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高考高频动词及动词短语

高考高频动词及动词短语
高考高频动词及动词短语

高考高频动词及动词短语

【专题要点】动词和动词短语是英语中最灵活、最难掌握的词,其主要考点概览如下:

1.实义动词sell, write, wash, wear等词的主动形式后跟副词表示被动意义;

2.happen, occur, break out, come out, belong to等词为不及物动词或短语,无被动形式;

3.同义、近义或结构近似的动词或短语动词的辨析;

4.由get, turn, break ,take, set, come等动词构成的动词短语;

5.have和get常见的用法;

6.appear, seem和look的用法与区别。

【考纲要求】动词和动词短语,在历年高考题中所占比例最大,设题时往往都是给出四个不同的动词或短语来测试考生在具体语境中对动词短语意义的理解和运用能力。主要出现在单项选择及完形填空中,考纲要求在复习备考中要掌握以下几个方面:

1.动词的词义;

2.动词搭配;

3.动词短语;

4.及物动词和不及物动词的特殊用法;

5.常用动词的用法;

6.熟记20个高频动词构成的短语用法(break, bring, call, carry, come, cut, die, give, go, get, hold, look, make, pick, put, set, take, turn, set等)

【教法指引】考查动词词义辨析和动词短语辨析是高考命题的基本形式,教师在引导学生复习备考中,要把握考纲要求,重点突出,找出易混点,重点词、词组,高频词、词组,正确辨析动词的同义词、近义词,动词短语的相近形式和意义,引导学生理解句意、语境通过辨析、理解语境,在训练中掌握这项考点。一、动词的分类

根据意义和句法作用,英语动词可分为四类:

1.行为动词(实义动词)

①及物动词(带宾语):study, develop;

②不及物动词(不带宾语)work, swim, go, come

③状态动词(相对静止)contain, exist, own, prefer, belong

④动作动词延续性(work, stay);非延续性(marry, go, come)

2.系动词

①表示人或事物的特征和状态:be, feel, look, seem, taste, appear, sound

②表示状态的变化:turn, go, become, get, fall, grow

③表示某种状态的延续或持续:remain, keep, stay

3.助动词(与动词原形或分词构成复合谓语):

be(am,is,are),do(does,did);have(has);will,would,shall

4.情态动词:can(could),may(might),must,shall(should)

二、动词及动词短语

(一)、动词词义辨析

动词是是各类考试的重点,高考试题中,单项填空、完形填空和改错等三项题型中,动词辨义的比重较大,并逐年增加。动词辨义主要指:

1、形状相同的动词之间辨义。如:lie, lay; hanged, hung; rise, raise; sit, seat等。

2、意义相近的动词之间辨义。如:borrow, lend; speak, say, talk; hope, wish等。

3、动词与其它词形相近、意义相似的词的辨义。如:advise, advice; cost, worth; pass, past 等。

4、意义不同,但容易混淆的动词的辨义。如:explain, say; discover, invent, uncover; find, find out 等。

5、某些常用动词的习惯用法的辨义。如:ask, give, call, make, find, get, keep, want, see, hear 等。

6、某些常用动词短语的辨义。如:give in, give up, turn on, turn off, turn down, turn up等。(二)、易混动词归纳对比

1、lay(放), lie(躺)与lie(说谎):这三个易混动词构成见下表:

中文原形过去式过去分词现在分词说明

放 lay laid laid laying及物动词

躺 lie lay lain lying不及物动词

说谎 lie lied lied lying不及物动词

2、rise和raise:rise是不及物动词,其过去式是rose,过去分词是risen,而raise是及物动词,是规则动词。

3、hear与listen to:hear侧重点是听到,听见什么,而listen to是侧重于听的倾向,但hear用于无意中的听见,而listen to却用于集中注意力的听。

4、see, watch和look:see用作看电影,剧目;watch则用作看电视比赛,而watch还有在旁观看之意。如:Are you going to play or only watch?;look一般用作不及物动词,只是当盯着某人看时用作及物动词,如:The little boy looked me in the face.(小男孩直盯着我的脸。)

5、wind和wound:wind意为蜿蜒而行,其过去式与过去分词都是wound,而动词原形wound意为伤害,其过去式、过去分词都是wounded。

6、hang的用法:hang有两个意思:一为悬挂,是不规则动词,过去式、过去分词都是hung;二为绞刑,是规则动词,其过去式、过去分词都是hanged。

7、hear的过去分词born与borne:bear作为出生讲有两个过去分词born,borne。只有当be+born…短语后没有by介词短语时,才可用born。如:He was born in Shanghai. 而作它用时要用borne。如:She has borne five children. 但如果作忍受讲,则一律用borne。

8、sit与seat:seat为及物动词时是作容纳讲,sit只是表示一动作。seat如果表示就座时要用be seated。如:They were seated at their desks. 或用seat oneself, 比如:I seated myself in the armchair.

