billgates英文简介
billgates英文简介
William Henry Gates III (born October 28, 1955), is an American business magnate, philanthropist, the world's third richest man (as of 2008), and chairman of Microsoft, the software company he founded with Paul Allen. During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of CEO and chief software architect, and remains the individual shareholder with the most shares, with more than 9 percent of the common stock.
Gates was born in Seattle, Washington and excelled in school early on. He enrolled at Harvard College in 1973, where he met Steve Ballmer, who would later become CEO of Microsoft. After reading the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics, Gates contacted Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems and provided them with the Altair BASIC, and thus Microsoft was formed. This led to a partnership with IBM that required Microsoft to make the BASIC interpreter for the IBM PC. Later on, Gates struck another deal with IBM, allowing IBM to package Microsoft's PC-DOS software with IBM's personal computers in exchange for a fee paid to Microsoft for every computer sold. This deal established Microsoft as a major player in the software industry.
Gates is one of the best-known entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution. Although he is admired by many, a large number of industry insiders criticize his business tactics, which they consider
anti-competitive, an opinion which has in some cases been upheld by the courts. In the later stages of his career, Gates has pursued a number of philanthropic endeavors, donating large amounts of money to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, established in 2000.
History and Anthology of American Literature 美国文学史及选读 笔记
History and Anthology of American Literature Part I The Literature of Colonial America 1.Historical Introduction ·The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. ·Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was Captain John Smith. His reports of exploration have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English. 2.Early New England Literature ·The American poets who emerged in the 17 century adapted the style of established European poets to the subject matter confronted in a strange, new environment. Anne Bradstreet was one such poet. John Smith 1.The first American writer. 2.Works: (1)A true Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (2)A Map of Virginia with a Description of the Country (3)The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles William Bradford & John Winthrop 1.William Bradford: 曾任普利茅斯总督 ·Work: Of Plymouth Plantation《普利茅斯垦殖记》 2.John Winthrop: 曾任马萨诸塞湾总督，波士顿总督 ·Work: The History of New England from 1630 to 1649《新英格兰历史：1630-1649》 John Cotton & Roger Williams 1.John Cotton: 清教徒牧师和作家 ·The first major intellectual spokesman of Massachusetts Bay Colony was John Cotton, sometimes called “the Patriarch of New England”. 