at the port of shipment. He did not need to pay for transportation of the goods or the insurance premium. Therefore, it was not right for W to ask E to pay the freight and indicate “Freight Repaid” on the Bill of Lading. The reason why W asked E to do that might be that he wanted to transfer the freight charges to E. However, in practical dealings, foreign trade companies often come

across such situations, especially when a contract is concluded with an agent, who wants to resells the goods. In this case, E might comply with W?s request,

but he had to indicated that the freight should be borne by W.

Chapter5

I. Give the Chinese equivalents for the following English terms:

1 本身所具有的特性

2 光泽、造型、结构

3 耐用性

4 可销售性

5 社会属

6 消毒

7 适用性8 卫生

9 规格10 水产品

11 跨国公司12 保证生活质量

II. Two columns are given for you to decide which method is best suited for a certain commodity. Please match them.

1 A ,

2 C,

3 D,

4 E,

5 B,

6 G,

7 F,

8 H

III. 单项选择题

1.D

2.A

3.A

4.B

5.D

6.C

7.A

8.C 9.D 10.C 11.C 12.C 13.A 14.B

15.B 16.C 17.D 18.B 19.C 20.C 21.D

22.D 23.A 24.A 25.D 26.B

IV. 多项选择题

1.AE

2.ABE

3.ABC

4.CDE

5.AC

6.ABD

7.BCE

8.ACDE

9.BD 10.AC

11.BC 12.AC 13.BCDE 14.CD 15.AB

16.CDE 17.ABCDE

V. 案例分析

1、答：买方的要求不尽合理。理由如下：

采用FOB 术语成交，一般由买方负责租船订舱。卖方可以接受卖方的委托代为租船订舱，但卖方不承担租不到船的责任和风险。就此案例来说，因公司代为租船没有租到，买方又不同意更换条件，因此，该公司不承担因自己未租到船而延误装运的责任，买方也不能因此提出撤消合同。所以，买方的要求不合理，责任和风险应该由买方自己承担。

2、答：我方不能因床单受潮而拒付货款，也不能向卖方提出索赔。理由如下：（1）采用CIF 术语成交时，属于象征性交货，卖方是凭单交货，买方是凭单付款，只要卖方如期向买方提交了合同规定的全套合格单据，即使货物在运输途中损坏或灭失，买方也必须旅行付款义务。反之，如果卖方提交的单据不符合要求，即使货物完好无损地运达目的地，买方仍有权拒付货款。就此案例而言，卖方提交了全套合格单据，我方应支付货款。

（2）在CIF 条件下，买卖双方风险转移界限以船舷为界。货物越过船舷后的风险应由买方负担。就本案例可以看出，货物越过船舷之前是完好的，因此卖方不承担风险。我方据此不能向卖方提出索赔，可依据所投险别向保险公司提出索赔。

3、答：该公司可向卖方提出索赔。理由如下：

按CFR 条件成交时，尽管货物在海运途中的风险已转移给买方，但买方为降低自己的风险可办理货运保险，这取决于卖方是否及时向买方发出装运通知。据惯例解释，如果卖方未及时向买方发出装运通知，导致买方未能及时办理保险手续，由此引起的损失由卖方负担。就本案例而言，该公司货物部分丢失是由于卖方未

发出装船通知而公司未办理保险手续而引起的损失，故此，该公司应向卖方提出索赔。

4、答：此项损失应由买方承担，买方不应该向该公司提出索赔。

以CPT 术语成交时，风险转移以货交承运人为界，即卖方将货物交给指定承运人，风险即由卖方转移至买方，买方可投货物保险以确保损失最小。就本案例而言，该公司已将货物交给承运人，运输途中及后期风险均由买方自己承担，因此，该公司可拒绝买方的索赔要求。

5、答：按照CIP 条件成交，卖方要承担保险费和运费。因为CIP 条件适合于各种运输方式，风险是在承运人控制货物时转移，所以卖方要负责办理交货地点到指定目的地的全程运输，而不仅仅是水上运输，因此卖方应支付全程运费。就本案例而言，卖方支付了海上运输的费用，但并没有将货物送往指定目的地，因此还需支付铁路运输的费用。由此，我方应支付货款，但不需支付铁路运费，卖方行为不尽合理。

Chapter6

I.Here given in the following are short forms for some units of measure and weight. Please give the complete form of each:

1)吨2)盎斯3)磅4)品脱5)码6)加仑7)令8)公斤9)克10)平方米

II. Please read the statements carefully, and then give your choice True or False.

1. T

2. F where the goods are to be unloaded must be decided and confirmed by the

buyer at least 48 hours before the ship arrives at the first optional port.

3. T

4. T

5. T

6. F a letter of indemnity is issued by the shipper to the shipping company in exchange for a clean-on-board shipped bill of lading.

7. F according to article 23 of the UCP NO.500,” IF A Credit calls for a bill of

lading covering a port to port shipment, banks will, unless otherwise stipulated in Credit, accept a document, however named, which ……contains no indication that it is subject to a charter party ……”

8. T

9. F dispatch money is an amount paid by the ship-owner to the shipper for the shipper?s quicker loading and unloading of the goods.

10. T

III. Please give the following definitions for the names in English:

1. Gross weight is the sum of total weight of the commodity itself and the tare

(the package weight). That?s to say it refers to the net weight plus the tare weight of the goods.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/da10014945.html, weight is the actual weight of commodity without the addition of the tare.

In international trade if the goods are sold by weight, the net weight is often used.

3. Actual tare: The actual weight of packages of the whole commodities.

4. Average tare: In this way, the weight of packages is calculated on the basis of

the average tare of a part of the packages.

