poetic terms诗歌术语
Introductory poetic terms
Sound devices
Alliteration，Assonance, Consonance, Onomatopoeia, Rhyme, Rhyme scheme
Meter
Ballad Meter, Iambic pentameter
Form
Stanza, Couplet, Quatrain, Free Verse, Sonnet, Ballad
Meaning devices
Imagery, Metaphor, Simile, Personification, Pun, Allusion, Paradox, Symbol, Apostrophe
Two Linguistic Devices
Inversion, Parallelism
Sound devices
All sound devices are interesting because they brings together words that sound alike but do not necessarily have anything else in common. In "Fire and Ice" the two words in the title are opposite in meaning but have the same vowel sound (assonance). The poem, which at times suggests that the two are the same in a much as both can "end" the world, would be much less effective if the words lacked this assonance. This is why poetry is so difficult to translate.
Alliteration: repetition of the initial sounds (usually consonants) of stressed syllables in nearby words or lines, usually at word beginnings.
From Lord Tennyson's "Break, Break, Break":
And the stately ships go on
To their haven under the hill.
From Lord Byron's "She Walks in Beauty":
She walks in beauty, like the night
Of cloudless climes and starry skies;
Assonance: the relatively close succession of the same or similar vowel sounds, but with different consonants: a kind of vowel rhyme.
From William Carol Williams' "The Red Wheelbarrow"
glazed with rain
water
beside the white
chickens
Consonance: the relatively close succession of the same end consonants with different vowel sounds: a kind of consonant rhyme.
Notice all the "r" sounds in the last six lines of "Hyla Brook":
Its bed is left a faded paper sheet
Of dead leaves stuck together by the heat -
A brook to none but who remember long.
This as it will be seen is other far
Than with brooks taken otherwhere in song.
We love the things we love for what they are.
Onomatopoeia: any word whose sound echoes its meaning.
In "The Oven Bird" Robert Frost uses the word loud onomatopoetically.
There is a singer everyone has heard,
Loud, a mid-summer and a mid-wood bird.
Frost emphasizes the loudness of "loud" by placing it alone at the beginning of the line ? the only line in the poem that starts with an accented (stressed) syllable. (See iambic pentameter)
Rhyme occurs when the last vowel and consonant sounds of two words are identical. In Robert Frost's "Fire and Ice"fire rhymes with desire; ice with twice and suffice; hate with great. Generally speaking, Rhyme refers to rhymes at the end of the line. Other rhymes are called "internal rhymes." Sometimes rhymes are only approximate. These are called near or slant rhymes.
Some say the world will end in fire,
Some say in ice.
From what I've tasted of desire
I hold with those who favor fire.
But if it had to perish twice,
I think I know enough of hate
To know that for destruction ice
Is also great
And would suffice.
Emily Dickinson often employs near rhyme as in the second stanza of "When Night is almost Done."
I never spoke with God,
Nor visited in heaven;
Yet certain am I of the spot
As if the chart were given.
Rhyme scheme: The pattern established by the arrangement of rhymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of the alphabet to denote the recurrence of rhyming lines:
Some say the world will end in fire, Some say in ice.
From what I've tasted of desire
I hold with those who favor fire. But if it had to perish twice,
I think I know enough of hate
To know that for destruction ice
Is also great
And would suffice
a
b
a
a
b
c
b
c
b Meter
Meter is the "beat" of a poem. In English, meter was originally measured by "stresses" and a line ended after a specified number of accented syllables. Since the 1400's meter has tended to be measured by accented and unaccented syllables. The unit of meter is called the foot. The length of lines is described by the number of repeated "meters" in the line. (1), dimeter (2), trimeter (3), tetrameter (4), pentameter (5), hexameter (6), heptameter (7) and octameter (8). The most common foot in English is the iamb, which
consists of two syllables, the second one of which is accented. Another common foot is the trochee (also two syllables, but with the first accented); some metrical feet (dactyl and anapest) have three syllables. We will focus mainly on the iamb.
Here are some iambic (tetrameter) lines from the beginning of William Wordsworth's "I wandered lonely as a cloud":
I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o'er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils,
Beside the lake, beneath the trees.