2.Roger Williams: 出生于伦敦的进步宗教思想家，曾长期受到英国殖民当局的迫害 ·He was interested in the Indian language ·Work：A Key into the Language of America 《阿美利加语言的钥匙》 Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor 1.Anne Bradstreet：美国第一位作品得以发表的女诗人 ·Work：The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America《第十位缪斯》 2.Edward Taylor：美国清教派牧师和诗人，被公认为美国19世纪前最重要的诗人 ·The best of the Puritan poets Part II The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1.Background: In the seventies of the eighteenth century the English colonies in North America rose in arms against their mother country. The War of Independence lasted for eight years(1775-1783) and ended in the formation of a federative bourgeois democratic republic—the United States of America. 2.American Enlightenment（美国启蒙运动）dealt a decisive blow to the Puritan traditions and brought to life secular
美国文学史
美国文学史梗概 一、殖民地时代和美国建国初期 最早来自这片新大陆的欧洲移民主要是定居在新英格兰的清教徒和马萨诸塞的罗马天主教徒，二者虽然在教义上有很多不同之处，但他们都信奉加尔文主义：人生在世只是为了受苦受难，而他们唯一的希望是争做上帝的“选民”，死后进天国，相信“原罪”。这时的文学作品也主要反映了这些思想，和欧洲文学一脉相承。 代表作家：考顿·马瑟，乔纳森·爱德华兹，安妮·布拉兹特里特，爱德华·泰勒。 二、18世纪独立战争胜利后，美国经济社会进入稳步发展时期 这一时期是启蒙运动时期（the Enlightenment）,从字面上讲，启蒙运
动就是启迪蒙昧，反对愚昧主义，提倡普及文化教育的运动。但就其精神实质上看，它是宣扬资产阶级政治思想体系的运动，并非单纯是文学运动。它是文艺复兴时期资产阶级反封建、反禁欲、反教会斗争的继续和发展，直接为一七八九年的法国大革命奠定了思想基础。启蒙思想家们从人文主义者手里进一步从理论上证明封建制度的不合理，从而提出一整套哲学理论，政治纲领和社会改革方案，要求建立一个以“理性”为基础的社会。他们用政治自由对抗专制暴政，用信仰自由对抗宗教压迫，用自然神论和无神论来摧毁天主教权威和宗教偶像，用“天赋人权”的口号来反对“君权神授”的观点，用“人人在法律面前平等”来反对贵族的等级特权，进而建立资产阶级的政权。是欧洲第二次思想解放运动。） 主要文学指导思想是“自然神论”（Deism），这个思想认为虽然上帝创造了宇宙和它存在的规则，但是在此之
后上帝并不再对这个世界的发展产生影响。自然神论反对蒙昧主义和神秘主义，否定迷信和各种违反自然规律的“奇迹”；认为上帝不过是“世界理性”或“有智慧的意志”；上帝作为世界的“始因”或“造物主”，它在创世之后就不再干预世界事务，而让世界按照它本身的规律存在和发展下去；主张用“理性宗教”代替“天启宗教”。人生在世，不再是受苦受难以换取来世的新生，而是要消灭种族、性别和信仰的不平等，建立自己的“人间乐园”。 启蒙运动中出现大量优秀的散文作品，并多出自开国元勋之手，如本杰明·富兰克林，托马斯·潘恩，以及托马斯·杰斐逊。 三、19世纪南北战争时期 这一时期的文学先后发展了浪漫主义，现实主义和自然主义。
美国历史
2010 9 28更新』两小时读完美国历史，四小时sat2 从200分到400分.美国历史简单outline, 中英文混版，持续更新来源：张冠晨的日志 第一章 美洲殖民地人们的早期生活。 A.The Age of Exploration The English Colonies 两个主要的1. Jamestown in Virginia in the South 2. Massachusetts Bay Colony in Massachusetts in the North B.Virginia at Jamestown 的主要事件 1.建立于1607 年4月26日 （这篇outline中的时间顺序最好记一下，因为sat 2似乎很喜欢考顺序题，而且有个最基本的时间概念对学历史的感觉很重要） 一个名字嚣张的叫London Company 的股份制公司(Joint-Stock)投资了它 2. Captain John Smith, led the colony. 但是他太笨了，被印第安人给抓了。但是又被印第安的一位女生, Pocahontas给救了 3. Jamestown的地理位置选得不好，而且第一批去的人（settlers）缺乏种田经验，玩过帝