5. Customary tare: The weight of standardized package has a generally

recognizer weight which can be used to represent the weight of such packages.

6. Computed tare: The weight of package is calculated according to the tare previously agreed upon by the seller and the buyer instead of actual weighing.

IV. 简答题

1. 答：数量条款规定了买卖双方交货数量及与之有关的权利和义务，他涉及

成交数量的确定、计量单位和计量方法的规定及数量机动幅度等内容。为订好数量条款，应依据政策的规定和经营意图，根据需要和可能，按外商资信情况和市场行情变化，正确掌握进出口商品的成交数量，以利于合同的履行。

2. 答：（1）大宗农、副产品、矿产品及一部分工业制成品惯于采用按重量

计算，一些贵重商品也惯于采用重量单位。

（2）按数量计算适用于大多数工业制成品，尤其是日用消费品、轻工业品、

机械产品及一部分土特产品。

（3）按长度计算多用于金属绳索、布匹，绸缎等商品买卖。

（4）面积单位可用于玻璃板、地毯、皮革等商品。

（5）体积单位仅用于木材、天然气及化学气体的买卖。

（6）容积单位中的蒲式耳是美国用来计量各种谷物的，公升和加仑多用于

液体商品。

（7）有些国家对某些商品有自己习惯的或法定的计量单位。例如棉花许多

国家以"包"为单位，糖以"袋"为单位。

3. 答：（1）毛重。是商品本身加包装重量。

（2）净重。是商品本身实际重量，不包括皮重。计算皮重时有按实际皮重、

平均皮重、习惯皮重、约定皮重计算等四种做法。

（3）公量。有些商品因较强的吸湿性导致重量不稳定，对此类商品可用科

学的方法除去其所含实际水分，然后再加上国际公认的标准含水量。即公量＝干量＋标准含水量。

（4）理论重量。对按固定规格形状和尺寸所生产和买卖的商品可从其件数

推算总重量，此总重量即为理论重量。一般只作为计算实际重量的参考。（5）法定重量和实物净重。法定重量是商品重量加上直接接触商品的包装

物料的重量，而除去这部分重量所表示出来的纯商品重量即为实物净重。此方法大多用于海关征税。

4. 答：数量机动幅度是指卖方可按买卖双方约定的某一具体数量多交或少

交若干的幅度。他的规定方法有：

（1）合同中明确具体的规定数量的机动幅度。它既可只简单规定机动幅度，

也可在此基础上约定由谁选择及作价原则。

（2）合同中为明确规定数量机动幅度，但将数量定为约数。《跟单信用证统

一惯例》规定约数的增减幅度不超过10％。

（3）合同中未明确规定数量机动幅度。此时卖方交货数量原则上应与合同

完全一致，但《跟单信用证统一惯例》500 号出版物规定货物数量允许有5％的伸缩。

5. 答：（1）目前对在机动幅度范围内超出或低于合同数量的多装或少装部分，一般按合同价格计价结算。

（2）为防止有权选择溢短装的当事人利用行市变化有意多装或少装而获取

额外好处，有的合同规定多装或少装部分不按合同价格计算，而代之以按装船日

的行市或目的地的市场价格计算。

（3）若双方未能就装船日或到货日或是市场价格取得协议，则可交由仲裁

机构解决。

（4）有的合同还规定多交或少交货物中一部分按合同价格计算，其余部分

按装船时或到货时的市价计算。

IV. Case study

1[Answer]: According to Article 11 of CISG: “A contract of sale need not be concluded in, or evidenced by, writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form. It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.” Though China and the US are both member countries of the CISG, China declared that it won?t be bound by Article 11 and its related articles. That is to say, any kind of contracts in China must be evidencing by writing. In this case, though both companies agreed orally as to the main terms of the sales contract, there is no writing evidencing the contract. This contract, according to Chinese law, is not effective.

2[Answer]: According to Item 2 of Article 21 of CISG: “If a letter or ot her

writing containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless, without delay, the offeror orally informs the offeree that he considers his offer as having lapsed or dispatches a notice to that effect. In this case, in order to avoid unnecessary loss, the Chinese company should telephone or dispatch immediately a notice informing that the acceptance is ineffective as it is late.__

Chapter7

I. For the false statements, please state True or False

1.(T)

2.(F)

3.(F)

4.(F)

5.(F)

6.(F)

7.(F)

8.(F)

9.(F)

II. Put the following into English:

1. consuming taste

2. gift packing

3. prettify commodities

4. portable packing

5. social customs

6. transparent packing

7. creative design 8. suspensible packing

III. Suppose you are an exporter and your business place is in China, please make the judgment if the following statements are correct or not and give your reasons.

1.(F)

2. (F)

3. (T)

4. (F)

5. (T)

6. (T)

7. (F)

8. (F)

9. (F) 10. (T)