Notice that the next line breaks the rhythmic pattern and this stands out:
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
It is as if a picture is suddenly given motion, as if the breeze blew across the poem.
Ballad meter is the source of much debate. The debate focuses on whether you should just count the number of accented syllables (stresses) in lines alternating between four stresses and three, or see these lines as containing four and three feet (usually iambic or trochaic) respectively. Ballad meter is also called hymn meter and you should be able to sing a ballad to the tune of "Amazing Grace" or, less elegantly, to "The Yellow Rose of Texas."
We see the classic pattern in "Sir Patrick Spence." Notice that although the basic rhythm is iambic, there are trochees (words like Drinkin') that begin and end some of the lines.
The king sits in Dunfermline toun,
Drinkin' the bluid red wine
'0 whaur will I get a skeely skipper,
To sail this ship o' mine?'
Then up and spak an eldern knicht,
Sat at the king's richt knee,
'Sir Patrick Spence is the best sailor,
That ever sail'd the sea.'
In the "literary ballad" "La Belle Dames Sans Merci", John Keats tends to shorten the fourth line, but still includes three stresses.
Ah, what can ail thee, knight-at-arms,
Alone and palely loitering;
The sedge is wither'd from the lake,
And no birds sing.
Emily Dickinson uses the basic cadence of ballad meter in most of her poems:
There's a certain Slant of light,
Winter Afternoons--
That oppresses, like the Heft
Of Cathedral Tunes--
Heavenly Hurt, it gives us--
We can find no scar,
But internal difference,
Where the Meanings, are---
Iambic pentameter (see also blank verse)is probably the most common non-ballad line in English poetry.
These lines from Robert Frost's "The Oven Bird" are almost "perfect" iambic pentameter lines, especially if you pronounce "flowers" and "showers" as monosyllabic words.
He says that leaves are old and that for flowers
Mid-summer is to spring as one to ten. 5
He says the early petal-fall is past
When pear and cherry bloom went down in showers
On sunny days a moment overcast;
And comes that other fall we name the fall.
He says the highway dust is over all. 10
The bird would cease and be as other birds
But that he knows in singing not to sing.
The question that he frames in all but words
Is what to make of a diminished thing.
Form
Stanza: the poetic version of a paragraph, a division of a poem made by arranging the lines into units separated by a space; traditionally poetic stanza are similar in length to one another and similar in rhyme scheme.
Couplet: Two successive lines of poetry, usually of equal length and similar meter, with end-words that rhyme.
In Robert Frost's "Hyla Brook" there are numerous couplets within a single stanza
Its bed is left a faded paper sheet
Of dead leaves stuck together by the heató
In Andrew Marvell's "Epitaph" there are three couplets in the first stanza (a six line stanza is called a sestet.)
ENOUGH; and leave the rest to Fame!
'Ties to commend her, but to name.
Courtship which, living, she declined,
When dead, to offer were unkind:
Nor can the truest wit, or friend,
Without detracting, her commend.
In Archibald MacLeish's "Ars Poetica" the couplets are not of equal length but are each stanzas.
A poem should be equal to:
Not true.
For all the history of grief
An empty doorway and a maple leaf.
Quatrain: A poem, unit or stanza of four lines of verse, usually with a rhyme scheme of abab or its variant, abcb. It is the most common form of stanza in English.
Gather ye rosebuds while ye may,
Old Time is still a-flying;
And this same flower that smiles today Tomorrow will be dying. a b a b
(Robert Herrick)
Break, break, break,
On thy cold gray stones, O Sea!
And I would that my tongue could utter The thoughts that arise in me. a b a b
(Lord Tennyson)
Free verse: a form of poetry that does not contain repeated rhythms or regular rhyme, but does use other sound devices like assonance, alliteration, imagery.