9、borrow, lend与keep:借入英文中用borrow,借出用lend,但这两个词都是截止性动词或瞬间动词,不能用于长时间的动作,所以我能借多久应用keep。

10、win与beat:win作胜、赢讲时其后应接,a game, an argument, a battle, a prize, a contest, a race, a bet,但不能接人,如果接人则有另外的含意。如:I have won him. 即我已说服他了,我赢得他的好感。而beat是及物动词为击败、胜过讲,直接接人、队。

11、steal与rob:steal为偷。rob为抢,其用法不同。steal其后接物+from+某人、某地,而rob其后接人+of+抢的物品。

12、fit与suit:fit与suit均可作合适讲,但英文中却用在不同的地方。如fit用于尺寸大小的合适,而suit则多用于颜色式样的合适。

13、take, bring 与fetch:英文中拿三个词,即拿来,拿去,去取然后回来(即双程)。所以拿来,带来是bring,拿去带走是take,而去取回来是fetch。

14、shut与close:shut与close有时是可以互换的,但有些地方则不可这样做。如:在正式场合多用close,而在命令,态度粗暴的场合则用shut。如:Shut your mouth!(闭嘴);又如:Shut up. 在指铁路、公路交通关闭或停止使用的场合,则要用close。

15、answer与reply:作为回答讲answer是及物动词,如作不及物动词,则意义不同,如answer for,意为向某人或向某事负责。而reply作回答讲是不及物动词,后跟宾语时,要加上to。

16、reach,arrive与get to:reach当到达讲是及物动词,而当延伸和拿得到、拿不到时讲,则是不及物动词。作到达讲时还有get to, arrive(at/in)。

17、cost,spend与take:英文中花费有三个词cost, spend, take,但各有不同用法。

cost作“花费”讲,主语不能是人,而spend的主语不能是物。如:

she spent all his money on stamps.而take作花费讲时,可用人也可用物做主语。更多的用法是用形式主语it,如

It takes me three hours to finish this work.

18、lost, gone与missing:作补足语时意为丢失、不见了,可以用lost, gone,但要用 miss时则不能用missed, 而要用missing.

19、have on, wear, put on及dress:作穿衣服讲的动词分为状态和动作两种。

have on与wear作穿着状态讲;但have on不用进行时态,而wear则常要用进行时态。

put on是动作,但dress既可用作状态,又可用作穿衣动作,但用作状态时要用其过去分词作形容词如: He was dressed in a b1ue suit

作动作讲时,其后不要接衣物而要接反身代词或表示人、物的名词,如:

I dress my children in the morning every day.

20、begin与start

begin与Start 均可作开始讲,并无多少区别,同样可接不定式或动名词.

但在下面的场合多要用Start:

1)机器的开动发动;

2)旅途的开始。如

:we shou1d have to start early because there was a lot traffic in the street。

21、allow 与permit

allow与permit其后直接接动作时要用动名词,如接人后再接动词则要用不定式,所以用在被动语态时一定要用不定式。如:

People are not allowed to spit.

22、find与found

find找到的过去式和过去分词都是found,

而found是动词“建立”的原形,其过去式和过去分词是founded,founded,如:

The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.

23、speak, say, talk 与tell

英文中讲有4个词,speak, say, talk, tell.

但其中speak, talk多用作不及物动词,但speak后加语言名词时则用作及物动词,如:

Please speak English。

而say与tell是及物动词,其中tell常用作接双宾语,如:

Tell me a story。但也有些特定的习惯用法,如:在作讲实话,讲谎言,表示时间常用单宾语而不能换其它词,如:

My watch was broken. It couldn’t tell time correctly。

在书信、便条、海报上写着英文应为It said …。

在作辨别不同讲时是tell,如:Can you tell me the difference between the two?

