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托福历年真题2003年8月

0308托福试题

听力：

1 (a)She has completed her project

(b)She needs some help finishing the project

(c)Her economics class no longer meets

(d)The man should not touch the project until it is finished

2 (a) He disagrees with the woman

(b)He has a lot of experience listening to others

(c ) He can keep a secret

(d) He has several younger brothers and sisters

3 (a) She has already seen the movie

(b) She doesn’t like to go to the movies

(c )She hasn’t seen Mary recently

(d) Mary didn’t ask her to go to the mov ies

4 (a) Use cream on her rash

(b)See if her rash improves in a few days

(d) See a doctor about her rash

5 (a) He’s usually a good dancer

(b) He’s embarrassed about the photograph

(c ) He didn’t en joy the party

(d) H e hasn’t seen the photograph

6 (a) She prefers to stay indoors during the summer

(b) S he doesn’t agree with the man

(d) The weather is supposed to get even hotter

7 (a) Dry his clothes for another fifteen minutes

(b)Inspect the dryer for damage

(c ) Take this clothes out of the dryer

(d) Wash his clothes again

8 (a) He likes the music class

(b) The woman missed the deadline

(c )It may still be possible to drop the class

(d) H e doesn’t pl an to take music

9 (a)She has decided not to go to Florida

(b)H er plans aren’t definite

(d)She prefers to travel without her friend

10 (a)T he costumes weren’t as good as the s scenery

(b) The scenery could have been more realistic

(c ) She wishes she had seen the play

(d) T he actors in the play weren’t students

11 (a) H e didn’t know the book was a best-seller

(b) H e’s becoming more interested in the book

(c ) H e’s on his way to the bookstore

(d) He has just finished the book

12 (a) S he’d rather do another puzzle

(b)S he doesn’t have time for puzzles

(c ) S he’d like a chance to solve the puzzle

(d) S he’s not as good at puzzles as the man

13 (a)Revise the report

(b)Go to another copy machine

(c )Ask his classmates to make their own copies

(d) Get more paler

14 (a) The woman is a better mechanic than he is

(b) H e can’t go for a ride with the woman

(c ) H e doesn’t know a lot about newer cars

(d)T he woman shouldn’t buy a used car

15 (a)Start studying with the man

(b) Continue watching television

(c ) Take a nap

(d) Turn down the volume on the television

16 (a)Store the bicycle inside the dormitory

(bAsk someone to repair the bicycle

(c ) Ride the bicycle on campus

(d) Try to find the bic ycle’s owner

17 (a)He lives with a first-year student

(b)He wanted to live in an apartment

(c)H e isn’t a new student

(d) He was assigned space in a dorm

18 (a) He has to pick up some groceries

(b)H e hasn’t had any tea for a long time

(c )H e’d l ike to walk a little further

(d)H e’ll pay for the drinks

19 (a)The boss will probably discipline the woman

(b)T he boss may disregard the woman’s lateness

(c ) T he boss won’t know the woman was late

(d) The boss is often late for work

20 (a) She may change her mind about the college

(b)H e doesn’t know what time she arrived

(c )He wishes he had met her yesterday

(d)She should visit the campus again soon

21 (a) S he can’t help the man

(b)S he doesn’t want to lend the man any money

(c )She owes the man some money

(d) She sometimes asks the man to drive her places

22 (a)A lot of students entered the talent show

(b)The talent show was canceled

(c )Not many students enjoy talent shows

(d)The speakers are judges for the talent show

23 (a)The tour guide will be late

(b)The appointment for the tour will be changed

(c The tour will begin before she and the man arrive

(d)The museum will open earlier than usual

24 (a)S he doesn’t need a pay raise

(b)She got a pay raise last year

(c )S he hasn’t yet received a pay raise

(d) She will give the man a pay raise

25 (a)He recently injured his hand

(b)He can carry some books for the woman

(c)H e needs to borrow some of the woman’s books

(d)H e can’t help the woman until noon

26 (a)He enjoys talking about pets

(b)He agrees that the woman is quite knowledgeable

(c )He dislikes people who think they know everything

(d)He hates standing in line

27 (a)The professor might give an exam in class

(b)The man might not be able to leave campus early

(c )The class might not finish their oral presentation