IV. 简答题

1. 答：包装重要性体现在以下几个方面：

（1）是实现商品价值和使用价值的重要手段，是商品生产和消费之间的桥

梁。

（2）出口商品需经过长距离辗转运输，有时需多次装卸、搬运和存储，包

装可保证商品质量和数量完整，方便货物装卸、搬运、储存。

（3）商品生产过程，包装是最后一道工序；在流通领域中，包装具有保护

商品、美化商品、宣传商品、提高售价的重要作用，并可作为对外竞争的重要手段。

约定包装条件的意义在于：

（1）不仅起到保护和美化商品作用，且包装本身还是货物说明的组成部分。（2）按一些国家法律解释，如一方违反了所约定的包装条件，另一方有权

提出索赔，甚至拒收货物。

2. 答：（1）必须适应商品特性。

（2）必须适应各种不同运输方式的要求。

（3）必须考虑有关国家的法律规定和客户要求。

（4）要保证包装牢固的前提下节省费用，便于各环节有关人员进行操作以

免使货物遭受损失。

3. 答：（1）按包装方式，可分为单件运输包装和集合运输包装，后者又分

为集装包和集装袋。

（2）按包装造型，可分为箱、袋、桶和捆等方式。

（3）按包装材料，可分为纸制，金属、木制、麻制品、玻璃制品、陶瓷制

品及竹、柳、草制品包装等。

（4）按包装质地，可分为软性，半硬性和硬性包装。

（5）按包装程度，可分为全部包装和局部包装。

4. 答：（1）便于陈列展销，以吸引顾客和供消费者选购。

（2）便于识别商品，以便消费者了解，看货成交。

（3）便于携带和使用，为消费者提供方便。

（4）要有艺术吸引力，以便吸引顾客、提高售价、扩大销路。

5. 答：（1）包装的装潢画面要美观大方，富有艺术吸引力，突出特点，图

案和色彩要适应有关国家民族习惯和爱好，便于扩大出口。

（2）包装上的文字说明应同装潢画面紧密配合，互相衬托，以达到宣传和

促销目的，使用文字应简明扼要，并能让顾客看懂，必要时可中、外文并用。（3）包装上标签应注意有关国家的标签管理条例，尤其是食品、药品、服装。

（4）销售包装还应注意条形码技术的使用问题。

6. 答：（1）有效提高结算效率和准确性，也方便了顾客。

（2）有利于提高国际间贸易信息传递的准确性，使交易双方及时了解对方

商品有关资料和本国商品在对方的销售情况。

（3）条形码的使用是有效促使名优商品打入许多国家超级市场的前提条件。

7. 答：定牌生产产生的原因有：

（1）世界许多国家超级市场、大百货公司和专业商店在其经营出售商品上

标有本商店使用的商标或品牌，以扩大本企业知名度并显示该商品身价。（2）出口厂商为利用买方经营能力及商业信誉和品牌声誉，以提高商品售

价和扩大销路，也采用定牌生产。

我国出口贸易中定牌生产具体做法有：

（1）在商品或包装上，打印上外商所指定的商标或品牌，而不标明生产国

别和出口厂商名称。

（2）在商品或包装上，表明我国的商标或品牌，同时加注国外商号名称或

表示其商号的标记。

（3）在商品或包装上，采用买方指定商标或品牌，同时注明"中国制造"字样。

8. 答：制定原因为：

（1）运输标志内容较多。

（2）有时要加进一些不必要项目。

（3）各国和各种运输方式之间对运输标志的要求差异较大，不能适应国际

货物流动量的增加和多式联运的开展，不利于电子计算机在运输和单证流转方面的应用。

作用有：

（1）减少了运输标志内容，节省出口成本、时间和费用。

（2）提高计算机操作和审单效率，加速船舶和资金周转。

（3）消除因运输标志内容过多和繁杂而可能造成的失误和困难，保证交货

的顺利进行。

10. 答：

（1）对包装要求应当明确具体，做到明确规定包装材料、造型、规格。除

传统商品外不宜采用"按惯常方式包装"等含糊包装术语。另外，除非买卖双方对具体内容事先充分交换意见或在长期业务往来中就问题取得一致认识，包装条款一定要明确具体。

（2）应订明包装费用由何方负担。按惯例，包装费用一般在货价之内，包

装条款中无须另行订明。若买方坚持要求对原本不需包装的商品实施特殊包装，导致包装费用超出正常，增加产品成本，或包装物料刚好构成产品成本增加时，则需订明包装费用负担。若卖方同意接受买方提供包装，包装条款中还应订明寄送包装方法，包装送达日期，送交包装延迟责任及运送包装费用负担等内容。进口合同中对包装技术性较强的商品通常在单价后注明"包括包装费用"，以免发生纠纷。

（3）明确由何方提供运输标志。按惯例，运输标志可由买方提供，也可由

卖方决定。卖方决定时可不订入合同，或只订明"卖方标志"，由卖方设计后通知买方。买方提供时应在合同中规定买方提供时间，如超过时间卖方可提出其他补救方法。

（4）明确包装不良应负的责任。保险公司一般不负责因包装不良造成的损

失。在包装条款中，应对包装不善所造成损失的索赔问题作适当规定，以防止进口货物因包装不良受到损失，对仪器、机器设备进口时使用的包装条款，更应就索赔问题作出详细规定。

V．案例题

1、答：（1）外商做法是否合理应从两个方面来看。（2）一般来讲，保险公

司不负责因包装不良所造成的损失。所以在进口合同条款中外商应对包装不善造成的损失的索赔问题做出详细规定。若买方已做出规定，包装不良造成损失由卖方负责，那么外商的做法是合理的。若买方未作具体规定，则外商做法不尽合理，应由双方协商解决，或提交仲裁机构解决。

2、答：（1）按国际贸易习惯，唛头由买方提供时在合同中应规定买方提供

时间。如超过时间，卖方可提出其他补救办法，如自行规定唛头。（2）该公司在

此情况下应致电买方询问延误原因，请其快速电告所设计唛头，否则将由该公司自行规定。

3、答：（1）我方据此提出拒收或索赔是完全合理的。（2）在国际货物买卖中，如一方违反了所约定的包装条件，另一方有权提出索赔，甚至可以拒收货物。由此可知，虽然外商交货数量与合同规定数量相符，但他的行为违反了合同中的包装条款，已构成违约，我方可以提出拒收或索赔。__