国的人都知道，种田对国家的补给是很重要的。所以结果饿死了好多人，在此存亡时刻，他出现了.... 4. 1619，John Rolfe introduced West Indian tobacco plants. tobacco(烟草) 给jamestown 注入了新的活力。出口烟草成了他们的主要经济来源。 5. London Company的日子其实一直不好过，即使jamestown可以卖烟草，但是London Company 赚的钱还是很少，为了解决招商引资的问题，他们决定做出了决定。你去美国那边可以自己建政府！叫区域自制。类似于自治区。 于是，1619年，House of Burgesses, 建立了（这种英文不知道怎么翻译，也没必要翻译）。它是first representative government in the New World. 6. 1675, 一个叫Nathaniel Beacon 发起了个rebellion against Governor Berkeley. 史称Beacon Rebellion. 主要原因是官员Berkeley“清剿”“印匪”工作不利，导致Beacon自己领导了一个500人的军队去“清剿”印第安人（美国教材也习惯性叫他们Native America）。Berkeley 非常尽责，他表示beacon的行为违法了。Beacon怒了，一把火烧了jamestown。但是Berkeley还是率领军队打败了Beacon。 7. 1640年，slaves(非洲奴隶)被引进jamestown. C.Massachusetts Bay Colony 1. 跟jamestown是因为经济原因建立（profit), Massachusetts Bay 更像是一个宗教避难所。当时欧洲出现于不同传统天主教的“新教”，他们和天主教一样都信耶稣，但是宗教习惯不一样，而且被天主教迫害。所以他们需要一个地方可以有自己的信仰，于是来了new world. 2. 1630年，John Winthrop 率领若干Puritans 建立Massachusetts Bay Colony. 他们实行一种宗教干政的民主形式。只有男性宗教成员才有资格给一个叫the General Court的legislature投票。大部分居民都对这种政体表示满意，可是很快出现了不和谐的声音....(见下一个section) 3. 1636年，一个叫Roger William的人坚持Massachusetts Bay Colony的土地使用权是从英国政府手上买的，不是从印第安人手上买的;所以不合法。而且他要求政教分开和信仰自由。很不幸，他被驱逐出殖民地。但是他去了Rhode Island. 而且建立了一个政教分开，民主，宗教自由的殖民地。
关于20世纪欧美文学20th Century American Literature(英语美文)
关于20世纪欧美文学20th Century American Literature 英语美文 这些脸”的幽灵在人群中:/片片花瓣在潮湿黝黑的枝子上。“我的第一反应在1916年庞德的阅读理解诗歌的地铁车站的暴行。这是一首诗无论如何定义?如果它是一首诗,它是如何被理解吗?最后,有什麽样的含意,这首诗产生了为20 -世纪美国文学吗? 我最初的困惑,我意识到了,在平息,必须在地下的d 'etre背后的这个显然奇异的文学现象。我所要做的是把这首诗到上下文的美国文学的演进和文学的历史。至少,这首诗就引发了一个重要的挑战。它要求我明白有些很关键的变化,这些变化必须发生在20世纪末。 我后来的研究表明这首诗表现了更大的一部分被称为象征主义文学运动,其中包括这样的理论家和开业者休谟,Hilda Doolittle t >,艾美洛厄尔;庞德等。这个动作是一种直接反应了维多利亚时代晚期诗歌,成为极人工、emptily“修辞”和“装饰”。解决这类问题,因此必然要松开韵律模式和把它带回来接近的节奏普通的演说。因此,“意象派”运动有极大关系与促进自由诗,倡导实验在许多宗教信条
需要“允许绝对自由的题材的选择”和“生产诗歌,又硬又清晰,从不模糊不定。“当Archibald也说,在他的抗逆转录病毒药物Poetica MacLeish(1926年),“诗不应该意味着/但是”的,他有类似的事情在他的脑海里。象征主义、小,因为它是作为一种文学运动,引起了重大变化,引入文学批评的概念所体现的内部学习新批评代替传统的关键做法。 上述事件只不过是一个那个例子发生在我研究的文学作品。中国学生喜欢我,它至少有两个重要的影响。首先,一部作品,一定不能被隔离治疗。相互作用是什么之前或之后写历史的角度来看,这是一个以何种方式,我们将增加我们的解释。第二,这是很重要的,熟悉相关的文学理论,对于一个给定的作品。 一个学生主修英语(以及国际贸易)的XX大学英语系,我变得越来越有兴趣文学后半段在本科毕业。当然,我被培养成一名学生的英语语言在最初的地方,正因为如此,我收到了标准的学术训练典型的一位学生的英语专业。在头两年里,我主要有密集培训的基本的英语交流能力通过参加课程,在先进的听、写、阅读和书面和口头的沟通能力。我的杰出的学术成绩,说明了国内一流,二等奖学金连续四次被我赢了从1999年至2003年。在2001年,我曾获二等奖的校园英语作文大赛,在2002年赢得这个奖项的第一个中英翻译大赛。另一指标,是我的学业成绩的荣誉毕业于XX省优秀的时候,我收到了我终于完成了
美国历史--中英文
美国历史--中英文
1) The "discovery" of the New World 发现新大陆 ①The "first Americans" were the Indians 最早的美国人是印第安人 ②In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, supported by the Spanish queen, he led his men to sail across the vast ocean in 1492 and reached some small islands in the now west Indies. He thought he had reached Asia and didn't know he had discovered a New Continent. 15世纪后期，意大利航海家克里斯多弗.哥伦布，在西班牙女王的支持下,于1492年率领船队穿越浩瀚的大西洋，抵达了现在西印度群岛的一些小岛。他误以为到达了亚洲，并不知道自己已经发现了一个新大陆。 ③Ameriga Vespucci proved that the land was a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after him.