(d)T his week’s class might be longer than expected

28 (a) Invite his roommate to a party

(b)Ask his roommate to go to the housing office

(c )Stop complaining about his roommate

(d)Arrange to get a different roommate

29 (a)H e’s improved the way he looks

(b)He manages his time well

(c )He looks happier lately

(d)He follows directions more carefully now

30 (a)H e doesn’t have any paper towels

(b)T hey don’t need any mor e paper bags

(c )The food is ruined

(d )He thinks a mop would work better

31 (a)Causes of illness

(b)The discovery of antibiotics

(c )The history of prescription drugs

(d)Characteristics of antibiotics

32 (a)Her lab notes

(b)A medical reference book

(c )A homework assignment

(d) The name of her doctor

33 (a)To give an example of a bad reaction to penicillin

(b)To show how penicillin has changed over the years

(c )To emphasize the importance of antibiotics

(d)To explain why penicillin requires a prescription

34 (a)In a pharmacology course

(b)From her mother

(c )At the student health center

(d) From her doctor

35 (a)Look up some information about his medicine

(b)Take an extra dose of his medicine

(c )Ask his doctor to change his prescription

(d)Begin to do research for his lab project

36 (a)Current issues in economics

(b)Choices faced by conservationists

(c ) A recent biology lecture

(d)Topics for a research paper

37 (a)S he’s writing research papers

(b)S he’s working on a conservation project

(c )S he’s studying for exams

(d)S he’s doing her biology homework

38 (a)S he doesn’t know which topic to choose

(b)Her assignments are due on the same day

(c )S he’s concerned about the spotted owl

(d)She dislikes her economics class

39 (a)A scarcity of jobs in their field

(b)Inadequate training in methods of biological research

(c )Difficulties in classifying all of the varieties of owls

(d)A lack of funding for their work with endangered species

40 (a)It has numerous traits in common with the spotted owl

(b)Its population is increasing

(c )It may not survive without special efforts of conservationists

(d)Its role in the chain of evolution has not yet been examined

41 (a)To explain why Wright became an architect

(b)T o describe the positive aspects of Wright’s architecture

(c )T o explain why Wright’s style of architecture became less popular

(d)To describe the materials Wight used in construction

42 (a)His houses were often small

(b)His designs were overly simple

(c )His roofs often leaked

(d )His building did not match their natural surroundings

43 (a)He helped construct a chapel

(b)H e took over his family’s business

(c )He trained under Guggenheim

(d)He worked on a project overseas

44 (a)T hey characterize stages in Wright’s career

(b)Wright died while they were being constructed

(c )T hey were Wright’s earliest buildings

(d)T hey are examples of Wright’s classical styles

45 (a)Theories of how the universe evolved

(b) Similarities between the planets in the solar system

(c )Reason for the high density of earth

(d)Theories of the origin of the Moon

46 (a)Earth and the Moon traveled at different speeds

(b)The Moon formed billions of years before Earth

(c )Earth did not have enough gravitational pull

(d)Earth and the Moon were too far from each other

47 (a)The Moon has no water

(b)T he Moon’s materials came from Earth’s core

(c )T he Moon’s core differs from its surface

(d)The Moon contains little iron

48 (a) It is difficult to define

(b)Its causes are often unknown

(c )Psychologists disagree about how to treat it

(d)Its symptoms often go unnoticed

49 (a)To explain the effect it has on mental illness

(b)To suggest that it is easier to diagnose than mental illness

(c )To discuss the role of medicine in clinical psychology

(d)To show the similarities between physical and mental illness

50 (a)Another means of measuring normal behavior

(B)W hy some politicians aren’t w ell adjusted

(c )H ow an individual’s behavior is influenced by therapy

(d) Problems often encountered by psychologists

语法：（25 minutes）

1． In 1796 investigations into the chemical nature of diamond concluded _________ a form of pure carbon.

(A) that it

(B) is it

(D) is that

2． The English colonization of Virginia was devised in 1606 by a group of merchants _________ the Virginia Company of London.

