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situational teaching method 情景式教学法

situational teaching method  情景式教学法
situational teaching method  情景式教学法

Situational Teaching Method in Primary School English Teaching

by

陆雅琼

A thesis presented to the School of English Education of

Xi‘an International Studies University

in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of

Bachelor of Arts

May 15, 2013

Class: 09-5

Advisor: 刘全利

西安外国语大学毕业论文开题报告

Acknowledgements

I‘d like to take this opportunity to extend my best regards to those who have helped me with my graduate thesis.

In writing this paper, I have benefited from the presence of my teachers and my classmates. They generously helped me collect materials I need and made many invaluable suggestions. I hereby extend my grateful thanks to them for their kind help, without which the paper would not have been what it it. Particularly, I am deeply indebted to Ms. Liu, my supervisor, who guided me throughout my writing of this thesis. She carefully read the whole draft and offered precious criticism. Her standards of academic excellence have made my revision exciting and gratifying experience. I also wish to sincerely thank my classmates and friends, whose brilliant ideas and perceptive observations have proved immensely constructive.

“情景式教学法”在小学英语教学中的应用

摘要:

传统小学英语教学模式就是老师在课堂上教授,学生做一些简单的听、说、读、写以及背诵。对于具有很强好奇心和模仿力的小学生们来说,这种传统而又缺乏新鲜感的英语教学模式并不容易被他们接受,而“情景式教学法”在这方面却能达到很好的效果。本论文结合当前小学英语教学的状况,通过对传统小学英语教学模式和“情景式教学法”的对比,作者认为,传统小学英语教学模式和“情景式教学法”都各有可取之处。因此,较为合理的英语教学模式应该是把这两种教学方法结合起来,综合运用。通过本论文,作者希望读者能够客观的认识传统小学英语教学模式和“情景式教学法”的优劣,同时也希望能为小学英语教学提供一些正确可行的方法。

关键字:

英语教学;情景式教学法;小学英语

Situational Teaching Method in Primary School English Teaching

Abstract:

The situation that the teacher teaches in the classroom, and students do some simple jobs, such as listening, speaking, reading, writing and reciting,can be regularly seen in the traditional English teaching class. But for pupils full of curiosity and imitation, this traditional English teaching method is not easy to be accepted and is less effective for improving their English level. However, the situational teaching method can achieve a good result in this regard. Based on the current situation of primary school English teaching, comparing the traditional English teaching method with the situational teaching method, the author thinks both of them have their merits. Therefore, the more reasonable primary English teaching method should combine these two teaching methods, and use them in an integrative way. In this paper, the author hopes that readers can understand the traditional English teaching method and the situational teaching method in an objective way, and also hopes to provide some feasible and better English teaching methods in primary school.

Key Words: Situational teaching method; primary school English; English teaching; advantages and disadvantages; games

Table of Contents

1.Introduction (1)

2.Traditional Teaching Method and Situational Teaching Method (1)

2.1Traditional Teaching Method (1)

2.2Situational Teaching Method (2)

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/db3609403.html,parison Between the Traditional Teaching Method and the Situational

Teaching Method (3)

3.1 Traditional Teaching Method. (3)

3.1.1 Advantages of the Traditional Teaching M ethod (3)

3.1.2 Disadvantages of the Traditional Teaching Method (3)

3.2 Situational Teaching Method (4)

3.2.1 Advantages of the Situational Teaching M ethod (4)

3.2.2 Disadvantages of the Situational Teaching M ethod (5)

3.3 Current Situation of Applying These Two English Teaching Methods (6)

4. A New Situational Teaching Method (9)

4.1 The Introduction of the New Teaching Method (9)

4.2 A Small Experiment of Using This New Situational Teaching Method (10)

4.3 Current Situation and Future of This New Situational Teaching Method (12)

5. Conclusion (13)

References (14)

1. Introduction

Recent years, accompanied with the fact that China get closer and closer to the world, English has become one of the most important tools to communicate with the world for Chinese people and increasingly shown it‘s charms in the stage of world. Based on this current situation, English teaching is bound to get much attention and is very necessary to be improved-----the first step is in the primary school. But the problem is that the traditional English teaching method lack of interest and is difficult to be accepted by those pupils who are very naughty and full of curiosity. So, the situational teaching method appeals to many teachers for its flexibility ,validity and full of imitative situation related to class. But there is also some disadvantages, such as the degree is difficult to control for teachers.

This study, based on the situational teaching method, absorbing the traditional teaching technique, aims to find a way to improve primary school students‘English teaching.

3The Traditional Teaching Method and the Situational Teaching

Method

2.1 The Traditional Teaching Method

The traditional teaching method has a very long history. Needless to say, the traditional teaching method is useful in the field of improving students‘score, especially in the English. The teacher always teaches the test points, and do not allow students to have some different opinions. That will do harm to the student creativity.

The traditional teaching method is ―inculcate the knowledge in a single way‖. It is also called ―Narration‖. It is a comprehensive report and statement of meaning, in such a way that the teacher teaches on the platform, and students learn in their sit. The purpose of that teaching method is to explain or analyze the author and the content. So,

in a word, the traditional teaching method is a method of interpreting.

2.2 The Situational Teaching Method

The situational teaching method just follows some rules of linguistics. Situational teaching method is originally called Oral Approach, which is developed by British applied linguists from 1930‘s (Shu Dingfang,1999.), and it has provided guidance to many well-known EFL/ESL textbooks and courses, including New Concept English written by Alexander, which is still used in China and known by most Chinese English learner. The concept of the situational teaching method is first projected by Brown, Collin, Duguidin in 1989. They published a study named Situated Cognition and the Culture of the Learning. They believed that ―knowledge can be produced only when it is applied in the situation, knowledge can not be isolated from its environment, and the best method to learn knowledge is to carry it out in the context.‖ There are different kinds of expressions on the situational teaching method. ―Situational teaching method is a kind of method through the use of the vivid scene, to arouse the students‘interest of learning, to improve learning efficiency.‖(Gu Mingyuan,1999.) ―Situational teaching method refers to create the problems with real event or circumstance. Students are in the process of solving the incidents or problems, and understand the knowledge independently.‖( Zhang Hua, 2000.) Generally, the situational teaching method relies on the Construction Theory and the theory of Situated Cognition and Learning. Constructivism believes that topic, situation, cooperation and resources are the four conditions to promote teaching. The emotional psychological researches show that the individual emotion has at least three functions on cognitive activities, these are motivation, strengthen and regulation. The situational teaching method is to arouse students‘ health and emotional experience in the process of teaching, and raise the enthusiasm of learning directly. The theory of learning underlying situational teaching method is Behaviorism, addressing more processes, than the conditions of learning. Palmer and Hornby are the main advocator of the situational teaching method (Shu Dingfang,1999.).