Chapter8

I、单项选择题

1、C

2、B

3、D

4、A

5、B

6、A

7、C

8、D 9、A 10、B 11、B 12、D 13、C

II、多项选择题

1、ABCE

2、ABC

3、BCD

4、ABCDE

5、BCE

6、ABC

7、ABCDE

8、ABCE

9、AC 10、ABCE

11. ABCDE

III、名词解释

1、出口总成本：是外贸企业为出口商品支付的国内总成本。它的构成因素有进货成本和国内费用。如是需缴纳出口税的商品，还应包括出口税。

2、出口换汇成本：指某商品出口净收入一个单位的外汇所需要的人民币成本。是衡量外贸企业和进出口交易盈亏的重要指标。

3、固定价格：指交易双方协商一致的基础上，对合同价格予以明确、具体的规定。

4、后定价格：指在合同中不明确规定价格，具体价格留待以后确定。

5、暂定价格：在合同中先订立一个初步价格，作为开立信用证和初步付款依据，待双方确定最后价格后再进行最后清算，多退少补。

6、待定价格：交易双方就其他条件达成一致，合同已成立，但规定“价格待定”或合同中没有明示或默示规定货物价格的情况。

7、价格调整条款：在订约时只规定初步价格，同时规定，如原材料价格和工资等发生变化，按原材料价格和工资等的变动来计算合同最终价格。

8、佣金：指代理人或经纪人为委托人服务而收取的报酬。

9、明佣：交易双方在洽谈时将佣金明确表示出并写入价格条款中。

10、折扣：是卖方给予买方一定的价格减让，一般可在买方支付货款时预先扣除。

11、出口成本价格：是企业以出口总成本为基础计算出来的单位成本价格。

12、出口外汇净收入：是出口外汇总收入扣除劳务费用等非贸易外汇后的外汇收入。

13、出口盈亏额：是指出口销售的人民币净收入与出口总成本的差额。

IV、简答题

1、答：（1）要考虑商品的质量和档次，贯彻以质论价的原则。

（2）要考虑运输距离，核算运输成本，做好比价工作，以体现地区差价。（3）要考虑交货地点和交货条件，把买卖双方的责任、费用和风险在价格

中体现出来。

（4）要考虑季节性需求的变化，掌握好季节性差价，争取有利价格。

（5）要考虑成交数量，成交量大时可给予适当优惠。

（6）要考虑支付条件是否有利和汇率变动的趋势，把利息负担和汇率变动

风险也计入货价。

（7）要考虑国际市场价格走势，注意搜集国际市场信息，对其价格及供求

状况进行分析和预测。

（8）要考虑交货期远近、市场销售习惯及消费者爱好与否等因素。

2、答：固定价格明确、具体、肯定，便于核算和执行，是国际市场上常见

做法。它的不足之处在于：

（1）合同缺乏稳定性。行市剧变时，不守信用的商人会寻找各种借撕毁合

同，使我方遭受不应有的损失。

（2）价格不稳定时，国外商人会观望不前，怕承担价格波动带来的风险。

为使交易顺利达成，提高履约率，减少风险，我们采用固定价格时应注意两点。（1）必须对影响商品供求的各种因素细致研究，并在此基础上对价格走势

作出判断，以此作为决定合同价格依据。

（2）通过各种途径了解客户资信情况，慎重选择订约对象。

3、答：非固定价格是一种变通做法，它的有利之处在于：

（1）有助于暂时解决价格方面的分歧，双方可先就其他条款达成协议，早

日签约，待日后再确定成交价格。

（2）解除客户对价格风险顾虑，使之敢于签订交货期长的合同。有利于巩

固和扩大出口市场，有利于生产、收购和出口计划完成。

（3）虽不能完全排除交易双方的价格风险，但有利于出口方不失时机地做

成生意，也有利于进口方保证一定的转售利润。

非固定价格的缺点在于：

（1）因先订约后作价，就不可避免的带来较大的不稳定性。特别是待定价

格，万一双方作价时不能取得一致意见，合同就无法执行。

（2）如作价条款规定不当，合同还有失去法律效力的危险。

4、答：在实际业务中，如果交易双方对佣金虽已达成协议，却约定不在合

同中表示出来，约定的佣金由一方当事人按约定另行支付，则称为“暗佣”。国外中间商或买主，为赚取“双头佣”，或为达到逃汇或逃税的目的，往往提出使用“暗佣”。

“暗扣”是指当事人出于各种考虑，对折扣虽已达成协议，却不在合同价格

条款中表示出来，折扣的金额由一方当事人按约定另行支付。

5、答：佣金的支付要根据中间商提供服务的性质和内容而定。支付方法有

两种：（1）交易达成时就向中间商支付佣金。（2）卖方收到全部货款后，再另行

支付佣金。第一种情况下，虽交易已达成，但万一合同无法履行，委托人仍要向中间商支付佣金。第二种情况对委托人比较有利。为避免误解、除要明确规定委托人与中间商之间权利与义务之外，委托人最好事先与佣金商达成书面协议，明确规定出支付佣金的方法。