(A) who formed

(B) formed

(D) they formed

3． The hourglass, an instrument used _________, usually consists of two bulbs united by a narrow neck.

(A) measures time

(B) time is measured

(D) the time for measuring

4． A master is an electronic apparatus that _________ radio and light waves.

(A) generated and was amplified

(B) generating and amplifying

(D) to generate and amplify

5． The human skin forms _________ against the action of physical, chemical, and bacterial agents on the deeper tissues.

(A) how protective a barrier is

(B) a protective barrier

(D) and which a barrier protects

6． Medical research at the cellular level, _________ research on the immune system, has been made possible through twentieth-century advances in techniques of genetic research.

(A) which

(B) whereas

(D) is also

7． Living organisms contain more water _________ substance.

(A) than do any other

(B) does than any other

(D) than they do any other

8． The twentieth century has been a period of enormous growth in mathematical research and in the number of mathematicians and fields _________ them.

(A) they require

(B) requiring

(D) as required

9．Columbia University’s School of Public Health is _________ a handful of schools of p ublic health in the United States.

(A) one that

(B) the one

(D) one

10．The United States Department of the interior designated the Brooklyn bridge _________ in 1964.

(A) was a national historic landmark

(B) a national historic landmark

(D) a national historic landmark which

11．In jazz music, a riff is a simple melodic figure, _________ and repeated several times.

(A) usually one or two measures lasted

(B) lasted one measure or two usually

(D) usually lasting one or two measures

12．At its center, the sun has a density of over a hundred times _________ and a temperature of

10 to 20 million degrees centigrade.

(A) that of water

(B) of water

(D) water

13．The United States Congress appropriates some four million dollars _________ the upkeep of the White House grounds.

(A) year for a

(B) for a year

(D) a for year

14．The sea horse uses _________ to cling to the seaweed and other plants.

(A) it has a tail

(B) a tail with which it

(D) as its tail

15．In the years ahead, health professionals will be able to enhance or restore health far better _________ at present.

(A) whereas

(B) they can

(D) that are

16. The constitution of New Hampshire, a second oldest among those of the fifty states, was

A B C D

adopted in 1784.

17. Elinor Wylie’s writings consist of eight books---four novels and four volumes of poem---in

A B

which she displayed a knowledge of both history and literature.

C D

18. In addition to their usefulness as scavengers, birds are of enormous value to humans because

A B C

of they eat insects and control the spread of weeds.

19. When precipitation occurs, some of it evaporates, some runs off the surface it strikes, and

A B C

some sinking into the ground.

20. The astronauts chosen for fly the first United States spacecraft were selected from military

A B C D

test pilots.

21. Tarantulas inject a paralyzing venom into prey or with their large fangs

A B C D

22. Born in New York City in 1891, Preston Dickinson was one of the pioneers of modern

artistic

A B C D

in the United States.

23. The water of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans make up 70.8 percent to the Earth’s

surface.

D A B C

24. The three main television networks in the United States account for more advertising dollars

A B C

than any others medium.

25. In 1913 when he was only 18 year old, Leo Sowerby’s violin concerto was performed by the

A B C D

Chicago Symphony.

26. Fossil records support the assumption which microorganisms were the first forms of life.

A B C D

27. The St. Louis Post-Dispatch was founded in 1878 and by 1881 had become the most largest

A B C D

evening newspaper in the city.

28. In artifacts from as early as the Stone Age, mathematics and art can be seen to have fused in

A B

the geometric patterns decorate pottery, weaving, and carpentry.

C D

29. Despite their common heritage, background, and homogeneity, the original United states

A B

consisted of 13 distinct political entities, each commanding considerable loyal from its

C D

citizenry.

30. The choreographer George Balanchine created more than 150 works for the New York City

A B

Ballet, that which he was a founder.

C D

31. Some ways in which lizards different from snake are in having ear openings, moveable

A B C D

eyelids, and less flexible jaws.

32. Much of the work of the anthropologist Margaret Mead was devoting to a study of patterns of

A B C

child rearing in various cultures.

33. The feathers of birds not only protect their skin from injury and conserve body heat, but also

A B

function in flight, courtship, camouflage, and sensory perceptive.