Situational teaching method is an adaptation of the Hersery/Blanchard situational leadership model in which the instructor uses a variety of teacher centered

and student centered strategies depending on the course content and the instructor‘s use of active learning. Situational Teaching Method means a lively or concrete situation or scene the teacher establish with the emotional color by the body of image, in order to draw the students‘ attitude experience, to help the students understand the textbook, and also improve the students‘mentality development. The center of Situational Teaching Method is to motivate the students’emotion. Make them learn actively and happily

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/db3609403.html,parison Between the Traditional Teaching Method

and the Situational Teaching Method

3.1 The Traditional Teaching Method

3.1.1 Advantages of the Traditional Teaching Method

Firstly, the traditional teaching method emphasizes the structure--function-- communication teaching model, which can increase the input and the output of the language, and greatly improve the frequency of the target language training in the class. Secondly, through the traditional teaching method, the materials that students learn are all provided by teacher. And the student‘s task is to take them to remember, so it is relatively easy to learn for the students. Thirdly, the traditional teaching method prefers to stress analysis of the language structure, vocabulary, sentence structure and grammar learning. So, it can greatly improve the accuracy of the language use, and is accepted by many English teachers.

3.1.2 Disadvantage of the Traditional Teaching Method

Firstly, as we all know children‘s language acquisition should be carried on in the real context of practice experience. The traditional teaching method emphasizes the structure and function of the language, and neglect children‘s Language Acquisition Law, so the result of the teaching is not very ideal. Secondly, with the teacher as the center, it ignores the students is the learning subject status. The traditional teaching method will decrease students‘learning interest, and make the

teaching effect inefficient. Because the traditional teaching method is completed in the guidance and control of teachers, thus it also brings two results: one is that the students follow the prescribed order that teachers taught, the curiosity and creativity is suppressed; the other is students are not interested in the content, and less or not participate in the activities. Thirdly, it is full of risk and unpredictability in the real communication environment. The speaker can't anticipate what the others say and can‘t prepare to the answer. So, the traditional teaching method is lack of practical applicability.

3.2 The Situational Teaching Method

3.2.1 Advantages of the Situational Teaching Method

Situational teaching method means in the teaching process, the teacher purposefully introduce or create certain vivid concrete scene, to arouse student certain emotional experience, thus help students understand teaching materials. English teaching activity is that the teachers and students in class have ideological, cultural, knowledge exchange activities, and make listening, speaking, reading and writing closely linked. So, the situational teaching method‘s advantages are following: Firstly, situational teaching method is fit to students‘psychological characteristics and age characteristics. Secondly, In fact, creating scenes is the essence of situational teaching method, and pupils are interested in scenes. Therefore, creating scenes is the best advantage of the situational teaching method which can stimulate students‘ interest. Situational teaching method can motivate students to learn English. Stimulating pupils‘ interest in learning is one of the important functions and purposes o f the Situational Teaching Method. Raising students‘ interest is a premise for teaching. There is a saying: Interest is the best teacher. It can make people concentrate on their work, and have enthusiasm, pleasant emotional experience for study. Teachers should be brimming with enthusiasm to teaching activities with superb teaching art to create an attractive teaching scene. Thirdly, Concentration on Pupils‘ Attention Scenes can draw students‘ attention. Foreign language teaching can make students consisten tly remain attention. To make students focus on the study, teachers can not rely on orders and requirements, but depend on the scientific and artistic teaching activities.

Naturally students can be attracted by the contents. About the teaching techniques, teachers can use the classroom and various materials. On one hand students can concentrate on learning in such a scene. On the other hand, students could understand natural and authentic meanings, and the English teaching procedure may become very vivid. Fourthly,the situational teaching can make the classroom in a good atmosphere. Creating a good atmosphere in the classroom is a key to motivate students and improve teaching quality. By using "imaginative scenes" in classroom teaching, the atmosphere can reach climax. For example, through simulating call, asking for directions, shopping, buying tickets, students can play a variety of roles, and repeat to use various words and sentences. The Situational Teaching Method provides a lot of opportunities to spea k, so it can increase students‘ interest in learning and activ ate classroom atmosphere. Last, it is well-known that human beings begin to know the world from feelings and perception in the beginning. Perception is the premise of recognition of other activities. Without perception, there is no awareness. The process of perception is close to the existence of objective reality. Teaching English in the actual scene will not only enhance English language training, but also develop children' s intelligence. Through the practice of the language, students develop their thinking ability through the training of letters, words, and sentences. In a world, the use of the situational teaching method makes the role of the students changed, from passive to active. The teachers‘ role also has changed from pure teaching in content to the guide of the student. The role of teacher and students can be fully played. And by such kind of means, better teaching effect can be received.

3.2.2 Disadvantages of the Situational Teaching Method

Even if situational teaching method has many advantages, there are still some disadvantages that we can not ignore. The situational teaching method ignores the entire perception and the comprehensive training, and overlooks the analysis and the explanation of the language. The primary school students‘ knowledge maturity is very limited. The situational teaching method needs a relatively high level of mastering the knowledge. So, it is difficult to use the situational teaching method to improve children‘s English in a short time. Second, the situational teaching method emphasizes

too much on the intuitive effect and exclude the mother language completely. In the present system of education, the score of the test is still an important indicator of the teachers‘ teaching quality and the students‘ learning quality of success. The situational teaching method emphasizes more the process than the result. It does not emphasize the students‘ ability in the test but the ability in learning the knowledge autonomously. Because it does not adapt to the education environment, the situational teaching method is not selected by teachers.

3.3 The Current Situation of Applying These Two English Teaching Methods

Since we begin to learn English, the traditional teaching method is our first choice. And in quite a long period of time, the traditional teaching method has a great contribution in improving English level of us Chinese people. Our English teacher from one generation to the next, are all through the traditional teaching method to understand, to learn and to master the English. So, needless to say, the traditional teaching method has become a means of teaching English. But now, more and more teachers and experts realize the traditional teaching method is not adapted to the students thinking and learning ability. Then, the situational teaching method emerges as the times requires.

The situational teaching method is a kind of unique and special teaching methods. It emphasizes on language learning process. Students learn language for use, and study through using. It makes a contribution for students to participate activities autonomously. Many experts have left experiences of the situational teaching method. America educator Dewey had the further explanation of the situational teaching method. He thought that the teaching process must create the situation first, establish the object and the teaching plan according to the situation. Former Soviet educator Sue Home Linsky often created activities for the children in the nature through his education reform, to stimulate students‘ interest in learning, and to develop students‘imagination and aesthetic judgment.

The situational teaching method can be used in every stage, but how to use it as the key point in the process of English teaching, especially in the primary school. Teachers should cultivate the students‘interest. Pupils are too young, so teachers

should try their best to cultivate their interests. And pupils are also rational, and they will study these subjects which they are interested in. Therefore, teachers should make use of scenes to teach English in the primary school.

1. Creating the Scenes of Life

What teachers need to do is to introduce real scenes into the classroom and provide students with opportunity of communication. For instance, there is a dialogue about visiting a friend.

The dialogue can be played like this:

A: May I come in?

B: ( opening the door.)Oh,it‘s you,A.Come in, please.(Next action) Sit down, please. Would you like coffee or tea?

A: Coffee, please.

B: Here you are.

A: Thank you.