Notice how these "free" verses from A.R. Ammons' "Eyesight" are in stanzas of similar length.
don't worry, said the mountain,
try the later northern slopes
or if
you can climb, climb
into spring: but
said the mountain
it's not that way
with all things, some
that go are gone
In Auden's "Musee de Beaux Arts" there is only one stanza, but notice the organization of the lines with the use of various kinds of repetition, both phonetically and rhythmically. (Throughout the poem there is considerable end rhyme even though there is variation in the length of the lines; Auden was a poet of great discipline so it is probably misguided to label any of his verse as "free")
The Old Masters; how well, they understood
Its human position; how it takes place
While someone else is eating or opening a window or just walking dully along;
Walt Whitman was probably the first significant poet who wrote primarily free verse. Here is a section of "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom" that describes the journey of Lincoln's funeral train: Over the breast of the spring, the land, amid cities,
Amid lanes, and through old woods, (where lately the violets peep'd from the ground, spotting the gray debris ;)
Amid the grass in the fields each side of the lanesópassing the endless grass;
Passing the yellow-spear'd wheat, every grain from its shroud in the dark-brown fields uprising;
Passing the apple-tree blows of white and pink in the orchards;
Carrying a corpse to where it shall rest in the grave,
Night and day journeys a coffin.
Though these lines are an excellent example of free verse, notice that Whitman provides structure by using extensive repetition and frequently employing figurative language. As is typical with Whitman, the sentence also features inversion.
Blank verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter, common in Shakespeare's plays and many longer poems, such
as John Milton's Paradise Lost, the beginning of which provides a famous example:
Of Man's First Disobedience, and the Fruit
Of that Forbidden Tree, whose mortal taste
Brought Death into the World, and all our woe,
With loss of Eden, till one greater Man
Restore us, and regain the blissful Seat,
Sing Heav'nly Muse. . .
Ballad: a traditional and still popular form that is a vehicle for narrative (story) poems which were and still are often sung. Originally passed on orally, they have been a literary form since the 19th century when some of the Romantic poets used the form for "old fashioned" narratives. The ballad is typically written in quatrains of alternating eight and six syllable lines rhymed abcb (for more, see ballad meter). In the Renaissance these were sometimes printed as couplets called "fourteeners" because they had fourteen syllables. Traditional ballads were stories of love or adventure or both that almost always ended tragically. One of the most famous traditional ballads, "Sir Patrick Spence", begins
The king sits in Dunfermline toun,
Drinkin' the bluid red wine
'0 whaur will I get a skeely skipper,
To sail this ship o' mine?'
Then up and spak an eldern knicht,
Sat at the king's richt knee,
Sir Patrick Spence is the best sailor,
That ever sail'd the sea.'
Our king has written a braid letter,
And seal'd it wi' his han',
And sent it to Sir Patrick Spence,
Was walkin' on the stran'.
'To Noroway, to Noroway,
To Noroway owre the faim;
The king's dochter o' Noroway,
It's thou maun bring her hame.'
The first line that Sir Patrick read,
Sae lond, loud laughed he;
The neist line that Sir Patrick read,
The tear blinded his e'e.
"Edward" is another traditional ballad. It is usually sung with a refrain at the end of each stanza. I have included the refrain to the last stanza; the others are formed in the same way).
It is too red for your old grey mare
My son, now tell to me
It is the blood of my old coon dog
Who chased the fox for me.
It is too red for your old coon dog
My son, now tell to me
It is the blood of my brother John
Who hoed the corn for me.
What did you fall out about?
My son, now tell to me
Because he cut yon holly bush
Which might have been a tree.
What will you say when your father comes back
When he comes home from town?
I'll set my foot in yonder boat
And sail the ocean round.
When will you come back, my own dear son?
My son, now tell to me
When the sun it sets in yonder sycamore tree
And that will never be, be, be
And that will never be.top
Sara Teasdale captures the feeling of a traditional ballad in "The Look"
The Look
Stephon kissed me in the spring,
Robin in the fall,
But Colin only looked at me
And never kissed at all.
Stephon's kiss was lost in jest,
Robin's lost in play,
But the kiss in Colin's eyes
Haunts me night and day.
Sonnet: A fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of five-foot iambic verse.
"The Oven Bird" by Robert Frost could be considered a stanza although the rhyme scheme is not one associated with sonnets.
The most famous sonnet writer in English was Shakespeare, but the sonnet was also a popular form in the twentieth century. Originally a vehicle for love poems, it has come even to used in dramatically different ways. W.H. Auden wrote a series of sonnets related to war. Below is the 15th.
As evening fell the day's oppression lifted;
Tall peaks came into focus; it had rained:
Across wide lawns and cultured flowers drifted
The conversation of the highly trained.
