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第三章培训与开发

起草培训制度的内容要求：(1)制定企业员工培训制度的依据(2)实施企业员工培训的目的或宗旨(3)企业员工培训制度实施办法(4)企业培训制度的核准与实行(5)企业培训制度的解释与修订。

具体培训制度：(一)培训服务制度：(1)制度内容：培训服务制度条款和培训服务协约条款(2)制度解释(二)入职培训制度：(1)制度内容：培训的意义和目的;需要参加的人员界定;特殊情况不能参加入职培训的解决措施;入职培训的主要责任区;入职培训的基本要求标准;入职培训的方法(2)制度解释(三)培训激励制度：91)制度内容：完善的岗位任职资格要求;公平、公正、客观的业绩考核标准;公平竞争的晋升规定;以能力和业绩为导向的分配原则。(2)制度解释：对员工的激励;对部门及主管的激励;对企业本身的激励(四)培训考核评估制度：(1)制度内容：被考核评估的对象;考核评估的执行组织;考核的标准区分;考核的主要方式;考核的评分标准;考核结果的签署确认;考核结果的备案;考核结果的证明;考核结果的使用。(2)制度解释(五)培训奖惩制度：(1)制度内容：制度执行的目的;制度的执行组织和程序;奖惩对象说明;奖惩标准;奖惩的执行方式和方(2)制度解释(六)培训风险管理制度：1(1)制度内容(2)制度解释

培训制度的修订：培训制度的战略性;培训制度的长期性;培训制度的适用性

企业培训制度：即能够直接影响与作用于培训系统及其活动的各种法律、规章、制度及政策的总和。它主要包括培训的法律和政令、培训的具体制度和政策两个方面。涉及两个培训主体——企业和员工。

岗位培训制度：是企业培训制度最基本和最重要的组成部分。是企业员工培训的基本办学形式和工作重点，强调紧密结合职业，实行按需施教的原则，按职务岗位需要进行培训，以确保劳动者上岗任职的资格和能力为出发点，使其达到本岗位的要求，其实质是提高从业人员总体素质。包括培训立法及相应的政策，也包括岗位培训各环节的规范化，其核心是培训、考核、使用、待遇一体化的配套措施的实行。

制定员工发展规划的步骤：(1)进行人员需求分析。人员培训需求是制定人员培养、发展计划最重要的依据，培训需求要根据培训计划实施时间的长短，或者培训计划的执行期，由企业经营管理的要求与企业实现或者企业发展的要求与企业实现的差距来确定。(2)设计人

员培养方案和发展计划。在培训需求分析的基础上进行培训方案的设计工作。培训方案的设计要反映课程或各个培训活动的主要特点，明确培养目标，培养内容、培养形式和方法、培养经费和预算等主要培训参数。(3)行动方案的设计与开发。针对培养目的，明确行动时间、行动步骤、目标达成等行动安排，制定具体的可执行的行动方案。(4)对人才培养与发展活动的实施与管理。培训实施也就是将培训项目计划付诸实践的过程。(5)对人才培养情况进行评估。

考察员工培养目标和计划的着眼点：(一)企业方面。一方面以提高企业经营活动所需的知识和技能，陪养企业经营管理活动所需的态度为目标，另一方面，提高员工作为一名社会人或国民应具备的知识、修养和见识为目的。(二)员工方面，通过培训可以可以提高员工的知识水平和工作能力，从而提高员工的能动性，达到员工自我实现的目标。

员工发展归化的层次：按员工发展规划的层次：(1)整体发展计划。(2)培训管理计划(3)部门培训计划+从规划的时间长短来划分：(1)长期发展规划(2)中期培训规划(3)短期(特定项目)培训计划。

运用绩效分析方法确定培训对象的步骤：(1)通过绩效考评明确绩效现状。(2)根据工作说明书或任务说明书分析绩效标准或理想绩效。(3)确认理想绩效与实际绩效的差距。(4)分析绩效差距的成因及绩效差距的重要性。(5)根据绩效差距原因分析确认培训需求和培训对象。

(6)针对培训需求和培训对象拟订培训计划。

运用任务与能力分析方法确定培训对象的步骤：(1)根据任务分析获取相关信息。(2)对工作任务进行分解和分析(3)根据工作任务分析结果确定培训需求和培训对象。(分为三类：重复性需求;短期性需求;长期性需求)

根据组织发展需要分析确定培训需求和培训对象的步骤：(1)确认培训标准(2)确认培训可以解决的问题。(3)确认培训资源(4)根据组织需要确定培训需求和培训对象。

确定培训对象的基本原则：(1)在最需要的时候最需要培训的人进行培训。(2)针对具体的岗位或职位及其在组织运营中的重要程度选员(3)充分体现员工个人发展愿望与组织需要的结合。