The form of this dialogue is very close to our life. When students talk about music and story, their enthusiasm is particularly high. They are eager to make dialogues on the basis of scenes.

2. Learning Words in the Scenes

It is well-known that human beings begin to know the world from feelings and perception in the beginning. Perception is the premise of recognition of other activities. Without perception, there is no awareness. The process of perception is close to the existence of objective reality. Teaching English in the actual scene will not only enhance English language training, but also develop children's intelligence. Through the practice of the language, students develop their thinking ability through the training of letters, words, and sentences. For example, when teaching new words about vegetables, teachers can prepare some objects in advance. In the classroom, with the help of those objects, students will soon link the meaning and pronunciation. Another example, students are required to draw what they have seen in the zoo, such as tiger, lion, and bear. They will know how to express these animals when they see them again. Then, they can listen to the tapes and imitate to say. In fact, drawings

have set up a scene for students. Therefore, looking at the drawings students will be in

a high spirit.

3. With the Help of Actions

Teaching in primary English classroom can be regard as the joint activities which need the cooperation of teachers and students. Some specific actions can be used to enable students to understand some verbs and phrases. For example, teaching students the word "dance", the teacher can invite a girl to dance to the music, and then ask the other students to guess what she is doing. Of course, it is very easy for them to understand that she is dancing. At that time, teachers teach ―dance‖ again. Students will build up the relation between the word and its meaning. At last, the teacher can give an example to the students: "Let's dance together.‖ Or she can ask students to dance to the music together. Without doubt, the atmosphere of classroom will come to the peak. It is proved that the situational teaching method can make students to participate in interacti ve teaching activity and stimulate students‘ interest.

4. Role Play

In order to make the situation present in front of the students vividly, Teachers can guide students to play a role in a story, or assume a role. Through this way, students can perceive the content quickly, and understand the content easily. Student can be supposed as a teacher, and can imitate the teacher‘s teaching habits and tone. The little can say ―You are a good student, and I am happy‖ or ―You are so naughty, I am mad‖. Through this kind of role play, students can memorize the new words more easily and deeply.

3.Enriching the Situation Through Game Activities

Children and game has a natural relation. Games, activities are in the line with primary school students‘cognitive structure and psychological characteristics. The teacher in the classroom prefers to use games, because they can make the whole class less boring and more vivid. To teach a formula for word: up, down, left, right, for example. In this group, the teacher can design such a game: Paste a nose on a face. Teacher on a blackboard draws a big face without a nose. Then let the student paste the nose without looking. The crowd of classmates in this four words tell him what to

do. ―Up! Up…‖―Down! Down…‖Along with the nose change place, students adjusted instructions, finally under everyone‘s joint effort, found the nose in its correct place.

6. Using Multimedia Means to Expand Situations

With the introduction of multimedia technology in teaching, we should make use of various electronic means, like the TV, VCD, CAI. Use demonstration to provide students with real natural language, and make the teaching become more interesting and vivid. With VCD or TV to watch English cartoons, students are also very interested in it.

7. Establishing in the Peripheral Environment Around Campus to Expand the Second Classroom

In order to consolidate and develop the effectiveness of classroom teaching, teachers can also organize the students to carry out a variety of extra-curricular activities in English such as the activity of ―English corner‖and ―English speaking day‖. The students are encouraged to talk with each other in English. A English Garden is to be built up, or students‘ written work are displayed on the blackboard. All the measures taken broaden the scope of the practice of English.

4. A New Situational Teaching Method

4.1 The Introduction of the New Teaching Method

Due to lack of necessary language environment in the current primary school English teaching , the classroom utilization rate of forty minutes is not preferred. The primary school students all between 7 years old and 13 years old. In that period of age, the students all have strong curiosity, development initiative and plasticity. Secondly, they like to be lively, vivid, and flexible. So, we should apply the situational teaching method in primary school English teaching actively, to stimulate their interest in learning English and enthusiasm for learning English to the greatest extent. At the same time, it can enhance the effectiveness of English teaching. But considering the

specific situation of our country, we should pay attention to the following points in the application of the situational teaching method: First, most areas of our country are monolingual area, besides learning English, we do not have enough opportunity to practice and to use English, whether at school ,in home ,or in other place. We have a lack of English language learning environment. Second, our learning course are mainly confined to the teachers and teaching materials. Thirdly, the Chinese students have learned PinYin when they were very young, so they are under the influence of the mother language thinking. Fourth, our economy is not developed, and education is relatively backward. We are lack of advanced equipments. Last but not least, our education system is not good enough. The pursuit of the high score are still the most important goal for many schools and many teachers. The teaching purpose affects teachers‘teaching method. According to the above, I suggest that we should make comprehensive use of the situational teaching method and the traditional teaching method. And I call this method The New Situational Teaching Method. This New Situational Teaching Method is based on the situational teaching method, and absorbs the traditional teaching method, to improve Chinese primary school students‘ English in a practical and reasonable way.

4.2 A Small Experiment of Using This New Situational Teaching Method

During the holiday, one teacher had the privilege of doing part-time job in an English training institution. The grade that the teacher taught is grade 6, so the teacher had the chance to take the New Situational Method into practice. Here is one of his experiments:

This is a class of Seasons which is based on the New Situational Teaching Method.

Procedures:

Acitivity1--Free talk:

a. Do you know how many seasons are there in a year?

b. What are they?

c. Which season do you like best? Why?

Activity2—Discussions:

students‘ learning achievement together. In the teaching process, teachers should not only focus on setting situations, but also pay attention to the application of the various activities which are based on the text books. Through this teaching method, we can improve students‘ English compressively, and adapt to the development of education in China. However, the application and popularization of the New Situational Teaching Method still has some obstacles. First, the situational teaching method in our country is still not fully universal, which will affect the use of the New Situational Teaching Method. Secondly, the overall level of teachers still needs to be improved, and the training of the teaching method is still insufficient. Thirdly, this New Situational Teaching Method needs some time to show results, so the whole society, the school and the parents should give some understanding and support, and work together to improve students‘ English.

5. Conclusion

The purpose of the primary school English teaching is to make students love to learn, happy to learn and eager to learn. In the teaching process, the teacher can bring what is true in life into the classroom, imitate the scene of the life and create the language context that is relatively vivid. Thus the students will benefit a lot from the concrete context and they can have a better mastery of the language. However, I must mention that both situational teaching method and the traditional teaching all have weakness. And as a student in the English Education, I prefer to present a more reasonable and more effective teaching method, which is called the New Situational Teaching Method. This new teaching method is based on the situational teaching method, and absorbs advantages of the traditional teaching method. I hope that this method can better improve primary school students‘ English.

References

Chen, Juan. 2006. A Brief Analysis of the Situational Teaching Method. Applied linguistics, 7, 186-201.

Hadley, A. O. 2003. Teaching language in Context. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 67 (29), 14-26.

Hymes,D., & B J Pride. Communicative Competence. Sociolinguistics, 2 (1), 269-93. John Seely Brown., & Allan Collin., & Paul Duguid. 1989. Situated Cognition of Learning. Education Research, 47 (89), 46-51.