而讲别人好坏话时用speak,如:The father always speaks well of his son.。

24、excuse me 与sorry

excuse me用于来打拢对方前以提醒对方注意的提示语,而sorry则表达因作了某事向对方道歉。

25、care for 与care to do

care for其后要接不定式时则要省去for或换用名词,如:Would you care for a cup of tea?但care for 作照顾讲时与look after相同。

26、与名词易混的动词有:

advise(v.), advice (n.);

accept(v.), except(prep.);

pass(v.), past(prep.);

bathe(v.), bath(n.);

breathe(v.), breath(n.);

choose(v.), choice(n.);

succeed(v.), success(n.);

27、意义相近的动词:

ring摇铃,打铃,电话铃响,

strike专指敲钟,打几点,撞击;

suggest提出实验性或推测性的建议,

advice表示对经验不足人的一种忠告;

look由视觉得出的印象,

seem暗示一定根据的判定,

appear外表印象而实际或结果并非如此;

stay停留,逗留,

remain遗物,某物被取走一部分后剩余部分;

discover(发现)找到早已存在但未被人所了解的东西,

invent(发明)研制出不存在的东西;

remember记忆起以前经历或知道的事,

remind提醒某人做某事。

28、动词 + 副词 + 介词:catch up with, look forward to, come up with, keep up with, go in for, look down on, get on with …

29、动词 + 介词to的词组有:come to, stick to, object to, agree to, turn to, attend to, belong to, devote to, reply to …

30、与in相结合的动词有:give in, hand in, bring in, drop in, succeed in, take in, check in, engage in, fill in, trade in …

(三)动词短语

动词短语是指动词和介词、副词或名词的习惯搭配。有关动词短语的测试点主要涉及结构上选用恰当的搭配词,不同搭配含意上的辨异及不同短语的辨异。需掌握以下要点:

1、根据动词短语的不同特点,掌握其运用规律。

(I)动词+副词(不及物)

Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left. 晚会后,人们都已离去,哈里出现了。(2)动词+副词(及物)

Please turn every light in the house off. 请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。

注意:①如果宾语较长,就应避免把副词同动词分开。如:She turned off all the lights which had been left on. 她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。②如果宾语是人称代词,只能放在动词和副词之间。如:She gave them away. 她送掉了它们。

(3)动词+介词(及物)

I'm looking for my glasses. 我在找我的眼镜。

注意:①当它跟宾语时,不能把介词放在宾语后面。②动词短语可以放在句子或从句末尾。如:She's got more work than she can cope with. 她的工作多得使她应付不了。

(4)动词+副词+介词

I look forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望不久就见到你。

注:“动词+介词”、“动词+名词+副词”、“动词+副词+介词”,这三种搭配都是及物的,如变成被动语态,不可漏掉介词。In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after. (不能漏掉after) 这样一来,粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。

2、熟悉同一动词和不同介词或副词、不同的动词和同一介词或同一副词搭配在意义上的差异。

(1)同一动词和不同介词搭配时,意义上的差异。如:①hear from收到…的来信,hear of听说。②look after照料,look at看,look for寻找。

(2)同一动词和不同副词搭配时,意义上的差异。如:①ring back回电话, ring off挂断电话, ring up 打电话②put away放好, put on穿,上演, put up挂起,举起。

(3)不同动词和同一介词搭配时,在意义上的差异。如:look for寻找, call for去取(某物),去接(某人), ask for请求, wait for等候, send for派人去叫。

(4)不同动词和同一副词搭配时,在意义上的差异。如:①break out发生,爆炸, carry out进行,开展, go out熄灭, hand out分发, let out放出, look out当心, sell out卖完, set out出发, take out

取出, work out算出。②break down出毛病, come down落下来, get down下车, take down取下, write down写下。