C D

34. Of the many mushroom species growing wild, the common field mushroom is the one that is

A B C

most frequently gather for human consumption.

35. Carl Roger’s client-centered therapy is now widely employed and is among the most

A B

influential technique in modern United States clinical psychology.

C D

36. Female horseflies transmit a few diseases, but their main significance as pests is in sting of

A B C D

their bite.

37. Despite a lack of navigably waterways, Madison, Wisconsin, developed into a manufacturing

A B C

center as well as a major trade nucleus during the , 1800’s.

38. The food and water that people consume them come from the environment, provided either

A B

by nature or through the work of farmers and other producers.

C D

39. Communal dance, as a powerful symbol of mutual regard and cooperation group, underlies

A B C

enduring traditions in folk dancing.

40. More than 800 major oil company have plants and offices in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the site of the

A B C D

international petroleum exposition.

阅读（55minutes）

Question 1-11

If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do these

bacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth

century, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous

(5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving

matter.

The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structures

present in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After

the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had

trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from

0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive

(15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells .

As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they could

not be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originated

from the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that these bodies are constantly (20)being deposited on all objects.

Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated to boiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary for

spontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flask was affected in some way (25)by heating so that it would no longer support spontaneous generation. Pasteur constructed a

swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but air

could reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask..

Material sterilized in such a flask did not putrefy.

1,What does the passage mainly discuss?

(a)Pasteur’s influence on the development of the microscope.

(b)The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation .

(c)The effects of pasteurization on food.

(d)Pasteur’s argument against the th eory of spontaneous generation .

2,The phrase “teeming with ”in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(a)full of

(b)developing into

(c)resistant to

(d)hurt by

3,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer?

(a)What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food?

(b)How many types of organisms can be found on food?

(c)What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination?

(d)How long can food stand before it putrefies?

4,The word “resemble” in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(a)benefit from

(b)appear similar to

(c)join together with

(d)grow from

5,The purpose of the “guncotton” mentioned in paragraph 2 was to

(a)trap particles for analysis

(b)slow the process of putrefaction

(c)increase the airflow to the microscopic slide

(d)aid the mixing of alcohol and ether

6,The author mention “1.0mm”in line 14 in describing the

(a)thickness of a layer of organisms that was deposited on an object

(b)diameter of the fibers that were in the guncotton filters

(c)thickness of the microscope slides that were used

(d)size of the particles that that were collected

7.The word “postulated”in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(a)analyzed

(b)doubted

(c)persuaded

(d)suggested

8.The objects that Pasteut removed from the air in his experiment were remarkable because they were

(a)primarily single-celled organisms

(b)no different from objects found in putrefying materials

(c)fairly rare

(d)able to live in a mixture of alcohol and ether

9.The wor d “it” in line 22 refers to

(a)a nutrient solution

(b)a glass flask

(c)boiling

(d)spontaneous generation

10.According to paragraph 3,proponents of spontaneous generation believed that which of the following was important for the process to succeed ?

(a)A sealed container

(b)Fresh air

(c)Heat

(d)The presence of nutrients

11.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Pasteur employed a swam-necked flask to

(a)store sterilized liquids for use in future experiments

(b)prevent heat from building up in a solution

(c)disprove a criticism of his conclusions

(d)estimate the number of organisms in a liter of air

Questions 12-20

In the early decades of the United States ,the agrarian movement promoted the farmer as society’s hero. In the minds of agrarian thinkers and writers ,the farmer was a person on whose well-being the health of the new country depended .The period between the

Revolution, which ended in 1783,and the Civil War ,which ended in 1865 ,was the age of (5 )the farmer in the United States .Agrarian philosophers ,represented most eloquently by

Thomas Jefferson, celebrated farmers extravagantly for their supposed centrality in a good society, their political virtue ,and their Superior morality .And virtually all policy makers, whether they subscribed to the tenets of the philosophy held by Jefferson or not, recognized agriculture as the key component of the American economy .Consequently ,government at (10) all levels worked to encourage farmers as a social group and agriculture as economic

enterprise.