Ng, Wing-pei. 2002. A comparative survey of the social skills of junior secondary students in schools for social development and regular schools. The University Journal of Hong Kong University (2), 120-134.

O‘Malley, J., & Chamot, A. 1990. Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Oxford, R. L., & Nyikos, M. 1989. Variables affecting choice of language learning strategies by university students. The Modern Language Journal,73 (3), 291-298.

陈章军. 2010. 儿童教育浅谈. 幼儿师范读本(2),11-14.

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刘勇. 2009. 试论“英语情景教学”在课堂上的应用. 中小学教育与管理(14), 6 邵小佩. 2008. 幼儿园情景教学模式构建. 天津市教科院学报(6),16-22.

束定芳.2000. 外语教学改革的问题与对策. 中国语用学研究论文精选(8), 14-21. 谢蓉蓉& 莫莉莉& 李枫. 2007. 基于建构主义理论的教师课堂提问——对英语专业基础课堂的研究. 浙江万里学院学报(2), 19-23.

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Acknowledgements

I‘d like to take this opportunity to extend my best regards to those who have helped me with my graduate thesis.

In writing this paper, I have benefited from the presence of my teachers and my classmates. They generously helped me collect materials I need and made many invaluable suggestions. I hereby extend my grateful thanks to them for their kind help, without which the paper would not have been what it it. Particularly, I am deeply indebted to Ms. Liu, my supervisor, who guided me throughout my writing of this thesis. She carefully read the whole draft and offered precious criticism. Her standards of academic excellence have made my revision exciting and gratifying experience. I also wish to sincerely thank my classmates and friends, whose brilliant ideas and perceptive observations have proved immensely constructive.

“情景式教学法”在小学英语教学中的应用

摘要:

传统小学英语教学模式就是老师在课堂上教授,学生做一些简单的听、说、读、写以及背诵。对于具有很强好奇心和模仿力的小学生们来说,这种传统而又缺乏新鲜感的英语教学模式并不容易被他们接受,而“情景式教学法”在这方面却能达到很好的效果。本论文结合当前小学英语教学的状况,通过对传统小学英语教学模式和“情景式教学法”的对比,作者认为,传统小学英语教学模式和“情景式教学法”都各有可取之处。因此,较为合理的英语教学模式应该是把这两种教学方法结合起来,综合运用。通过本论文,作者希望读者能够客观的认识传统小学英语教学模式和“情景式教学法”的优劣,同时也希望能为小学英语教学提供一些正确可行的方法。

关键字:

英语教学;情景式教学法;小学英语

情景教学法和听说法的比较研究

龙源期刊网 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/db3609403.html, 情景教学法和听说法的比较研究 作者:靳雅莉 来源:《校园英语·月末》2019年第01期 【摘要】情景教学法和听说法都是我国重要的外语教学方法,都对英语教学产生了深远的影响。但是针对具体的实施过程中,教育者很容易混淆这两种方法。因此本文将从产生背景,理论依据等多个方面对这两种教学方法进行比较和分析,以便更好的在实际教学当中去应用。 【关键词】情景教学;听说法 【作者简介】靳雅莉,女,辽宁师范大学外国语学院,在读研究生,研究方向:学科教学英语。 一、研究背景 从法国人古安(F.Gouin)1880年撰写第一本外语教学法专著The Art of Learning and Studying Foreign Languages算起,外语教学法发展的历史也有一百多年。当人们在回望外语教学法百年崎岖演进历程时,很容易发现这样一个简单的事实,“语言教育者几乎把所有的精力都集中在教学方法上,都在试图寻找某种好方法来解决语言教学中的一切问题。”正是在这种愿望的驱动下,语法翻译法、直接法、听说法、情景法、全身反应法等各种方法纷至沓来,粉墨登场,在外语教学的历史舞台上扮演不同的角色,发挥着各自不同的作用。其中,情景法和听说法都对我国的外语教学产生了重要影响。但是在教学实践当中,这两种教学法也很容易被混淆,那到底情景法和听说法有哪些相似之处和不同之处?本文将从背景、理论与模式等方面对此两种教学方法进行全面阐述。 二、情景法和听说法 1.产生背景。到了十九世纪中期,欧洲各国之间交流的加强对口语能力提出了更高的要求,人们开始注重口语,语法翻译法受到了挑战,正是在这种情况下,直接法应运而生。到了20世纪20年代,英国语言学家Harold Palmer和A. S. Hornby等人倡导并提出了情景教学法。最初,情景教学法被称为“口语法”,50年代后才被改为现在人们所提及的“情景法”。从教学的历史发展来看,口语法是直接法的演进,情景法是口语法的发展,弥补了口语法的缺陷。并于1970年后,情景教学法被介绍到中国,也得到了广泛的关注与应用。 到了20世纪50年代,由于结构主义在美国的主导地位,美国外语教学中出现了以此为理论基础的听说法。之前的直接法打破了语法翻译法建筑的外语教学的神话,开辟了新的外语教学革命浪潮,但直接法本身的脆弱和问题反过来又激发出更多的探索,听说法就是这一背景下的重要成果。听说法起源于美国二战时期采用的“陆军法”,是在美国描写语言家培训语言调查

(完整版)情境教学法的理论发展

情境教学法的理论发展 情境教学的萌芽出现在古代。情境教学注重的是在一定的环境里对学生的教育,最朴素的例子就是“孟母三迁”。孔子强调的“启发”教育,也是运用情境启发学生,达到有效的教学;苏格拉底强调的“产婆术”教育,是创设一定的问题情境来引导学生思考、探索,寻找答案。除此之外,还有世纪捷克教育家夸美纽斯、世纪法国教育家卢梭、苏联教育家苏姆霍林斯基、美国的杜威,他们都在情境教学上不谋而合。 (一)建构主义教学理论 建构主义认为,虽然世界是客观存在的,但是对于社会的理解决定于个人主观经验的不同,用一句俗语解释就是“千人千思想,万人万模样”。按照建构主义的思维,学习者通过原有的经验和心理认知结构联系社会文化情境背景创建新的学习情境,这个过程是对旧知识的一个重新整合。建构主义还认为,学习者作为认知的主体,对外界施加的信息只有建立在自己主动建构的基础上才能重组成自己认可的知识,教师在这个有意义的建构过程中只是一个“催化剂”,对比情境教学法不难发现建构主义教学环节中也包含情境创设。 (二)认知结构学习理论 “认知结构论学习理论的代表是布鲁纳,他认为学习不是在外部环境的刺激下形成的认知结构,而是学习者发自内心想去获得知识,并通过把新知识和原有的认知结构联系起来,内化生成新的知识体系”。布鲁纳提倡使用“发现法”,所谓的发现法就是由教师创设情境,使学生在这种情境下产生矛盾,从而主动积极的思考,提出解决问题的方法,这个过程和苏格拉底的“产婆术”有相似之处。该办法能激发学生内在的学习欲望,启发学生独立思考,发展学生的创造性思维能力。 (三)多元智能理论 多元智力理论是由美国心理学家加德纳提出的,他认为人的智力是多元化的,包括种不同的智力,它们是言语智力、数理智力、空间智力、音乐智力、体能智力、社交智力、自省智力。传统智力只重视前三种,忽略了后四种。加德纳的智力理论对于学校教育具有重大深远的意义。多元智能理论认为,组成人的各种智能是相对独立的,有着不同发展规律,所以教育应该面向全体学生,为学生多种智力的开发创设各种可能的情境。多元智能理论为情境教学提供了生理和智力保证。 行为主义学习理论 行为主义学派的学习理论对指导后来的学习有重大影响,无论今天我们怎么去 辩证的看前人的理论,它们毕竟是那个时代的产物,在那个时代下有它研究的意义。 行为主义重视外部环境对个人的刺激决定作用,认为个人意念只是一个影响个人学 ①林丰勋教育心理学山东大学出版社, 二情境教学的理论基础 细数起来,情境教学的萌芽出现在古代。情境教学注重的是在一定的环境里对 学生的教育,最朴素的例子就是“孟母三迁”。孔子强调的“启发”教育,也是运 用情境启发学生,达到有效的教学苏格拉底强调的“产婆术”教育,是创设一定 的问题情境来引导学生思考、探索,寻找答案。除此之外,还有世纪捷克教育 家夸美纽斯、世纪法国教育家卢梭、苏联教育家苏姆霍林斯基、美国的杜威,他 们都在情境教学上不谋而合。任何方法的存在都有一定的理论支持,当我们对于一 个事物现象进行关注应用时要看到它的本质面貌,更好的让原理论来指导实践。 内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文 习的一方面因素。学习的过程就是学习者在一定的环境影响下的行为反应过程。根 据以上观点,教育者在教学过程中要创设有助于学生学习的环境。从这个层面上看, 行为主义与新课程的理念、情境教学的理念不谋而合。