(四)、常见高频动词短语总结

1. break

break away摆脱;逃跑

break down(机器)出故障;中断;分解

break into闯入;打断;突然中断

break off中断;折断;突然停止

break out突然发生;爆发

break through突破;克服;挣脱而出

break up打碎;中断;分解

break in破门而入;打断(谈话);插嘴

2. bring

bring about引起;造成

bring down使倒下;使下降;使受挫折

bring forward提出;提前(=put forward)

bring into operation实施;使生效

bring out显示出来;出版;生产

bring up提出;教育;培养;吐出

bring back把---送回;使想起;恢复

bring in引进;挣得

3. call

call for需要;要求;邀请

call off取消;停止

call on拜访;看望;号召

call up打电话;使人想起;召集

call at访问

call in请来;召集

call back回电话;召回

4. come

come about发生

come across偶遇;碰到;讲清楚

come along进展;成功;一道走

come into effect生效

come off发生;举行;成功

come on快点;走吧;有进展

come out出来;结果是出版

come round/around再现;恢复知觉;改变看法

come through经历;获得成功

come to苏醒;达到;总数为

come up发生;走上前去;(时间)快到

come up to达到(高度、程度);符合

come up against碰到(困难)

come up with赶上;提出

come back回来;反驳

come true变为现实

5. cut

cut across绕劲道穿过;超越;遮住

cut back削减;终止;急忙返回

cut down削减;减少

cut in插嘴;打断;突然出来

cut off切断;中断;隔绝

cut out删掉;戒掉

cut short中断;打断;缩短

6. carry

carry on继续;坚持

carry out执行;实施

carry through帮助度过难关;完成;实现

7. die

die away渐弱

die down熄灭;平静下来

die of因----(病)死亡

die from因----(外部原因)死亡

die out灭绝;绝种

be dying to do sth. 迫切想做某事

8. give

give away赠送;颁发;泄露;告发;失去

give out分发;公布;公开;用完(vi);耗尽(vi)

give off发出;放出

give up放弃;自首;将-----交给某人(to sb.);对某人不报希望(on sb.)give in屈服;投降;让步;上交;呈交

9. go

go along进展;陪同前往

go by时间过去;经过;遵守

go down下降;下沉;下跌

go for去;选择;想要;攻击(用语言)

go in for从事;爱好;参加(选拔赛、考试等)

go into研究;调查,从事

go off离开;爆炸;食品变坏;断电;熄灭;(与副词连用或用于疑问句)进行;发生go on继续进行;发生;上场

go out离开;熄灭;过时

go over浏览;仔细查看;检查;审查

go through通过;经历(苦难);仔细检查

go up上升;增长;涨价

10. get

get through浏览;翻阅;经历困难(痛苦);做完某事

get in收割;收获;收集;购买;买进;插话

get over克服;战胜;熬过;做完;结束;走完

get on继续;进行;上车

get round传播;散播;说服某人;回避;避开

get about四处走动;传开

get across传达;使---让人理解

get along/on (with) 进展;相处

get down记下;下来;下车;使---人忧愁

get down to(介词) 开始认真干

get back恢复;回来;收回

get out泄露;逃离

get tighter聚会;收集

11. hold

hold back阻碍;阻止;控制;抑制;隐瞒;保留;犹豫不决

hold up举起;抬起;拿起;支撑;耽搁;使停顿;拦劫;抢劫;举出,提出

hold out维持;坚持;伸出;拿出

hold off拖延;延迟

12. keep

keep away(from)使远离

keep back扣除,保留;隐瞒

keep off避开;不接近

keep on继续

keep out挡在外边;(警示语)请勿靠近

keep up保持,不低落;持续,继续

keep up with跟上

13. look

look after照顾;关心

look out看;当心;查阅;观察

look back回头看;回顾

look down on/upon轻视;看不起

look for寻找;寻求;期望

look forward to盼望;期待

look in顺便看望;顺便拜访

look into调查,深入了解

look on观看;旁观

look over翻阅;浏览

look through浏览;详细调查

look up查阅;查出

14. make

make for向----前进,快速走向

make out理解,领悟;辨认出,写出

make up组成,占----比例;弥补,补偿;捏造

make up for弥补,补偿

make up of由---组成;包含有

15. pick

pick out挑出;分辨出;区别出

pick up拿起;捡起;收拾;偶然获得,学会,接收(节目);(开车)去接;(顺便)捎带16. put

put across解释清楚;使人接受

put aside放在一边;储存;保留

put away放好;收好

put down写下;记下;镇压

put forward提出;推荐;把---提前

put in伸进;提出;提交;申请,请求

put in for申请;正式要求

put off延期;推迟;关掉;阻止,妨碍

put on穿上;戴上;上演;增加(体重)