Both the national and state governments developed transportation infrastructure,building canals, roads, bridges, and railroads ,deepening harbors ,and removing obstructions from navigable streams .The national government imported plant and animal varieties and

(15) launched exploring expeditions into prospective farmlands in the West .In addition ,

government trade policies facilitated the exporting of agricultural products.

For their part ,farmers seemed to meet the social expectations agrarian philosophers had for them ,as their broader horizons and greater self-respect, both products of the Revolution ,were reflected to some degree in their behavior .Farmers seemed to become (20) more scientific ,joining agricultural societies and reading the farm newspapers that sprang

up throughout the country .They began using improved implements, tried new crops and

pure animal breeds , and became more receptive to modern theories of soil improvement .

They also responded to inducements by national and state governments .Farmers

streamed to the West ,filling frontier lands with stunning rapidity .But farmers responded (25)less to the expectations of agrarians and government inducements than to growing market

opportunities .European demand for food from the United States seemed insatiable . War, industrialization , and urbanization all kept demand high in Europe . United States cities

and industries grew as well; even industries not directly related to farming thrived because of the market, money ,and labor that agriculture provided .

12.What does the passage mainly discuss?

(a)The agrarian philosophy of Thomas Jefferson

(b)The role of the national government in the development of agriculture

(c)Improvements in farming techniques

(d)The impact of the increased importance of the farmer

13.The word “depended” in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(a)improved

(b)relied

(c)demanded

(d)explained

14.The author mentions Thomas Jefferson in paragraph 1 as an example of

(a)a leader during the Revolution

(b)an inventor of new farming techniques

(c)a philosopher who believed farmers were essential to the creation of a good society

(d)a farmer who guided the agrarian movement toward an emphasis on economic development

15.The phrase “subscribed to” in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(a)contributed to

(b)agreed with

(c)thought about

(d)expanded on

16.Which of the following statements is supported by the information in paragraph 1?

(a)All government policy makers accepted Jefferson’s views of agriculture and farmers.

(b)Agricultural production declined between 1783 and 1861.

(c)The majority of farmers worked for the government.

(d)Agriculture was a vital part of the nation’s economy.

17.According to the passage , the national and state governments did all of the following EXCEPT

(a)build roads

(b)import new plant varieties

(c)give farmers money for their crops

(d)develop policies that helped farmers export their products

18.All of the following are mentioned as examples of farmers’ meeting the expectations of agrarian philosophers EXCEPT

(a)obtaining information from farm newspapers

(b)accumulating personal wealth

(c)planting new crops

(d)becoming more scientific

19.The word “stunning” in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(a)predictable

(b)impressive

(c)famous

(d)gradual

20.Which of the following statements is best supported by paragraph 4?

(a)Agricultural development contributed to development in other parts of the economy.

(b)European agricultural products were of a higher quality than those produced in the United States.

(c)The growing settlement of the West led to a decrease in agricultural production.

(d)Farmers were influenced more by government policies than by market opportunities. Question 21-29

The wide variety of climates in North America has helped spawn a complex pattern of

soil regions. In general, the realm’s soils also reflect the broad environmental partitioning

into “humid America” and “arid America.” Where annual precipitation exceeds 20 inches

(50 centimeters),soils in humid areas tend to be acidic in chemical content, Since crops

(5 )do best in soils that are neither acidic(higher in acid content) nor alkaline(higher in salt

content).fertilization is necessary to achieve the desired level of neutrality between the

two. Arid Americ a’s soils are typically alkaline and must be fertilized back toward

neutrality by adding acidic compounds. Although many of these dryland soils, particularly in the Great Plains, are quite fertile, European settlers learned over a century ago that (10) water is the main missing ingredient in achieving their agricultural potential. In the

1970’s, certain irrigation methods were perfected and finally provided a real opportunity

to expand more intensive farming west from the Central Lowland into the drier portions

of the Great Plains. Glaciation also enhanced the rich legacy of fertile soils in the central

United States,both from the deposition of mineral-rich glacial debris left by meltwater (15) and from thick layers of fine wind-blown glacial material, called loess, in and around the

middle Mississippi Valley.