(完整版)英语情景教学法

英语情景教学法的应用 情景教学法是在课堂上设置一些真实性和准真实性的情景来学习和使用知识, 在教学过程中,教师有目的引入和创设具有一定情感色彩的,以形象为主体具体的场景,以引起学生一定的态度体验, 从而帮助学生理解知识和技能,并使学生心理机能得到发展, 达到教学目的的一种教学方法。捷克教育家夸美纽斯曾说:“一切知识都是从感官开始的”。情景教学法能使学生身临其境或如临其境,给学生展示鲜明具体的形象,使学生从形象的感知达到抽象的理性思维和顿悟,从而激发学生的学习兴趣,使学习活动成为学生自觉活动。著名教育家陶行知先生说:“教学艺术就在于设法引起学生的兴味,有了兴味就肯用全副的精力去做事体。”情景教学法,可激发学生的学习兴趣,英语教学中,巧用情境教学法不失为一条锦囊妙计。正如布鲁姆所说:“成功的外语课堂教学应当在课内创设更多的情境,让学生有机会运用已学到的语言材料。” 现行的中学英语教学由于缺乏语言环境,课堂40分钟的利用率如何,直接影响学生语言能力的提高和智力的开发。因此,应在初中英语的课堂教学中主动应用“情景教学法”,激发学生学习英语的兴趣,消除他们因为缺乏语言环境而产生的畏难情绪,发挥他们学习的主动性。可以提高学生的学习积极性,增强英语课堂教学的有效性.在平时的课堂教学中,我们可以尝试采用以下几种创设情景境的教学策略: 第一、运用游戏创设情景,有利于激发学生的学习兴趣 游戏是人类从儿童成长为成人的过程,是极自然的事,游戏注重过程的体验,在赋予儿童娱乐体验的同时,也促进儿童认知、情感和生活技能的发展,使学生在笑声中更有效地学习,更快地吸收知识,它作为英语教学的重要辅助手段,备受学生欢迎。因此,在英语教学中巧妙运用游戏,能有效地激发和培养学生的学习兴趣,树立学习自信心并促进学生的全面发展。英语课堂教学中创设游戏情境能使学生达到乐、学、练的结合及思维与想像的发挥。在适宜的情境中,用较短的时间达到最佳的效果,可以激发学习动机,发展多种能力,启发思维和想像力,对培养情感与个性都有很大的作用。

情景教学法文献综述PDF.pdf

1.情景教学法研究的国外发展现状 情景教学法创设之初,其代表人物英国学者霍恩比和帕尔默认为口语是语言的基础,结构是讲话能力的核心,应在情景中通过口头练习来学习语言结构,强 调语言在情景中的应用。英国学者霍恩比在1954年的《成人牛津英语教程》中,极其详细的分析了情景教学法的应用。在他的著作《结构性词汇和句型的教学》 中,也非常细致的阐述了如何在教学过程中运用情景教学模式,他认为把实践活 动加入到情景教学过程中可以提升课堂教学效果。 自上个世纪九十年代以来,运用情景教学法引导课堂进程引入了大部分的英语教材中。例如《新概念英语》,正是因为使用了情景教学方法,这本教材才被 世界各国大部分的学校所采用。随着教育的发展,情景化教学模式趋于成熟和系 统化。例如苏霍姆林斯基所强调的自然情景的教育作用,为了使学生能在愉快的 气氛中获得知识,他经常带领孩子们去观察和体验大自然,发展学生的想象力和 审美能力,激发他们的学习兴趣。为了更好实现这样的教学目的,他还特地为孩 子们制作了长达300多页的《大自然的书》,书中的每一页都能通过生动鲜明的 情景激发孩子们的学习兴趣(丘燕萍,2015)。1996年希拉里·麦克莱伦通过整 理美国《教育技术》专栏中的论文,出版了《情境学习的观点》一书,该书被视 为情景认知学习理论研究的阶段性成果,涵盖了理论与实践的研究,并在此后的 发展中逐渐渗透到教育研究的各个领域。 通过对国外情景教学研究成果的整理和研究发现,纵然情景教学法在国外发展的过程中形成了很多优秀的成果,但是为了适应不断发展的教育形式,情景教 学法的内容仍需完善,可查询的情景教学法应用于具体教学模块的研究仍较少, 并且在研究过程中,应不只拘泥于单纯的情景教学法的研究,也要注重情景教学 法的理论和实践方法的结合,还应结合不断变化的教育形式,加入更多的创新因 素进行更广泛的研究。(情景教学法在高中英语情态动词教学中的应用研究) 2.国外关于情景教学法的研究 情景方法在20世纪_50年代受到欢迎,20世纪50年代初,研究情景教学方法的 主要代表人物霍恩比出版了许多英语教学杂志,后来情景方法变得普遍。 美国教育家Dowey C 1992)对情景进行了有益的探索研究。他认为在教学过程 中应该根据教学目的设置教学情景。Dowey C 1993)推出了情景法即暗示性教学,并 且九年后在保加利亚取得了惊人的教学成果。暗示性教学的资源是语言情景教学。其 目的是为了创造更高的动力,激发学生的潜力,试图为来自世界各地的学生组织各种 无意识因素、无国界的沟通(柯芳美,2000:134-136) o 随着建构主义学习理论的出现,情景方法有了很大的发展理论基础。建构主义学 习理论是人们根据他们的经验来获得知识和意义,所以建构主义学习可以在某些情景 下被视为意义建设的过程。教师们担任协调人,其职责是帮助学生形成自己的理解。 这种现代西方学习理论的问题就是情景的实现与学习。这种理论认为所有的研究应该 基于情景和获得的知识。更多的研究表明,在具体情景下获得的知识是有用的。 20世纪80年代初,Richards, J. C. &Rodgers T. S. (1999 )出版的书The School of Language and Teaching中,两位作者总结了情景教学方法的特点。为了避免混 淆,他们采用情景语言教学(SLT)。从八十年代中期到现在,情景教学方式得到越来 越多的改善和发展。 3,国外关于情景教学法的研究现状