阿美利歌?韦斯普奇证明了这是新大陆，因此，以他的名字命名。 2)Causes of the colonization of the New World 殖民时期 Opportunity was a magic word. 机遇是一个神气的词 ①The new Would drew English nobles (who dreamed of getting more land and establishing great new estates.). ②Drew other people who could not find jobs in England. ③Most of all , it drew the poor and the homeless from the farmlands and villages of Europe. ④Many settlers came to the English colonies in search of religious freedom because they had been persecuted in England. 1）他吸引了英国的贵族（那些梦想在荒原上创建庞大的新地产的） 2）吸引那些在英国无法找到工作的人。
usahistory英文版美国历史简介
The United States of America History Indians: The “first Americans” The Discovery of the New World Christopher Columbus (31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) a navigator, colonizer, and explorer He initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the "New World". Pilgrim Fathers Relations of American Indians with European settlers The American War of Independence What were the causes of the War of Independence Britain’s colonial policy The economy in the 13 colonies developed very fast The British government was to bring the development under control and to collect more taxes from the colonies. “No taxation without representation” ( 无代表，不纳税） How was the War of Independence started The “Boston Tea Party” ?In 1773, when ships of tea reached Boston to be distributed, several dozen Boston residents boarded the ship at night and threw $75,000 worth of tea into the harbor. This came to be known as the “Boston Tea Party”. The start of the war ?In 1775, about 1,000 British soldiers were sent from Boston to seize the military supplies of the American militia. When
美国文学史 几个主义
1 Puritanism(清教主义): Simply speaking, American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions. In content it means scrupulous moral rigor, especially hostility to social pleasures and indulgences that is strictness, sternness and austerity in conduct and religion. （道德苛刻，对享乐主义极度反对） 2 Romanticism（浪漫主义）：Is associated with imagination and boundlessness, as contrasted with classism, which is commonly associated with reason and restrictions. The most-profound and comprehensive idea of romanticism is the vision of a greater personal freedom for the individual. 3 Transcendentalism（超验主义）：The external is united with the internal. Physical or material mature is neutral or indifferent or objective; it is neither helpful nor hurtful; it is neither beautiful nor ugly. What makes one give such attributes to nature is that individual’s imposition of her/his temperament or mood or psyche. 4 Realism(现实主义)：Realism was a model of writing that gives the impression of recording or reflecting faithfully an actual way of life. The term refers both to a literary method based on detailed accuracy of description and to a more general attitude that rejects idealization, escapism, and other extravagant qualities of romance in favor of recognizing soberly the actual problems of life. 5 Modernism(现代主义)：Modernism is a cultural movement that generally includes the progressive art and architecture, design, literature, music, dance, painting and other visual arts which emerged in the beginning of the 20th century, particularly in the years following World War I. It was a movement of artists and designers who rebelled against late 19th century academic and historicist tradition, and embraced the new economic, social and political aspects of the emerging modern world. 作者 布莱恩特是乐观而悲壮的浪漫主义；认为诗贵在言志，贵在教化，贵在启迪；自然是真与善的化生，是人类精神的寄托之所；对他来说，现实的世界虽充满烦恼与纷乱，艺术家可以通过回归充满神灵的大自然找到自己心灵的寄托；他的孤独常显示出某种意志的力量；他的“死亡”是融入自然的门户． 坡是悲观而苦涩的浪漫主义；认为诗贵在形式，贵在美感，贵在泻情；坡的自然是诗人纯粹的想象，是一种烘托性的精神实体；对他来说，现实的世界充满虚伪，残酷，丑陋，正在走向腐朽和死亡，所以艺术家的人生就只能是孤独的，痛苦的，绝望的，艺术家唯一能寻求到的安慰和喜悦就只存在于对纯粹美的形式和创造中；坡的孤独常常走向变态；他的“死亡”是纯粹的形式． Music is essential：Awesome, sad and melancholy Tone：Alliteration, assonance, and repetition
美国历史英文版a brief history of USA