Natural vegetation patterns could be displayed on a map of North America, but the enormous human modification of the North American environment in modern times has

all but reduced this regionalization scheme to the level of the hypothetical. Nonetheless, (20) the humid America-arid America dichotomy is still a valid generalization: the natural

vegetation of areas receiving more than 20 inches of water yearly is forest, whereas the

drier climates give rise to a grassland cover. The forests of North America tent to make

a broad transition by latitude. In the Canadian North, needle-leaf forests dominate, but

these coniferous trees become mixed with broadleaf deciduous trees as one crosses the (25)border into the Northeast United States. As one proceeds toward the Southeast, broadleaf

vegetation becomes dominant. Arid America mostly consists of short-grass prairies or

stepper. The only areas of true desert are in the Southwest.

21 What aspect of North America does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The wide variety of climates

(B) Soil types and vegetation patterns

(D) The change in precipitation patterns

22 The word “spawn ” in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) distinguish

(B) eliminate

(D) create

23 The word “partitioning” in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) division

(B) modification

(D) circulating

24 According to the passage, acidic soils tent to be associated with

(A) a high salt content

(B) an increase in farming

(D) glacial meltwater

25 The word “enhanced” in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(A) implied

(B) increased

(D) informed

26 How did glacial meltdown affect the soil in North America?

(A) It redistributed the soil types

(B) It added salt to the soil

(D) It added minerals to the soil

27 The phrase “this regionalization scheme” in line 19 refers to the

(A) movements of glacial deposits

(B) patterns of natural vegetation

(D) distinction between humid America and arid America

28 The word “transition” in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) elevation

(B) change

(D) condition

29 The passage supports which of the following statements?

(A) Arid America is not necessarily characterized by the presence of deserts

(B) Most of Canada and the northeastern United States consists of short-grass prairies wherever

natural vegetation has not been modified by humans

(D) Glaciation removed the fertile layer of soil from much of the Mississippi Valley

Questions 30-40

Most sources of illumination generate light over an appreciable period, and indeed if an object is lit for a very brief time(less that 1/25 second), the human eye will not react

in time to see the object. A photographic emulsion---that is, a light-sensitive coating on photographic film, paper, or glass---will, however, record much shorter bursts of light. A

(5 ) photographic flash can therefore be used to capture high-speed movement on film as well

as to correct deficiencies of the normal surrounding lighting. Photoflash is now generated electronically, but the earliest form, first used in 1864, was a paper bag containing

magnesium wire and some oxygen-rich substance, such as potassium chlorate. When the

bag was ignited, the metal burned with an intense flash. A contemporary observer reported (10) that “this quite unsafe device seems to have done nothing worse that engulf the room in

dense smoke and lead to pictures of dubious quality and odd poses.”

The evolution of the photoflash was slow, flashbulbs, containing fine wire made of a metal, such as magnesium or aluminum, capable of being ignited in an atmosphere of pure oxygen at low pressure, were introduced only in the 1920’s. In the earliest ty pe, the metal (15) was separated from the oxygen by a thin glass bulb. The flash was fired by piercing the

bulb and allowing the oxygen to come into contact with the metal, which ignited

spontaneously. Later bulbs were fired by an electric battery, which heated the wire by

passing a small current through it. Other combinations, such as the pairing of oxygen

difluoride with zirconium, have also been used. In each case enough energy is given out to (20) heat the oxidizable metal momentarily to a white-hot emission of visible light. The smoke

particles are so small that they cool rapidly; but since they are white, they contribute to the brilliance by reflecting the light from their still-glowing neighbors. A slightly bigger form of the metal will burn for a longer time.

30 What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The history of the photoflash

(B) Theories about how the eye reacts to light

(D) The dangers of using the early photoflash

31 According to the passage,1/25 second is the minimum amount of time required for the

(A) recording of an image on film

(B) generation of artificial light

(D) human eye to react to light

32 According to the passage, an advantage of using a photoflash is that it

(A) can produce repeated bursts of light

(B) intensities colors in photographs

(D) supplements existing lighting

33 The word “ignited” in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) set on fire

(B) cut into

(D) shaken

34 Which of the following phrases is defined in paragraph 1?

(A)”appreciable period”(line 1)

(B)”photographic emulsion”(line 3)

(C)”high-speed movement”(line 5)