put out熄灭;关灯;生产出,出版

put up举起;修建;提供

put up with忍受;容忍

put through(把电话)接通;做完;向—传达,提出(to sb.);使经受—的考验

17. send

send away送走;解雇

send for派人去请

send out发送;长出;发出(光、信号等)

send up上升;发射

18. set

set about开始做,着手

set apart使分离;使显得突出

set aside留出;拨出

set back推迟,阻碍;使花费

set down记下,写下

set off动身出发;引起;使爆炸(cause to explode)

set out动身出发;引起;表示“着手做”时后跟动词不定式

set up建立;创立;引起

19. take

take after与----相似

take apart拆卸(机器)

take away拿走;时离开;消除(病痛等)

take down记下来;拆掉

take for(错)当作;(误)认为

take in吸收;接受;领会;欺骗

take off起飞;匆匆离去;脱下

take on呈现;采纳;承担,从事

take one’s time 不要着急,慢慢地做

take over接收,接管,取代

take to喜欢;养成---的习惯

take up占据,占(时间、空间);开始从事

20. turn

turn down关小,调低,拒绝

turn off关上/掉;转向;(使某人感到厌烦)

turn out关(灯);制造;结果是;原来是;培养

turn over(使)翻转/身;移交;周转;仔细考虑

turn to求助于;(使)转向;(把注意力等)转向;翻书到

turn up开大;被发现,被找到;到达;露面

【典例精析】

1.(2008年全国卷I, 23)The performance ______ nearly three hours, but few people left the theatre early.

A. covered

B. reached

C. played

D. lasted

【解析】 C句意:这次演出持续了近三个小时,但是很少有人提前离开剧院。Last持续,继续;cover 覆盖,包括,涉及,足以支付;reach 到达,够得着;play 扮演,玩。

2.(2008年安徽卷,28)-----Are you happy with your new computer?

----- No, it is _______ me a lot of trouble.

A. showing

B. leaving

C. giving

D. sparing

【解析】C句意:---你对你的新的计算机满意吗?---不,它给我带来许多麻烦。四个选项中的动词都可以接双宾语,但意义不同。Show sb sth.给某人看某物,出示某物给某人看;leave sb sth.给某人留下某物;give sb sth.给某人某物;spare sb sth.为某人抽出……,有对话情景判断应用动词give.

3.(2008年江苏卷,31)—I’m still working on my project.

—Oh, you’ll miss the deadline. Time is ______.

A. running out

B. going out

C. giving out

D. losing out

【解析】A句意:---我仍然在做这个项目。---啊!你肯定不能如期完成了。因为快没时间了。当表示时间用完、耗尽的时候多用run out。 give out 分发,精疲力竭。

4.(2008年山东卷,28)The fact that she never apologized ______ a lot about what kind of person she is.

A. says

B. talks

C. appears

D. declares

【解析】A 句意:她从来不道歉这个事实说明了她是怎样一个人。say 的意思是“说明,表明”,say a lot about 也是一个短语,意思是“说明什么”,符合题意;talk 的意思是“说话,谈话”,不符合句子内容;appear 的意思是“看起来”,不合句意;declare的意思是“宣告,声称”,词义太大,明显不符合句子内容。

5.(2008年江西卷,25) I _____ it as a basic principle of the company that suppliers of raw materials should be given a fair price for their products.

A. make

B. look

C. take

D. think

【解析】C句意:应当给予原材料供应商公平的价格,我把这一点作为公司的基本原则。句中that suppliers of raw materials should be given a fair price for their products 是句子的真正宾语,it是形式宾语,as a basic principle of the company为补语。take…as 把….看作,符合句意。Make, look 和think 与as 搭配无此含义。

6.(2008年辽宁卷,25)You have to be a fairly good speaker to ______ listeners’ interest for over an hour.

A. hold

B. make

C. improve

D. receive

【解析】A句意:你是一个相当好的演说家,能抓住听众的兴趣达1个多小时。hold one’s interest固定搭配,译为:吸引某人的兴趣。

population.