情景教学法

情境教学法是指在教学过程中,教师有目的地引入或创设具有一定情绪色彩的、以形象为主体的生动具体的场景,以引起学生一定的态度体验,从而帮助学生理解教材,并使学生的心理机能能得到发展的教学方法。情境教学法的核心在于激发学生的情感。情境教学,是在对社会和生活进一步提炼和加工后才影响于学生的。诸如榜样作用、生动形象的语言描绘、课内游戏、角色扮演、诗歌朗诵、绘画、体操、音乐欣赏、旅游观光等等,都是寓教学内容于具体形象的情境之中,其中也就必然存在着潜移默化的暗示作用。 情境教学法是指在教学过程中,教师有目的地引入或创设具有一定情绪色彩的、以形象为主体的生动具体的场景,以引起学生一定的态度体验,从而帮助学生理解教材,并使学生的心理机能能得到发展的教学方法。情境教学法的核心在于激发学生的情感。 要功能 情境教学的功能主要表现在两个方面:陶冶功能和暗示(或启迪)功能。1. 情境教学能够陶冶人的情感,净化人的心灵 在教育心理学上讲陶冶,意即给人的思想意识以有益或良好的影响。关于情境教学的陶冶功能,早在春秋时期的孔子就把它总结为“无言以教”、“里仁为美”;南朝学者颜之推进一步指明了它在培养、教育青少年方面的重要意义:“人在少年,精神未定,所与款押,熏清陶染,言笑举动,无心于学,潜易暗化,自然拟之。”即古人所说的“陶情冶性”。 情境教学的陶冶功能就像一个过滤器,使人的情感得到净化和升华。它剔除情感中的消极因素,保留积极成分。这种净化后的情感体验具有更有效的调节性、动力性、感染性、强化性、定向性、适应性、信号性等方面的辅助认知功能。 2. 情境教学可以为学生提供良好的暗示或启迪,有利于锻炼学生的创造性思维,培养学生的适应能力 众所周知,人的社会化过程即形成“一切社会关系的总和”。这一从自然人转化为社会人的过程,实际上完全是环境——社会、家庭、学校、种族、地理等因素共同作用的结果。这些影响作用有的被我们感知到,但更多的则是不知不觉地影响着我们。因此,保加利亚暗示学家G·洛扎诺夫指出:“我们是被我们生活的环境教学和教育的,也是为了它才受教学和教育的。” 人要受环境的教学和教育,原因就在于人有可暗示性。这是心理学和暗示学研究所共同证明了的。A·比耐的实验证明在儿童身上天然存在着接受暗示的能力,接受暗示是人的一种本能。因而在他的《可暗示性》一书中,“可暗示性”就成了“可教育性”的同义语。其实,这些结论在社会学的背景上也是成立的:既然“人是一切社会关系的总和”,因而必然要受到一切社会关系的影响,“人创造环境,同样环境也创造人”。 情境教学,是在对社会和生活进一步提炼和加工后才影响于学生的。诸如榜样作用、生动形象的语言描绘、课内游戏、角色扮演、诗歌朗诵、绘画、体操、音乐欣赏、旅游观光等等,都是寓教学内容于具体形象的情境之中,其中也就必然存在着潜移默化的暗示作用。 换言之,情境教学中的特定情境,提供了调动人的原有认知结构的某些线索,经过思维的内部整合作用,人就会顿悟或产生新的认知结构。情境所提供的线索起到一种唤醒或启迪智慧的作用。比如正处于某种问题情境中的人,会因为某句提醒或碰到某些事物而受到启发,从而顺利地解决问题。 为了使情境教学更好地发挥上述两种功能,提出以下几个重要的使用原则: 1.意识与无意识统一原则和智力与非智力统一原则 这是实现情境教学的两个基本条件。无意识调节和补充有意识,情感因素调节和补充理智因素。人的这种认知规律要求在教学中既要考虑如何使学生集中思维,培养其刻苦和钻研精神,又要考虑如何调动其情感、兴趣、愿望、动机、无意识潜能等对智力活动的促进作用。教师

情境教学模式

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很大的不同。在传统课堂教学中,教学的重点在于基本理论、基本知识的讲授和灌输,教师常常停留在概念的解析、理论的演绎和方法的介绍上,学生往往是无奈地听讲,被动地接受。而情景模拟教学法的核心是激发学生的情感,教师为学生提供一个仿真的实践平台,让学生在亲身参与、感受中自觉地将理论知识与实际应用结合起来,通过创设情景、角色扮演来获取知识,具有传统课堂教学无法达到的实践性和优越性。 情境模拟法在声乐表演专业教学中的具体应用 作者在高校声乐表演专业教学课堂中多次试行情境模拟教学法,获得了良好的效果。可以总结为以下三个步骤:1、创设情景环境,穿插情景分析;2、安排情景演练,进行总结内化;3、课后指导练习,延伸巩固提高。具体的做法是: 第一步:创设情景环境,穿插情景分析。这一步骤需要在课前完成。在与学生充分交流的基础上,了解学生需求和存在的问题,再结合教学大纲要求,共同确定主题。教师给学生分发相关情景材料,指导学生按材料中的故事情景尝试表演。例如,在较高年级的声乐专业课程教学中,曾选择莫扎特歌剧《魔笛》的第一幕进行情景教学,该歌剧选段包括王子、公主以及三个侍女一共五个角色,有男高音、女高音、女中音、女低音四个声部,教师根据每个学生的自身条件、演唱水平分配角色,并向学生提供总谱、歌剧剧本、编写的角色分析和可供参考的音视频材料,指导学生揣摩人物性格,分析歌剧的创作背景,每一唱段对剧中角色塑造的作用,以及不同角色扮演的关键所在。