通常佣金可在合同履行后逐笔支付，也可按月、季、半年，甚至一年汇总支付。折扣的支付一般可在买方支付货款时预先扣除，或采用“暗扣”、“回扣”的

方法。

6、答：（1）明确规定作价标准。规定作价标准可减少非固定价格条款给合

同带来的不稳定因素，消除双方在价格方面的矛盾。

（2）谨慎选择作价时间。它可使出口方安全收汇，保证合同顺利履行。时

间的确定可分为装船前作价、装船时作价、装船后作价三种。

（3）充分考虑采用非固定价格对合同成立的影响。在实际业务中，商品具

体价格可以不在合同中规定，只规定作价办法或原则，合同即为有效成立。因此在采用非固定价格时应尽可能将作价方法订得明确具体。

7、答：我国进出口商品的作价原则是，在贯彻平等互利的原则下，根据国

际价格水平，结合国别（地区）政策，按我方的经营意图确定适当的价格。

8、答：出口成本价格是企业以出口总成本为基础计算出来的单位成本价格。

它与出口成交价格的主要区别在于出口成本价格并不涉及有关国外的任何费用；而出口成交价格则可能包括单位商品的国外费用，如国外运费、保险费、佣金等。

9、答：（1）明确规定作价标准。为减少非固定价格条款给合同带来的不稳

定因素，消除双方在作价方面的矛盾，明确订立作价标准是一个重要的必不可少的前提。

（2）谨慎选择作价时间。在采用非固定价格时，作价时间的规定非常重要，

为了使出口方安全收汇，保证合同顺利履行，应谨慎选择作价时间。

（3）充分考虑采用非固定价格对合同成立的影响。

10、答：（1）合理地确定商品的单价，防止偏高或偏低。

（2）根据船源、货源等实际情况，选择适当的贸易术语。

（3）争取选择有利的计价货币，必要时可加订保值条款。

（4）灵活运用各种不同的作价办法，避免承担价格变动的风险。

（5）参照国际贸易的习惯做法，注意佣金和折扣的合理运用。

（6）如交货品质、交货数量有机动幅度或包装费用另行计价时，应一并订

立机动部分作价和包装费计价的基本办法。

（7）单价中的计量单位、计价货币和港口名称，必须书写清楚，以利于合

同的履行。

V、计算题

1、解：出口总成本＝4000×（1＋15％）＝4600（人民币元）

出口外汇净收入＝1000－（80＋10＋1000×3％）＝880（美元）

出口换汇成本＝4600÷880≈5. 227（人民币元/美元）

2、解：CIFC3％纽约价＝（500＋60）÷（1－1.1×0. 8％－3％）≈582. 6（美元）

3、解：fob 中国岸价＝1000×（1－1. 1×0. 85％）－75＝915. 65（美元）

4、解：CFRC4％价＝1000÷（1－4％）≈1041. 7（美元）

5、解：出口方单位商品净收入＝1000×（1－2％）＝980（美元）

6、解：按题意可知P0＝100 万，A＝20％，B＝50％，C＝30％，

M＝110，M0＝100，W＝112，W0＝100

则最终价格P＝100×（20％＋50％×110/100＋30％×112/100）＝108. 6（万

美元）

VI. True or false

1.(F)

2. (F)

3. (T)

4. (T)

5.(F)

6. (T)

7.(T)

8.(F)

9. (T) 10.(F)__

Chapter9

1. T

2. F where the goods are to be unloaded must be decided and confirmed by the

buyer at least 48 hours before the ship arrives at the first optional port.

3. T

4. T

5. T

6. F a letter of indemnity is issued by the shipper to the shipping company in exchange for a clean-on-board shipped bill of lading.

7. F according to article 23 of the UCP NO.500,” IF A Credit calls for a bill of

lading covering a port to port shipment, banks will, unless otherwise stipulated in Credit, accept a document, however named, which ……contains no indication

that it is subject to a charter party ……”

8. T

9. F dispatch money is an amount paid by the ship-owner to the shipper for the shipper?s quicker loading and unloading of the goods.

10. T

II. Answer the following questions in English

(Omitted)

III. Answer the following questions briefly according to what you have learnt in this unit.

1. It is also called tramp. A shipping by chartering is a freight-carrying vessel

which has no regular route or fixed schedule of sailing. It is first in one trade and then in another, always seeking those ports where there is a demand at the moment for shipping space. The shipper charters the ship from the ship-owner and uses it to carry the goods. It falls into 3 kinds: voyage charter, time charter and demise charter.

2. The time of delivery refers to the time limit during which the seller shall

deliver the goods to the buyer at the agreed place by the agreed methods. There are the following ways to stipulate the time of delivery in the contract.

In stipulate the time of delivery we have to pay attention to the followings:

(1) The shipment date should be made in such a manner that it facilitates the

seller and enables the seller to effect shipment on time and perform the relevant obligations stipulated in the contract. For instance, the seller should be given a period of reasonable time for arranging the supply of the contracted goods.

(2) Different shipment period should be fixed, based on the availability of

shipping space, for contracted goods of different nature. An unreasonable short time for shipment shall cause no little inconvenience to the seller.

(3) According to the relevant stipulations of (Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits): Expressions such as “prompt”; “immediately”, “as

soon as possible” and the like should not be used. If they are used banks will disregard them.

(4) Unless otherwise stipulated in the credit, the expression “shipment” used in stipulating an earliest and/or a latest shipment date will be understood to include the expressions “loading on board”, “dispatch”, “accepted for carriage”, “flight date”,“date of post receipt”, "date of pickup" and in the case of a credit calling for or allowing a multi-modal transport document the expression “taking in charge” .

(5) If the expression “on or about” and similar expressions are used, banks will interpret them as a stipulation that shipment is to be made during the period from the five days before to five days after the specified date, both end days included. The words “to”, “until”, “till”, “from” and words of similar expressions applied to any date or period in the credit referring to shipment will be understood to include the date mentioned. The word “after” will be understood to exclude the date mentioned. The term “first half”, “second half” of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 15th, and the 16th to the last day of such month, all dates inclusive. The terms “beginning”, “middle”, or “end” of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 10th, the 11th to the 20th', and the 21st to the last day of such month, all dates

inclusive.