培训需求调查计划的内容：(1)培训需求调查工作的行动计划(2)确定培训需求调查工作的目标(3)选择合适的培训需求调查方法(4)确定培训需求调查的内容

实施培训需求调查工作的步骤：(1)提出培训需求动意或愿望(2)调查、申报、汇总需求动意。

实施培训需求调查工作的步骤：(1)提出培训需求动意或愿望(2)调查、申报、汇总需求动意(3)分析培训需求(4)汇总培训需求意见，确认培训需求

分析培训需求应注意的问题：(1)受训员工的现状(2)受训员工存在的问题(3)受训员工的期望和真实想法

培训需求分析报告的内容：(1)培训需求分析实施的背景，即产生培训需求的原因或培训动意(2)开展需求分析的目的和性质(3)概述需求分析实施的方法和过程(4)阐明分析结果(5)解释、评论分析结果和提供参考意见(6)附录。包括收集和分析资料用的图表、问卷、部分原始资料等(7)报告提要

培训需求分析的内容：(一)培训需求的层次分析：(1)组织层次分析(2)工作岗位层次分析(3)员工个人层次分析(二)培训需求的对象分析(1)新员工的培训需求分析(2)在职员工的培训需求分析

培训方法的分类：(1)以事实和概念的教育培训相适应的培训方法。包括讲义法、项目指导法、演示法、参观等(2)以解决问题能力的培训相适应的培训方法。包括案例分析法、文件筐、课题研究法、商务游戏法等(3)与创造性相适应的培训方法。包括头脑风暴法、形象训练法、等价变换的思考方法等(4)与技能相适应的培训方法。包括实习或练习、工作传授法、个人指导法、模拟训练法等(5)与态度、价值观以及陶冶人格情操教育相适应的培训方法。包括面谈法、集体讨论法、集体决策法、职务决策扮演法、悟性训练、管理方格理论培训等(6)基本能力的开发方法。包括自我开发的支持、OJT以及将集中培训运用在工作中跟踪培训等。优选培训方法的要求：(1)保证培训方法针对具体的工作任务。(2)保证方法与培训目的、课程目标相适应(3)保证选用的培训方法与受训者群体特征相适应(学员构成、工作可离度、工作压力)(4)培训的方式、方法，要与企业的培训文化相适应(5)取决于培训的资源与可能性

根据培训的目的和内容介绍的培训方法：(一)适宜知识类培训的直接传授培训方式：讲授法、专题讲座法研讨法(二)以掌握技能为目的的实践性培训法：：工作指导法、工作轮换、特别任务法、个别指导法(三)适宜综合性能力提高和开发的参与式培训：自学、案例研究法(包括案例分析法、事件处理法)头脑风暴法、模拟训练法、敏感性训练法、管理者训练(四)适宜行为调整和心理训练的培训方法：角色扮演法、

行为模仿法、拓展训练(五)科技时代的培训方式：网上培训、虚拟培训

制定培训规划的原则：政策保证、系统完善、广泛适应和务求实效

培训规划的主要内容：(1)培训项目的确定(2)培训内容的开发(3)实施过程的设计(4)评估手段的选择(5)培训资源的筹备(6)培训成本的预算

培训供应商：包括咨询人员、咨询公司或研究所

征询建议书包括的内容：(1)概括说明企业所寻求的服务种类(2)所需参考资料的类型与数量(3)接受培训的人员数量(4)项目资金(5)评价满意度(6)服务水平的标准和流程(7)预期完成项目的时间(8)

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Part I Writing Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short easy on how to best handle the relationship between doctors and patients. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. 题目解析： 一、审题：四级写作的第一步即读懂题目要求。读题目时我们需要在题干中去找“关键词”。 本次作文中读完题目，建议同学们用笔勾画出来五个关键词，即五个要点，顺序依次是“30 minutes”、“essay”、“how”、“the relationship between doctors and patients”、“write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words”其中关于考试时间和作文字数的要求每年都一致。接下来审题的重点：这次写作要求我们写一篇常见的议论文，并且去简述如何处理医生和病人的关系。读完题目之后，我们了解到这次的写作主题即“医患关系（the relationship between doctors and patients）”。 二、谋篇：四级写作的第二步即布局三段结构，这次写作中强调“如何处理医患关系”，所 以我们在第二段写作时，可以从两个维度出发—医生和患者—去叙述如何正确处理两个主体之间的关系。 三、框架：全文分为三个段落。第一段为话题引出段（可结合情景作文第一段，先表明自 己的观点）；第二段为原因分析段（主要从医生/患者两个方面进行原因论述）；第三段为意义阐述段。 四、填充：具体的范文如下，仅做参考。 写作范文： On the Relationship between Doctors and Patients In the present age, it is generally acknowledged that the relationship between doctors and patients is playing indispensable roles in our lives. As far as I am concerned, we should balance this kind of relationship from two aspects, doctors and patients. The causes of this perspective are multiple. In the first place, the reason has been cited as a major reason that doctors cannot be understood, for patients always maintain doctors can cure all kinds of disease. This is mainly due to the fact that although medical technology and science are advanced at an amazing rate, there exists a multitude of various kinds of diseases we cannot cure. Furthermore, the reason can contribute this perspective that patients are believed to be lack of the fundamental medical knowledge, which results in this relationship are worried. Plenty of evidence has shown that an increasing number of patients often go to extremes if their diseases cannot be cure instantly. When it comes to our modern society, it is universally acknowledged that dealing with the relationship between doctors and patients in a reasonable way plays a vitally important role in our lives. Undoubtedly, if we spare no efforts to do so, our future will be hopeful and promising.