情景教学法

2.任务型教学模式体现了怎样的语言观 (一)语言观任务型教学模式的语言观建立在现代语言学理论基础之上,成为我们使用任务型教学模式的理论根据:(1)语言是功能意义的载体。即语言是为达到交际目的而使用的表达意义的工具,语言使用过程就是交际过程。(2)语言是建立和维持人们交际关系的工具。(3)语言是可以理解的结构性系统,可以转换和生成,所以语言形式具有可认知性,语法具有可分析性。因此,在运用任务型教学模式时,我们把语言看作用于交际的、具有结构性的、系统的、可认知的信息传播工具,并以此设计课堂中的交际活动,组织交际教学过程,分析理解语言结构,进而帮助学生掌握目标语言。 视听法(Audio Video Method)又称情景教学法(The Situational Approach)。19世纪下半叶,对外语教学界影响至深的是结构主义语言学(Structural Linguistics)和行为主义理论(Behaviorism)。这两种学说,认为语言是一个完整的系统。除了学习语法规则以外,语言的发音及语言单位如单词、句子组成也应受到重视。口语才是活的语言。语言学习是一种习惯的形成。而这种语言习惯是可以通过机械的模仿训练形成的。在此学说影响下听说法(Audio Lingual Method)和视听法(Audio Video Method)成为该时期最盛行的教学方法。这两种教学法都是强调听、说是最基本的语言能力。因此,课堂教学模式主要是由教师提供语言行为范本,指挥和控制学生的语言训练,而学生则在教师的领导和安排下机械重复地接受语言材料,进行语言习惯的形成练习。视听法于五十年代首创于法国,是当时法国对外国成年人进行短期速成教学的一种方法。它是以学习日常会话为主旨的教学方法。由于它强调耳、眼、脑等感官作为整体去感知语言材料,而语言材料的三要素——形、音、义也要连为整体而被感知,故还称整体结构法。又由于它强调结合生活中的情景进行教学,故又称情景法。究其本质,它是听说法的发展。听说法的一些原则和做法都为它所接受。 视听法的教程包括教室教学和实验室作业,没有家庭作业。教学按以下方式进行:连续三次放映对话片并伴放声音注释。第一次介绍主题;第二次讲解;第三次复习;第四次放映对话片而不伴放声音注释,由学生进行讲解。此后即进行简短的对话操练,以应用本课的词汇和语法材料。教学的最后阶段是语音练习。内容是对口头言语的体裁、节奏、句型进行操练。操练中要求从含义单位中领会言语的语音,即不脱离语流操练语音。《走遍美国》是典型的听说法教材。 视听结合的方法比单纯依靠听觉或视觉来理解、记忆和储存的语言材料要多得多。视觉形象为学生提供形象思维的条件,促使学生自然和牢固地掌握外语。听觉形象有助于学生养成正确的语音、语调、节奏及遣词造句的能力。视听法的缺点是过于重视语言形式,忽视交际能力的培养,过分强调整体结构,忽视语言分析、讲解和训练。虽然其以情景为线索来选择和安排语言材料,但由于情景的设计常常是虚构的,因而情境中的话语并不能最大限度地满足学生语言交际的实际需要。 个人认为,在儿童英语教学中,视听法是对课堂教学的有益的补充。考虑到孩子的视力健康和容易把精力集中在画面而忽视了视听讲解,所以要让孩子有选择有时间安排的来收看视听教程。 二、情景教学法的积极作用 1.情景教学有助于创设良好的语言环境,培育学生的语感 英语教学中的情景教学指的是教师在创设教学情景的过程中,有目的的设置一些生动形象的环境以帮助学生更好的理解所学知识,使学生犹如身临其境一般,有利于充分调动学生的非智力因素,加深学生对学习对象、课文内容的理解与掌握,提高学生对知识的认知效率。中国学生在进行英语学习的过程中最感到缺乏的就是语言环境,再加上我国英语教学方法以及教学手段比较落后,这就让许多学生觉得英语学习十分枯燥,从而失去学习英语的兴趣,甚至产生畏难情绪,从而导致我国高校学生的整体英语水平不高。营造良好的语言环境,能使学生尽可能多地接触英语,有利于增强学生的语感,有利于学生读、听、说、写等多种能力的提高。 2.情景教学有助于使学生获得感性材料,把所学知识积极的运用到日常生活中 从语言和认知的发展关系来看,人的语言器官和大脑的发达程度给人类学习语言提供了生理基础,而丰富的文化社会环境则给后天的语言学习提供了良好的条件。在英语学习过程中,教师的主导作用体现在为这两者之间架起一座行之有效的桥梁,而这个桥梁就是语言环境。正如克拉申所提出的,语言学习的输入必须是大量的,其目的是为了使习得者在丰富的语言环境中得到熏陶。在情景教学过程中,一条教师必须掌握的重要原则就是,快节奏、大容量。这也是符合克拉申上述理论的。教师通过展示实物、图片、放映幻灯、教学电影,尽可能让学生运用各种感官去充分感知学习内容,最大程度获得信息,从而加深对学习内容的印象。教师把课文内容与实际情景、事物联系起来,帮助学生对所学知识形成深刻的印象,不断提高学生的注意力,使学生学到的知识更加巩固

小学英语单词教学法初探

小学英语单词教学法初探 2010年5月12日 对大多数儿童而言,英语语言学习的本身是枯燥的,而小学英语学习的根本任务之一就是让学生对英语学习产生浓厚的兴趣,那么要使刚接触英语或接触英语时间不长的小学生学好英语,并使之对英语学习产生兴趣,就必须根据小学生的心理特点,制定一套行之有效的教学程序. 在小学英语学习中单词教学是必不可少的一个重要环节,而小学生年龄小, 好玩,好动,不愿将过多的时间花在记单词上,所以教师就得注意教学方法,寓单 词教学于娱乐之中,以增强学习的趣味性,调动学生的积极性。现将本人在单词教学方面的一些激趣方法做一整理. 1.小学生好玩、好动、好奇、爱新鲜。教单词时,我们尽量运用直观形象的实物展示给学生,如教一些水果食物类单词时就带些实物到班上,让学生摸一摸,看一看,闻一闻,尝一尝,这样学起来印象更深刻;利用小学生的好奇心理,用简笔画在黑板上勾勒出所要学习的内容,老师的动作就勾起了学生的好奇心,学习的效果就好多了;运用现代化多媒体教学课件可以将声音,图形,动作有机地结合展示给学生,如教动物类单词时,可爱的动物形象,逼真的动物叫声让学生如亲临动物园,与动物朋友们在一起,边玩边学,学得快,记得牢。 2.小学生好强、集体荣誉感强。在训练学生认记单词时,经常将学生分组进行比赛也是极好的一个方法。 1)抢读单词:这是训练学生认读单词能力的游戏,教师将全班分成若干小组,然后逐个出示一些单词卡片或图片,学生们举手抢答,教师让最先举手的学生读出该单词并说出其中的意思,或将图片上的单词读出来拼出来,读对说对拼对的给该组记分,得分最多的组为优胜。 2)看图猜词:以每一纵行为一组进行竞赛,教师先出示一些单词的图片,然后收起来,再从中抽出一张放在身后,由每组的第一名学生轮流猜,可以问:“Is it a…?”回答:Yes it is.或No,it isn’t.等。哪个组猜对了就记分,然后接着往下猜,第一排的学生猜过后第二排接着猜,最后得分最多的组为优胜。做这个游戏时,还可以找一位学生来主持,由他让学生们猜。 3)看图写单词:这是让学生们复习学过单词的游戏,教师事先把需复习的单词用投影打出来,将全班按前后左右四人一组分成若干小组。竞赛开始,让学生们看一分钟,然后收起来,再给学生们两分钟时间将看到的单词写出来,写得最多最正确的组获胜。 4)相同词首单词拼读赛:将全班分成若干小组,教师说一个字母(如:D),第一组的第一名学生立即站起来,说出并拼出一个以字母“D”开头的单词,如:desk,dog,door等,念不出或念错要扣分,这位学生说完后,教师念另一个字母,由第二组的第一名学生说。这样依次进行下去,最后看哪组的人最多为胜,做这个游戏时,也可以让两组的学生轮流说字母(如由第一组的第一名学生说字母,