Thin gardeners watched them pass and priced their shoes;
A chauffeur waited, reading in the drive,
For them to finish their exchange of views:
It looked a picture of the way to live.
Far off, no matter what good they intended,
Two armies waited for a verbal error
With well-made implements for causing pain,
And on the issue of their charm depended
A land laid waste with all its young men slain,
Its women weeping, and its towns in terror.
Meaning devices
Imagery: the words a poet uses to evoke images that the reader "sees" (or hears, smells, tastes, touches) because they describe what the senses can "sense. (Sights, sounds, smells, flavors, textures etc.)
Notice how in the third stanza of "Break, Break, Break" Lord Tennyson uses three kinds of image: And the stately ships go on
To their haven under the hill;
But O for the touch of a vanish'd hand,
And the sound of a voice that is still!
Figures of speech such as simile, metaphor, personification, and symbol are common in poetry. They always have both a narrow, literal meaning, and a broader, figurative meaning. When used, they ask the reader to think about the words being used in at least two ways.
Metaphor: a figure of speech in which a word or phrase describing one thing is transferred to something entirely different. Metaphors can be looked at as a kind of "condensed simile", a comparison without the use of "like" or "as." In the following example from Robert Frost's "Hyla Brook" the bed/sheet metaphor describes the brook as it looks to the poet when it has dried out.
Its bed is left a faded paper sheet
Of dead leaves stuck together by the heat.
Part of the aptness of this metaphor is that "bed" in itself can have two meanings (stream bed - bed to sleep upon) and is a kind of pun. The second line is effective because faded paper sheet (the metaphor), which sounds as if it has a romantic-wistful potential, is brought to earth.
Robert Herrick in "To Virgins, Making Much of Time" continues the metaphoric image of "time flying" in the second stanza of the poem:
The glorious lamp of heaven, the sun,
The higher he's a-getting,
The sooner will his race be run,
And nearer he's to setting.
Calling the sun "The glorious lamp of heaven" is metaphoric; notice Herrick "mixes" his metaphor when he predicts the sun's "race" will be run. This metaphor is an example of personification.
In the second stanza of William Blake's "The Poison Tree" there are metaphors within metaphors.
And I watered it in fears
Night and morning with my tears,
And I sunned it with smiles
And with soft deceitful wiles.
"It" is his "wrath" (anger) from the previous stanza. From the poems title we know that the symbol for (and a metaphor of) his wrath is "The Poison Tree." Watering wrath in "fears" is a metaphor; watering the tree (already a metaphor) with "tears" is a type of exaggeration or hyperbole. Sunning wrath both extends the tree metaphor, and introduces a new metaphor smiles before ending with "soft deceitful wiles" which parallels the "fears" of the first line. For a poem that looks on the surface to be almost childlike in its simplicity, "The Poison Tree" seems to have more than its share of intricacies.
Some modern poets like William Carlos Williams seem to want to see things as they are detached, as it were, from extraneous meanings. Poems like "The Red Wheelbarrow" avoid metaphor and are distorted when read metaphorically. Sometimes a red wheelbarrow is just a red wheelbarrow.
Simile: a figure of speech in which an explicit comparison is made between two essentially unlike things, usually using like, as or than:
Lord Byron's "She Walks in Beauty" begins with a simile.
She walks in beauty, like the night
Of cloudless climes and starry skies.
As does William Wordsworth's "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud":
I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o'er vales and hills.
Note how these similes expand upon the initial image.
From Robert Frost's "Hyla Brook":
... the Hyla breed
That shouted in the mist a month ago,
Like ghosts of sleigh-bells in a ghost of snow.
Archibald MacLeish's "Ars poetica" begins with four similes:
A poem should be palpable and mute
As a globed fruit,
Dumb
As old medallions to the thumb,
Silent as the sleeve-worn stone
Of casement ledges where the moss has grown--
A poem should be wordless
As the flight of birds.
After several more similes, MacLeish ends his poem with four couplets that do not contain a simile.
Personification: a type of metaphor in which distinctive human characteristics are given to an animal, object or idea.