3. The Bill of Lading has three important functions. a.It is a receipt for goods signed by the shipping company and given to the shippers; b.It is also evidence of a contract of carriage between the shipping company and shippers. In addition, c.it is a document of title because the legal owner of the Bill of Lading is the owner of the goods. For this reason the Bill of Lading can be used to transfer the goods-from one owner to a nother. “When the exporters complete it, they can write the buyer?s name in the space, “consignee”. This means the consignee is the legal owner of the goods, as named on Bill of Lading. Otherwise the exporters can write “to other” in the consignee space. U nderneath “to order” they write the name and address of the agent. Then the agent in the importing country can endorse the bill to the buyer. In this way the importers can transfer the consignment to their customers. This means that there has to be a separate Bill of Lading for each consignee and several consignments can not be consolidated on to one bill.

4. There are several types of Bills of Lading which are categorized in different ways.

(1). On board B/L and received for shipment B/L

According to whether the goods are loaded or not, the bills of lading can be classified into on board(or shipped) B/L and received(or received for shipment) B/L.

A shipped on board B/L is evidence that the goods have been loaded on board a certain steamer. It commences with the wording “Shipped in apparent good order and condition”, According to general foreign trade practices, only the shipped on board

B/L is accepted by banks for payment under a L/C.

(2). Clean bill and unclean bill

According to whether there are notes on the B/L, it falls into 2 kinds: clean B/L

and unclean B/L.

A clean B/L shows that the goods have been shipped on board a vessel in

apparent good order and condition, and there is no modification of the shipowner. This bill of lading is called “clean” or “unclaused”. It confirms that the goods have not suffered apparent or outside damage and there does not seem to be any defect in the packing. By issuing clean bill of lading, the shipowner admits his full liability of the cargo described in the Bill under the law and his contract. This type is much favored by banks for financial settlement purpose.

Unclean B/L is generally marked “insufficiently packed”, “covers old and stained”, “wet by rain”, “…packed in damaged condition”, “unclean”, “foul”, etc. There are many recurring types of such clauses including inadequate packaging, unprotected machinery, wet or stained cartons, damaged crates, etc. This type of B/L is usually unacceptable to a bank. But not all B/L(s) which are noted are unclean B/L.

(3). A straight B/L, An order B/L and A blank B/L

According to whether the B/L is transferable, it is divided into 3 kinds: straight

B/L, order B/L and blank B/L.

A straight B/L is made out so that only the named consignee at the destination is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill. The consignee is designated by the shipper. The carrier has to hand over the cargo to the named consignee, not to any

third party in possession of the bill. This kind of B/L is not transferable. The shipper cannot pass the bill to a third party by endorsement. So the bill is of very restricted application. When the goods are shipped on a non-commercial basis, such as samples or exhibits, materials in aid of other countries, or when the goods are extremely valuable, a straight B/L is generally issued.

An order B/L indicates that the bill is made out to the order of or to order

of …any person named in such a bill, which may be transferred /negotiated after endorsement. So it is sometimes called transferable B/L. It is because of this that nowadays, it is commonly used in international practice.

A blank B/L is also called open B/L or bearer B/L. It refers to the bill in which

the name of a definite consignee is not mentioned. The area in B/L calling for the name of the consignee is left blank, with neither the name of the consignee nor the phraseology of “to order” filled in. This kind of B/L can be transferred/ negotiable without endorsement. There usually appear in the box of consignee words like “to bearer” and holder of the B/L c an take delivery of the goods against the surrender of B/L, i.e., ownership of the goods passes when the bill is handed over to anyone. (4). Direct B/L, A transshipment B/L, A through B/L

According to the modes of transport, it can be divided into 3 kinds.

A direct B/L is referred to the consignment carried to the port of destination directly without transshipment.

A transhipment B/L is issued by shipping companies when there is no direct service between the port of loading and port of destination, and the ship owner arranges to tranship the cargo at an intermediate port at his expense. This kind of Bill usually bears such a clause “Transhipment to be made”

A through B/L is issued when the entire voyage involves more than one carrier, where the ocean shipment forms only part of the complete journey and, subsequent thereto, the goods have to be carried by other land or sea carriers. The first carrier issues the bill and collects the freight for the entire voyage, and arranges transshipment and forwarding of the goods at the intermediate port. The shipper prefers this kind of B/L because of the trouble having been saved to deal with other carriers by himself.

(5). A long form B/L, A short form B/L

According to the contents of the B/L, it can be divided into 2 forms: Long Form

B/L and Short Form B/L

A long form B/L refers to the B/L on the back of which all the detailed terms and conditions about the rights and obligations of the carrier and the consignor are listed as an integral part of the bill. It is more frequently used.

A short form B/L is a document which omits the terms and conditions on the back

of B/L.

(6). A freight prepaid B/L, A freight to be collected B/L

According to the time for payment of freight, it can be divided into 2 types.

A freight prepaid B/L means that all the freight is paid by the consignor when B/L

is issued by the carrier on which “freight prepaid” is indicated.

A freight to be collected B/L refers to the B/L on which “freight payable at

destination” is indicated.

(7). A liner B/L, A charter party B/L

According to the types of the carrying vessels, it can be classified into a liner B/L and a charter party B/L.

(8). Other types of B/L

Besides the above-mentioned types of B/L there are some other types such as: container B/L; on Deck B/L; stale B/L; groupage B/L; house B/L; antedated B/L and advanced B/L.

IV. Case study

1.[Answer]: The loss to the stationary pertained to particular average, while the

loss to the tea was a partial one… The insurance company will have compensated for the losses if the goods had been insured against FPA.