论模拟情境教学法的理论依据

前苏联著名的教育学家和心理学家赞科夫指出:“教学法一旦能触及学生的情绪和意志领域,触及学生的精神需要,这种教学法就能发挥高度有效的作用。”模拟情境教学法就是教师根据教学内容的需要事先有目的地设置具有能够激发学生情绪、调动学生参与热情、提高学生学习兴趣的教学场景,用语言进行描述或布置相关模拟场景,让学生置身于这种模拟的场景中,以亲身体验方式去感知和领悟教学内容,完成学习任务,实现教学目标,并能触及学生的心理反应、发展学生的心理机能、提升学生的心理品质的一种有效教学方法。“警察心理行为训练”作为公安院校普遍开设的一门课程,它是在心理学、行为学及管理学等理论的指导下,以“体验激发情绪、习惯积淀品质、行为改变认知”为宗旨,在模拟现代警务的实战情境中,通过外在的行为体验,达到激发学生的情绪,锤炼学生的意志,改变或重建学生的认知结构的一门课程。在课程教学过程中,借助了行为训练的方式,把学生置身于教师事先创设的现代警务的实战情境中,以提高学生的基础心理素质和临战心理素质为目标,借助各种高空、低空、地面的训练设施,通过以团队意识训练和挑战个人极限训练为主要内容的各种项目体验,让学生用自己的行为去诠释和领会教学内容,感受项目训练的意义所在。整个训练的过程遵从了以下几个理论依据。 一、情感和认知活动相互作用的原理 情绪心理学理论认为,情绪和认知是带有因果性质并互相伴随而产生的。情绪和认知虽然都是独立的心理过程,有着各自的发生机制和变化规律,但是两者还存在着密切的联系。情绪对认知活动具有组织的作用,包括对活动的瓦解或促进。一般来说,愉快、兴趣等正性情绪,对认知活动起着协调、促进的作用;担忧、沮丧等负性情绪,则对认知活动起着破坏、瓦解或阻断的作用。情境教学就是教师要在教学过程中有目的地引起学生正性情绪的体验,激发学生参与教学过程的热情,调动学生的学习、探索的兴趣,使其主动参与并在此过程中获取知识,取得事半功倍的学习效果。 脑科学理论认为,人的大脑左右两半球的功能既有分工又有合作,大脑左半球掌管逻辑思维和理性分析,右半球负责直觉、创造力和想象力,包括情感的活动。在传统的以“灌输式”为 主的教学活动中,课堂是教师坚固的专属领地,即使是在改革教学方法、教学手段后的课堂教学中,虽然加入了多媒体、讨论课等较多元素,教师仍然是教学过程的主导者,这时的教学过程所调动的主要是学生逻辑的、无感情的大脑左半球的功能。而在现代的模拟情境教学活动中,学生和教师同时成为教学的主体,这种“双主体”的教学往往是让学生先亲身体验而后用语言表达自己在情境体验中的感受。这使得大脑左右两半球都处于积极活动中,当学生进行行为体验时,掌管形象思维的大脑右半球处于兴奋状态;当学生体验过后进行分享和交流时,掌管抽象思维的大脑左半球处于兴奋状态。只有当大脑两半球在不同的行为刺激下,处于交替兴奋、抑制或者同时兴奋、协同工作时,才能大大激发大脑的潜在能量,实现教学的有效性。 “警察心理行为训练”课程的教学宗旨之一就是“体验激发情绪”,在教学过程中,通过教与学“双主体”的互动,采用体验式教学这种当代最为推崇的教学方式,提倡学生在学习过程中要“放松心情、快乐体验、用心感受、用脑思考”。所以在学生体验之前,教师首先要通过一些互动性的热身活动,激发学生积极、健康的情绪,调动学生参与的热情和学习的兴趣,然后把学生置于模拟的现代警务情境中,让其在规定的时间内按照项目规则,完成项目任务。在这个过程中,学生们的大脑右半球处于兴奋的状态,有助于调动他们丰富想象力和强大的创造力,使他们能够克服各种困难,用自己及团队的智慧和力量来完成项目任务;其次,在亲身经历和体验后,每个学生要用自己的语言来根据教师有目的的提问分享自己在体验过程中的感受,这时,学生们的大脑左半球处于兴奋的状态,从而实现了由感性体验到理性思维的跨越。他们通过自己亲身体验获得了对教学内容正确的感性认知,透过对直接的项目感受去领略人生中更多的感动、更深的感受。这是由于在大脑两半球同时兴奋、交替兴奋中,学生收获了更多的领悟和感受。在这个过程中,教师也在学生一次次的挑战和体验中、一次次的分享中看到学生在不断地成长,团队的凝聚力在不断地积聚。 二、认识的直观反映原理 反映论的原理认为,人的认识并不是客观现实作用于人脑的消极的、被动的产物,而是在人与客观世界相互作用的实践过 [摘要]模拟情境教学法的实施之所以能够达到激发学生的情感、推动学生的认知活动的目的,是由于这种教学方法在实施中遵从了一定的理论依据。文章以“警察心理行为训练”课程为例,从四个方面探讨了模拟情境教学法的理论依据:即情感和认知活动相互作用的原理;认识的直观反映原理;有意识心理活动与无意识心理活动相统一的原理;智力因素与非智力因素统一的原理。 [关键词]模拟情境教学法主动参与 认知活动 理论依据 [作者简介]王志红(1964-),女,山西介休人,南京森林警察学院,副教授,硕士,研究方向为犯罪学及警察心理训练。(江苏南京 210046) [中图分类号]G712 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1004-3985(2012)32-0154-02 论模拟情境教学法的理论依据 王志红

词汇教学的方法有哪些

词汇教学的方法有哪些? 一.词汇教学的方法有以下几点: 1、利用直观教具教单词。 2、利用音形结合、构词法教单词。 3、英语解释法。 4、语境教学法。 5、通过句型、上下文教单词。 6、通过游戏教单词。 我觉得下面几点也不能少: 1、明确英语学习的重要性。有学生对我说:我以后种茶为生,学英语何用?令我哭笑不得。 2、培养学生的兴趣。过去我认为英语教学就是让学生读读单词、背背课文、做做作业、这是多么的狭隘。英语教学还应该多听听英语歌曲、举行英语演讲、做做游戏、讲讲英语笑话、故事。这样,既培养了学生的兴趣,又让学生在潜移默化中丰富了知识、扩大了视野。 3、明确英语学习的长期性、艰巨性。说实话,学成英语非百日之功所就。没有三年五载的艰辛,恐难成气候。

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