American Brief History Before Colonial period Forty thousand years ago, a group of Rangers from Asia through North America to Central and South America, these people are the ancestors of the Indians. Indians living in the Americas when Columbus reached the New World ,There are about 30 million, of which about 20 million people live in Canada and the United States, north-central, the rest of the vast majority live in Mexico and the United States south. About 10,000 years ago, there are another group of Asians migrated to northern North America, which is later Eskimos. The earliest American Caucasian may be Vikings, they are a group of adventurous fishing, some people think that 1,000 years ago, they have been to the east coast of North America. Colonial period In 1607, one of about 100 people of colonial groups in Chesapeake Beach Jamestown, which is the first permanent colony built by the British in North America, after 150 years, one after another coming Many colonists settled in the coastal areas, many of them from the United Kingdom, and also in part from France, Germany, the Netherlands, Ireland and other countries. The mid-18th century, the 13 British colonies gradually formed, they have their own government and Parliament in the highest British sovereignty. The 13 colonial area due to the differences of climate and geographical environment, resulting in economic patterns around, the difference between the political system and the concept. Independence Movement The mid-18th century, the British colonies in the Americas and the United Kingdom, the existing cracks. With the continuous expansion of the colony, and gradually make them aware of the seriousness of the developments, which sprouted the idea of an independent. In 1773, the Boston Tea Party, anti-British colonists dumping. In 1774, representatives from 13 states gathered in Philadelphia, convened the First Continental Congress, hoping to solve the problem peacefully and the United Kingdom. King, however, adhere to the colony must unconditionally surrender to the British king, and accept the punishment. 1775, in Massachusetts, to Lexington flames of war, the outbreak of the War of Independence in North America. Held in Philadelphia in May 1776, the Second Continental Congress, staunch war with the independent determination, and published his famous "Declaration of Independence", put forward a good reason to fight the battle. Issued the "Declaration of Independence" is considered to be the beginning of the establishment by the United States, this day (July 4) was also the United States as a National Day. In October 1777, Saratoga victory, reversing the negative trend of the war of independence early. The campaign to make the American people's confidence, and international support. France and the United States signed a military alliance treaty in February 1778, France officially recognized the United States. France, Spain, the Netherlands have war. In 1781, the Battle of Yorktown Victory, the U.S. military has won a decisive victory. Yorktown after the battle, in addition to the sea there are several warring and sporadic fighting on land, the war of the North American continent has basically stopped. The success of the revolution, the American people have the opportunity to express their political ideas in legislative form. Federal Assembly 1787, held in Philadelphia, in Washington pushed for President, they take a matter of principle, that the central authority is a general, but there must be
美国历史--中英文
1) The "discovery" of the New World 发现新大陆 ①The "first Americans" were the Indians 最早的美国人是印第安人 ②In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, supported by the Spanish queen, he led his men to sail across the vast ocean in 1492 and reached some small islands in the now west Indies. He thought he had reached Asia and didn't know he had discovered a New Continent. 15世纪后期，意大利航海家克里斯多弗.哥伦布，在西班牙女王的支持下,于1492年率领船队穿越浩瀚的大西洋，抵达了现在西印度群岛的一些小岛。他误以为到达了亚洲，并不知道自己已经发现了一个新大陆。 ③Ameriga Vespucci proved that the land was a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after him. 阿美利歌?韦斯普奇证明了这是新大陆，因此，以他的名字命名。 2)Causes of the colonization of the New World 殖民时期 Opportunity was a magic word. 机遇是一个神气的词 ①The new Would drew English nobles (who dreamed of getting more land and establishing great new estates.). ②Drew other people who could not find jobs in England. ③Most of all , it drew the poor and the homeless from the farmlands and villages of Europe. ④Many settlers came to the English colonies in search of religious freedom because they had been persecuted in England. 1）他吸引了英国的贵族（那些梦想在荒原上创建庞大的新地产的） 2）吸引那些在英国无法找到工作的人。 3）尤其是吸引了欧洲农场和乡村的穷人和无家可归的人。