2.[Answer]: The most important lesson we can learn is that, it is essential for the exporter to present documents in accordance with the stipulations of the relevant LC. In this case, finding the shipping marks illegible on the LC, the export salesman in the ABC Company, instead of asking the buyer for clarification, decided the shipping marks himself. This constituted discrepancy between the documents and the LC. Article 14 of the UCP500 clearly indicates, “Whe n the Issuing Bank authorizes another bank to pay, incur a deferred payment undertaking, accept draft(s), or negotiate against documents which appear on their face to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit…” It is clear that the docum ents presented must be in conformity with the stipulations in the L/C.

Chapter10

I. True or false

1. F many countries in the world have begun to adopt the Institute Cargo Clause, including China.

2. T

3. T

4. T

5. F all risks do not cover other special risks like War risk, Strike risk, etc.

6. F the insured may choose to attach War of Strike risk to W.P.A.

7. F according to international business practice, insurable interest is required only when the insured claims damages with the insurance company.

8. T

9. F by franchise in meant that the insurance company must still compensate the insured once the damage exceeds the percentage stipulated .

10. F irrespective of percentage is applied to goods which are easily broken or delivered short; it has nothing to do with other disasters such as strikes, war, and other natural disasters.

II. Fill in the blanks with the following words and expressions:

1.cover 7.covered

2.covers 8.insure

3.cover 9.insurance

4.covered 10.effected

5.covering 11.insurance

6.covering 12.coverage

III. Translate the following into English:

1.The clients think it more convenient for the insurance to be covered /to be

taken care of by you than by themselves.

2.Please effect insurance for 150% of the invoice value against All Risks and

War Risk, as required by the buyer.

3.We can only cover insurance for 110% of the invoice value according to the contract stipulations and therefore we regret being unable to comply with your request.

4.The P.I.C.C. enjoys high prestige among trade circles at home and abroad for

their low rates as well as prompt and equitable settlement of claims.

5.After damage has incurred, the insured may file a claim supported by the insurance policy and a survey report with the insurance company or their agent at his end.

6.Please see to it that the above-mentioned goods are to be shipped before 15th

June and insured against All Risks for 150% of the invoice value. We know that according to your usual practice, you insure the goods only for 110% of the invoice value, therefore, the extra premium will be borne by us.

7.An insurance claim should be submitted to the insurance company or its agent

as promptly as possible so as to provide the insurance company or its agent with ample time to pursue recovery from the relative party at fault.

8.We regret to inform you that Case No.8 was invoiced as containing 10 type writers, eight of which were badly damaged upon arrival. We enclose an inspection certificate issued by the Shanghai Commodity Inspection Bureau and the shipping agent's statement and hope that no difficulty will arise in the settlement of our above claim amounting to US$3,000.

9.In the absence of your definite instructions regarding insurance, we covered

your ordered goods against W.P.A. for 110% of the invoice value according to our usual practice.

10.If you desire to cover your goods against All Risks, we can provide such coverage, but at a slightly higher premium, the difference of which will be for your account.

IV. Case study

1、答：（1）保险公司应赔偿1000 美元的损失，而1500 美元的损失应由买方自己承担。

（2）因为，根据中国人民保险公司《海运货物保险条款》水渍险的责任

范围的规定，该案例中的1000 美元是运输工具遭到自然灾害造成的部分损失，保险公司对此应负责赔偿。

化肥袋包装破裂险属一般附加险的责任范围，它不在所投保的水渍险的责任

范围，故保险公司不予赔偿。又因为按CIF 条件成交，卖方只需按合同规定投保险别，运输途中的风险则由买方承担，故案例中的1500 美元则由买方自负。

因此，保险公司应对1000 美元予以赔偿，1500 美元的损失由买方自己承担。

国际贸易实务课后习题答案

国际贸易实务（答案) 第一章 案例分析题：某年 3 月，A 公司与 B 公司按照 CIF 条件签定了一份出口某种日用品的合同。由于考虑到该商品的季节性很强，买方要求在合同中规定货物必须在4月底之前运达目的港，以保证5月初投入市场，过期买方不再接受货物。卖方为了卖得好价钱，同意了买方的条件，并在合同中作出了明确的规定。卖方在合同规定的装运期内发运了货物，然而载货船只在途中发生故障，修船延误了时间，结果货到目的港已是五月中旬。买方拒绝接受货物，并提出索赔，双方为此发生了争执。卖方认为，合同是按照 CIF条件成交的，根据《INCOTERMS 2010》的解释，CIF是在装运港交货，买卖双方承担的风险是以装运港船上为界划分，也就是说卖方只承担货物装上船之前的风险，而在运输途中发生的货物损坏，灭失以及延误的风险均由买方承担。但买方则认为，双方在订立合同时已明确规定了期限到达，这是买方接受货物的前提条件。现在货物抵达目的港的时间超过了规定的最后期限，买方自然有权要求解除合同。你认为卖方主张有理，还是买方主张有理？ 答：我认为是买方的主张有理。 理由：虽然根据《INCOTERMS 2010》的解释，CIF是在装运港交货，买卖双方承担的风险是以装运港船上为界划分也就是卖方只承担货物装上船之前的风险，而在之后的风险由买方承担。在一般情况下卖方不承担因为装船之后的由于运输公司逾期到达目的港的风险责任。但是，由于在合同中有一条对于卖方极其不理的条款：“保证在 4 月底之前到达目的港，过期买方不接受货物”，买方也同意签署了合同，那么就应当根据合同中的条款履行，买方可以拒绝接受逾期货物。 第二章 思考题： 1、EXW 买卖双方的基本义务卖方基本义务： （1）在合同规定的时间、地点，将合同约定的货物置于买方的处置之下 （2）承担将货物交给买方处置之前的一切费用和风险。 （3）提交商业发票或有同等作用的电子讯息，以及合同可能要求的，证明货物符合合同规定的其他任何凭证。 买方基本义务：（1）在合同规定的时间、地点，受领卖方提交的货物，并按照合同规定支付货款。（2）承担受领货物之后的一切费用和风险。（3）自担风险和费用，取得任何出口和进口许可证或者其他官方许可，在需要办理海关手续时，并办理货物出口的一切海关手续。 2、比较 FCA、CPT 和 CIP 的异同点。 相同点： 第一、适用于任何运输方式，包括多式联运，也包括海运。 第二、卖方在规定的日期或期间内在出口国的内地或港口把货物交给承运人或第一承运人照管。 第三、卖方自行负担风险和费用，取得出口许可证或其它官方批准证件，并办理货物出口所必须的一切海关手续；买方自负风险和费用，取得进口许可证或其它官方批准文件，并办理货物进口以及必要时经由另一国家过境运输所需的一切海关手续。