A. fill up

B. bring up

C. make up

D. set up

【解析】C句意:美国印第安人大约占美国人口总数的5%.fill up装满,填满;bring up教育,培养,提出; make up占(比例,成分等);编造,虚构,化妆,补足;set up竖立起来,建立,成立。

8.(2008年湖北卷,27) The present situation is very complex, so I think it will take me some time to ______ its reality.

A. make up

B. figure out

C. look through

D. put off

【解析】B句意:现在的情况非常复杂,因此我想过些时间我才能够弄清楚它的实际情况。Make up编造;figure out 弄清楚,弄明白;look through浏览,快速查看;put off推迟。由句意可知B项正确。

9.(2008年天津卷,13) Her shoes ______ her dress; they look very well together.

A. suit

B. fit

C. compare

D. match

【解析】D句意:她的鞋和帽子很匹配,搭配的很好。本体考察近义词辨析,suit是只颜色,花样或款式等搭配;fit是大小、尺寸等正合适;compare比较;match 指两个东西相称、匹配。

10.(09海南)6. Edward, you play so well. But I ___ you played the piano.

A. didn’t know

B. hadn’t known

C. don’t know

D. haven’t known

【解析】A。句意为:爱德华,你打得好。但我不知道你弹钢琴。所谈论的是指过去行为,故用过去式。

11.(09福建)11. We are at your service. Don’t_____ to turn to us if you have any further problems.

A. beg

B. hesitate

C. desire

D. seek

【解析】B 动词词义辨析。beg:乞求,乞讨,恳求;hesitate:犹豫,踌躇;desire:欲望;愿望;seek:试图,要求。题干意思是:我们为你服务。当你有任何问题时,请毫不犹豫的向我们求助。

12.(09湖北)14. The loss has not yet been ______ accurately, but it is believed to be well beyond

a hundred million dollars.

A. calculated

B. considered

C. completed

D. controlled

【解析】A. 根据句意可知此处表示“损失(数据)还没统计……”,应选择calculated。considered“考虑”,completed“完成”,controlled“控制”均不符合上下文。

13.(09湖北)15. Some parents are just too protective. They want to ______ their kids from every kind of danger, real or imagined.

A. spot

B. dismiss

C. shelter

D. distinguish

【解析】C 根据上句Some parents are just too protective. 可知下文要说父母们想庇荫孩子们不受到任何伤害。shelter做动词可表示“保护;庇护”。spot“弄脏,认出,发现,定位”,dismiss“开除,使解散”,distinguish“区别”。

14.(09海南)42. Encourage your children to try new things, but try not to ___ them too hard.

A. draw

B. strike

C. rush

D. push

【解析】D。句意为:鼓励你的孩子去尝试新事物,但不要把它们太难了。push 推,挤,逼迫;strike v. 打,罢工,划燃rush v. 冲进,匆促行事,催draw v. 拉,拖,挨近,提取,画,绘制。根据句意,应选D。

further problems.

A. beg

B. hesitate

C. desire

D. seek

【解析】B 动词词义辨析。beg:乞求,乞讨,恳求;hesitate:犹豫,踌躇;desire:欲望;愿望;seek:试图,要求。题干意思是:我们为你服务。当你有任何问题时,请毫不犹豫的向我们求助。

12.(09湖北)14. The loss has not yet been ______ accurately, but it is believed to be well beyond

a hundred million dollars.

A. calculated

B. considered

C. completed

D. controlled

【解析】A. 根据句意可知此处表示“损失(数据)还没统计……”,应选择calculated。considered“考虑”,completed“完成”,controlled“控制”均不符合上下文。

13.(09湖北)15. Some parents are just too protective. They want to ______ their kids from every kind of danger, real or imagined.

A. spot

B. dismiss

C. shelter

D. distinguish

【解析】C 根据上句Some parents are just too protective. 可知下文要说父母们想庇荫孩子们不受到任何伤害。shelter做动词可表示“保护;庇护”。spot“弄脏,认出,发现,定位”,dismiss“开除,使解散”,distinguish“区别”。

14.(09海南)42. Encourage your children to try new things, but try not to ___ them too hard.

A. draw

B. strike

C. rush

D. push

【解析】D。句意为:鼓励你的孩子去尝试新事物,但不要把它们太难了。push 推,挤,逼迫;strike v. 打,罢工,划燃rush v. 冲进,匆促行事,催draw v. 拉,拖,挨近,提取,画,绘制。根据句意,应选D。

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