(D)”odd poses”(line 11)

35 The word “evolution” in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) publicity

(B) adoption

(D) manufacture

36 The function of the glass in the first flashbulbs was to

(A) produce the spark that initiated the flash

(B) magnify the light produced by the flash

(D) keep the metal and oxygen apart before the flash

37 The word “it” in line 18 refers to

(A) oxygen

(B) battery

(D) current

38 The word “momentarily” in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) effortlessly

(B) briefly

(D) gradually

39 According to the passage, the white color of the smoke particles generated by a flashbulb contributes to

(A) rapid cooling

(B) bright illumination

(D) intense heat

40 According to the passage, a flashbulb can be made to burn longer by using

(A) thicker wire

(B) more oxygen

(D) continuous electricity

Questions 41-50

The stylistic innovation in paining known as Impressionism began in the 1870’s. The Impressionists wanted to depict what they saw in nature, but they were inspired to portray fragmentary moments by the increasingly fast pace of modern life. They concentrated on

the play of light over objects, people, and nature, breaking up seemingly solid surfaces,

(5 ) stressing vivid contrast between colors in sunlight and shade, and depiction reflected light

in all of its possibilities. Unlike earlier artists, they did not want to observe the world from indoors. They abandoned the studio, painting in the open air and recording spontaneous Impressions of their subjects instead of making outside sketches and then moving indoors to complete the work form memory.

(10) Some of the Impressionists’ painting methods were affected by technolog ical

advances. For example, the shift from the studio to the open air was made possible in

part by the advent of cheap rail travel, which permitted easy and quick access to the

countryside or seashore, as well as by newly developed chemical dyes and oils that led

to collapsible paint tubes, which enabled artists to finish their paintings on the spot.

(15)Impressionism acquired its name not from supporters but from angry art lovers who

felt threatened by the new painting. The term “Impressionism” was born in 1874,when

a group of artists who had been working together organized an exhibition of their

paintings in order to draw public attention to their work. Reaction from the public and

press was immediate, and derisive. Among the 165 paintings exhibited was one called (20)Impression: Sunrise, by Claude Monet(1840-1926),Viewed through hostile eyes,

Monet’s painting of a rising sun over a misty, watery scene seemed m essy, slapdash,

and an affront to good taste. Borrowing Monet’s title, art critics extended the term “Impressionism” to the entire exhibit. In response, Monet and his 29 fellow artists in

the exhibit adopted the same name as a badge of their unity, despite individual differences. (25)From then until 1886 Impressionism had all the zeal of a “church”, as the painter Renoir

put it. Monet was faithful to the Impressionist creed until his death, although many of the others moved on to new styles.

41 What aspect of painting in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The impact of some artists’ resistance to the fast pace of life

(B) The differences between two major styles of art

(D) A group of artists with a new technique and approach to art

42 The word “depict” in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) reorganize

(B) deform

(D) justify

43 According to the passage, which of the following was one of the distinguishing characteristics of Impressionist painting?

(A) The emphasis on people rather than nature scenes

(B) The way the subjects were presented from multiple angles

(D) The depiction of the effects of light and color

44 Which of the following is a significant way in which Impressionists were different from the artists that preceded them?

(A) They began by making sketches of their subjects

(B) They painted their subjects out-of-doors

(D) They used subjects drawn from modern life

45 The word “advent” in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) achievement

(B) acceptance

(D) advantage

46 The exhibition of paintings organized in 1874 resulted in all of the following EXCEPT

(A) attracting attention from the public

(B) a negative reaction from the press

(D) creating a name for a new style of painting

47 The word “affront” in line 22 is closest in meaning to

(A) insult

(B) encouragement

(D) credit

48 The rejection of the Impressionist exhibition by critics was caused by which of the following?

(A) The small number of paintings on display

(B) Lack of interest in exhibitions by young artists

(D) Anger about seemingly poorly painted art

49 The author mentions Renoir in line 25 to give an example of an artist who

(A) became as famous as Monet

(B) was consistently praised by art critics

(D) was in favor of a traditional style of painting

50 The word “others” in line 27 refers to

(A) art critics

(B) fellow artists

(D) new styles

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