国际贸易实务试卷A卷(英文)09.12

广东外语外贸大学国际经济贸易学院 《国际贸易实务》2009-2010学年第一学期期末考试试卷（A卷）考核对象：‘4+0’国贸084班 ‘4+0’国贸085班 考试时间：2小时班级：_______ 学号：________ 姓名：_________ 成绩：________ Ⅰ. Put T for true or F for false in the brackets at the end of each statement. ( 15% ) 1.（ F ）According to INCOTERMS 2000, if the seller exports ceramics using CIF term, he must insure the goods against All Risks plus Risk of Clash and Breakage. 2.（ F ）According to INCOTERMS 2000, under CIF Liner T erms Hamburg, the buyer must pay the discharging fees in the port of destination. 3.（ F ）International customs and practice is the international standard which is of some guiding significance to international business men. So all the international business men should abide by the international customs and practice. 4.（T ）When the charterer fails to load or unload the goods within the stipulated period of time, he has to pay demurrage to the ship-owner. 5.（ F ）In order to avoid complications, we should try our best to use much more kinds of methods to stipulate the quality of the goods. 6.（ F ）According to CISG, if the package of the goods is not in acordance with the terms and conditions of the contract, the buyer could lodge claims, but he couldn’t reject the goods. 7.（ F ）According to CISG, if the seller delivers a quantity of goods greater than that provided for in the contract, the buyer may take delivery or refuse to take delivery of all the quantity (including the excess quantity and the contracted quantity). 8.（ F ）A chinese company exports 1500 bags of cement using CIF term in the contract and has insured the goods against F.P.A. before shipment. However five bags fall into water when loading in the port of shipment. Because the five bags have not been on

国际贸易实务双语课程设计

《国际贸易实务》（英汉双语）课程设计大纲 课程类别：必修学时：72 课程性质：理论教学学分：4 适用专业：外文系、管理系、政法系等国贸专业、英语专业开课教研室：外文系、管理系、政法系专业教研室 一、课程设计基本目的、任务及课程建设指导思想 根据21世纪社会、经济、科技文化发展趋势，中国入世后对各类人才需求类型的变化，客观上使高等教育改革势在必行，培养既熟悉外贸业务，又精通英语的合格人才是当前大学教育面临的一个迫切任务。《国际贸易实务》是一门主要研究国际商品交换的基本知识、基本规则和具体操作技术的学科，也是一门具有涉外经济活动特点的实践性很强的综合性、应用性学科。该课程是我院外文系经贸英语专业、管理系市场营销专业、政法系国际贸易实务等专业的专业主干课程，有着独特的重要地位。 本课程比较系统地讲述了进出口业务环节，使我系经贸英语方向的学生既能够学到国际贸易进出口的基本专业知识，又能够提高和巩固英语语言应用能力，有利于学生能更好地就业，并且能很快地胜任对外贸易工作。本课程主要的任务是掌握国际贸易的基本知识并能较熟练地用英语进行阐述。 同时，为了更好地实施《国际贸易实务》课的教学改革，积极探索新型人才培养模式，我们逐渐确立了“三融合”的教学理念和“双主”教学思想。

所谓“三大融合”即： 1. 把知识传授与技能训练及职业态度培养有机融合起来，使三者相互融通，相互促进； 2. 把综合能力、创新能力和实践能力的培养有机融合起来，并强调以实践能力培养为中心，使三者相互作用，协同提高； 3. 把素质教育、知识传授与能力培养有机融合起来，使学生的知识、能力和素质结构优化、全面协调发展。 “双主”教育思想是一种既发挥教师的主导作用，同时又要充分体现学生的认知主体作用，即要把“教师中心”和“学生中心”两者的长处吸收过来，又要把两者的消极因素加以避免的教学思想。这就要求教师在一般的“传递-接受”教学活动后，通过多种手段向学生提供精心组织的情景，让学生在情景中运用教师讲过的原理、原则，主动思考、主动探索、主动发现，从而完成教学目的。 在“三融合”和“双主”教学思想的指导下，《国际贸易实务》课程组展开了一系列的教学改革，并取得了一定的成效。 二、课程设计的基本内容和教学要求 《国际贸易实务》是我院外文系、政法系、管理系相关专业必修的专业主干课之一。是一门专门研究国际间商品交换具体过程和习惯性做法的应用学科，也是一门具有涉外经济活动特点的实践性很强的综合性应用学科。 《国际贸易实务》课程的主要任务是，从贸易实践和法律的角度，

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国际贸易实务课后习题标准答案-(1)

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(完整word版)国际贸易实务课后答案 .陈平

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国际贸易实务试题和答案

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国际贸易实务习题答案完整版.doc

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