2017年12英语四级真题及答案

Part II Listening Comprehension(25 minutes) Section A Directions:In this section,you will hear three news the end of each news report,you will hear two or three the news report and the questions will be spoken only you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard. 1. A) Her friend Erika. C) Her grandfather. B) Her little brother. D) Her grandmother. 2. A)By taking pictures for passers-by. C)By selling lemonade and pictures. B)By working part time at a hospital. D)By asking for help on social media. Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard. 3. A) Finding cheaper ways of highway construction. B) Generating electric power for passing vehicles. C) Providing clean energy to five million people. D) Testing the efficiency of the new solar panel. 4. A)They can stand the wear and tear of natural elements. B)They can be laid right on top of existing highways. C)They are only about half an inch thick. D)They are made from cheap materials. Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard. 5. A) Endless fighting in the region. C) Inadequate funding for research.

2017年12月四级真题答案与详解(第一套)

(-) -----2017^12^*￥S?Egai^i4SiB￥Si^#)8 — (S B1*) -.U l Part I Writing w,^f f i*^?i'j“how”±f f i0i n#*M a n-K s y6W“=^”3f s^^#,s^n r i￥^o k , x w u m-w a m w,-m h^m wrn,w msj&o l jm nrnm _,;i i|i i-p s w i}|-|'iw* J1-5^S^ T-^^^WiSS7XtfcLii|j j||(etemal find universal) 1112. X^$S A W W,]￡^^&zP i￡ii^'fi$8j(depend more on what children do) .1. MM&infc A,o u t-d a t e d)invisible generation gap) _j2' down our Pace)> ' |awkward silence between parents and us) 13. ^g A l?l^^i3^'9:XSt(talk more with parents) H>J rE f3M&,:R^f(frequ en t c o m m u n i c a t i o n)6^^ % Communication Is the Best Gift for Parents C l) The relationship between parents and children is an eternal and universal topic for m ankind. Our relationship with parents might be different at different ages. ? And for young people at their 20s, I think it will depend more on what children do. ?The reason why I say so is that as we grow up, our parents who were our idols before gradually get old and even out-dated. @However hard efforts they make, they could not catch up with our steps, leading to the so-called invisible generation gap. ? Thus, if we cannot slow down our pace,there will definitely be an awkward ?As a result ft W g i b:￥ silence between parents and us,which is not rare now. ?As a result, young people should talk more with P i eternal TjcfSfft parents to share our feelings and to understand each universal other better. Everyone wants loving parents who are open and supportive. ?Only through frequent communication with them,can we establish such a harmonious idol M invisible J U M&J awkward supportive relationship.establish jjiY/l #r* n o *t—■+/L￡&}%-&, ^.i A^ J j 5c#^ ￡ & A￡ j f*.& f-?-f & ￡?L

2017年12月英语四级真题和答案解析(第二套)

20XX年12月大学英语四级考试真题(第2套) Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on how to best handle the relationship between teachers and students. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes) Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1with a single line through the centre. Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard. 1. A) It tries to entertain its audience. C) It wants to catch people’s attention. B) It tries to look into the distance. D) It has got one of its limbs injured. 2. A) It was spotted by animal protection officials. B) It was filmed by a local television reporter. C) Its videos were posted on social media. D) Its picture won a photography prize. Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard. 3. A) The distance travelled C) The spending on gas. B) The incidence of road accidents. D) The number of people travelling. 4. A) Fewer people are commuting. C) Job growth is slowing down. B) Gas consumption is soaring. D) Rush-hour traffic is worsening. Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard. 5. A) He told a stranger the sad story about himself.

2017年6月大学英语四级真题试卷及答案(第2套)

2017年6月大学英语四级真题及答案(二) Part I Writing (25 minutes) (请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试) Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an advertisement on your campus website to sell a bicycle you used at college. Your advertisement may include its brand, features,condition and price, and your contact information. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) Section A Directions:In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and questions will be spoken only once. After you hear questions, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。 Questions 1 to 2 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 1. A) The majority of drivers prefer to drive and park themselves. B) Human drivers become easily distracted or tired while driving. C) Most drivers feel uncertain about the safety of self-driving cars. D) Most drivers have test driven cars with automatic braking features. 2. A) Their drivers would feel safe after getting used to the automatic devices. B) They would be unpopular with drivers who only trust their own skills. C) Their increased comfort levels have boosted their sales. D) They are not actually as safe as automakers advertise. Questions 3 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.