英语专业 美国文学史复习题
美国文学思考习题与练习 Week 2: Jonathan Edwards, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”: 1. What is the purpose of Edwards in delivering the sermon? 2. Who are the sinners? 3. What is the significance of the essay against the cultural background of Puritanism? Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography: 1. What kind of life style does Franklin advocate? Do you share his principles? 2. Do you agree with the idea that Franklin’s principles are universal? 3. Why does Franklin NOT list “piety” as one of the virtues? 4. What do you think of Franklin’s emphasis on material success? 5. What role does Franklin’s autobiography play in the pioneering experience? 6. How can you translate Franklin’s principles into Chinese? Week 3: Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Self-Reliance”: 1. What does Emerson think of man in his time? How should a man behave, according to Emerson? 2. Why does Emerson ask us to accept the place the divine providence has found for us? How does Emerson perceive the relationship between man and God? 3. How does Emerson perceive the relationship between an individual and society/others? 4. How does Emerson perceive the relationship between man and nature? 5. What role does Emerson’s essay play in the spirit of American Romanticism? 6. Can you share Emerson’s optimism about man? 7. What Chinese philosopher does Emerson find affinity with? Week 4: Edgar Allan Poe, “The Raven”: 1. How does the speaker’s mood change throughout the poem? 2. Why is the word “nevermore” repeated again and again? 3. What musical devices does the poet use in the poem? 4. What do you think of Poe’s philosophy of composition? Week 5: Nathaniel Hawthorne, “The Minister’s Black V eil”: 1. What does the veil symbolize? 2. Why does the minister wear the veil? 3. Do you think the minister is an evil or good character? 4. How is the theme of the individual’s isolation from society represented in the story?
马克吐温的英语名言
马克吐温的英语名言 导读：本文是关于马克吐温的英语名言，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享！ 1、真相比小说还要不可思议。 The truth is even more incredible than fiction. 2、预言是人类唯一一项无法经由练习而改善的技术。 Prophecy is the only technology that can not be improved through practice. 3、人的思想是了不起的，只要专注于某一项事业，就一定会做出使自己感到吃惊的成绩来。 The human mind is great, as long as the focus on some cause, it will produce surprising results. 4、我在这一刻所看到的，将永远留在我的记忆里，永不消失，我会天天看到它，夜夜梦到它，直到我死。 At this moment, I will always stay in my memory and never disappear. I will see it every day and dream about it till I die. 5、经常要坦白地承认一项过失错误，这将使你的上司意料防备不及，才会给你一个机会去犯更多的错误。 Often frankly admit a mistake, it will make your boss to expect too much, will give you a chance to make more mistakes.
6、不要把事实告诉不值得的人。 Don't tell the truth to people who don't deserve it. 7、如果你实在没有办法从别人那得到一句赞美，那就自己送自己一句吧。 If you really have no way to get a compliment from others, then give yourself a bar. 8、可是最糟糕的还是你们男人家不愿意让女子受到能有所作为的教育，不愿意让她们凭自己的努力赚到堂堂正正的生活。她们所受的教育只是为了装装门面，好像她们一辈子只应该受人爱怜，靠男人吃饭，永远不会遭到不幸似的。 But the worst or you men reluctant to let the woman can make a difference in education, not willing to let them by their own efforts to earn a dignified life. Their education just to keep up appearances as if they a lifetime should only be lovingly, depend on a man to eat, never was unfortunate like. 9、谎言已走了半个世界，真话才在动身。 Lies have gone half of the world, the truth is leaving. 10、强者，藐视困难，弱者，仰视困难。 The strong, despise difficulties, the weak, look up to difficulties. 11、朗费罗幽默的秘密源泉并不是欢乐而是悲伤。天堂里没有幽默。