From Philip Larkin's "Coming":
On longer evenings,
Light, shill and yellow,
Bathes the serene
Foreheads of houses
Pun:a pun occurs when a word is used in such a way as to have more than one meaning; in this way it is a kind of "instant metaphor."
In the "Oven Bird", after describing an "early petal fall" Frost writes:
And comes that other fall we name the fall.
The fall of leaves becomes the season named "the fall."
Allusion: a reference to something like a person, a quote from a famous source (in English and American literature often the Bible), or a famous work of art.
Both William Carlos Williams' "Landscape with the Fall of Icarus" and W.H. Auden's "Musées de Beaux Arts" make allusions to a famous painting by Breughel and to the fall of Icarus depicted in the painting. William Blake's "A Poison Tree" seems to make an allusion to the story of the Garden of Eden.
(And it grew both day and night,
Till it bore an apple bright.)
Paradox: a statement that on the surface seems to contradict itself and does not make sense, but that at another level express a truth.. In "The Oven Bird" Robert Frost writes,
The bird would cease and be as other birds
But that he knows in singing not to sing.
"in singing not to sing" is a paradox; the contradiction is obvious; what is not so obvious is what the "truth" of the statement is. What Frost is actually doing here is "describing" the bird's song as unsonglike and appropriate for a hot and motionless time of the year. In another part of the poem, Frosts writes the bird "says that leaves are old" and that "highway dust is over all."
What could Archibald MacLeish in "Ars Poetica" mean by these paradoxes which begin his poem and say that a poem should not "speak"?
A poem should be palpable and mute
As a globed fruit,
Dumb
As old medallions to the thumb,
Silent as the sleeve-worn stone
Of casement ledges where the moss has grown--
A poem should be wordless
As the flight of birds.
Symbol, an image that comes to stand for something (often an idea) beyond itself. Icarus has come to stand for all men who "fly too close to the sun" and do not heed the cautions of their parents.
What do you think the tree in William Blake's "A Poison Tree" symbolizes?
Apostrophe, a figure of speech in which a poem seems to speak to something that cannot respond. Here, Lord Tennyson's "Break, Break, Break" is addressing the sea:
Break, break, break,
On thy cold gray stones, O Sea!
And I would that my tongue could utter
The thoughts that arise in me.
Two Linguistic Devices
Inversion, the reordering (inverting) of the usual word order of a sentence, often by placing the subject after the verb as in the lines of Philip Larkin's from "Coming":
On longer evenings,
Light, still and yellow,
Bathes the serene
Foreheads of houses
or these by Emily Dickinson from "I never Saw a Moor"
I never spoke with God,
Nor visited in heaven;
Yet certain am I of the spot
As if the chart were given.
Here, in "There is a Certain Slant of Light, Dickinson places the direct object before the subject and verb: Heavenly Hurt, it gives us -
A famous example is the beginning of Milton's Paradise Lost:
Of Man's First Disobedience, and the Fruit
Of that Forbidden Tree, whose mortal taste
Brought Death into the World, and all our woe,
With loss of Eden, till one greater Man
Restore us, and regain the blissful Seat,
Sing Heav'nly Muse. . .
Walt Whitman ends a section of "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom" with:
Carrying a corpse to where it shall rest in the grave,
Night and day journeys a coffin.
But no one inverts more than ee cummings in "Me up at does"
Me up at does
out of the floor
quietly Stare
a poisoned mouse
Notice that after the reversal of "still" and "who" in the next line of the poem (below), the rest of the poem is in "normal" word order.
still who alive
is asking What
have i done that
You wouldn't have
How does the jumbled word order at the beginning make the end more effective?
Parallelism is a general term that includes a number of specific devices all of which are rooted in having different parts of a sentence or corresponding parts in two sentences mirror each other in structure. Parallelism is a frequent device in prose as well as poetry.
Blake's "The Poison Tree" begins with a stanza where the third line parallels the first, and the fourth, the second.
I was angry with my friend:
I told my wrath, my wrath did end.
I was angry with my foe:
I told it not, my wrath did grow.
Lord Byron's "She Walks in Beauty" ends with a sentence that has several examples of parallel structure: And on that cheek, and o'er that brow,
So soft, so calm, yet eloquent,
The smiles that win, the tints that glow,
But tell of days in goodness spent,
A mind at peace with all below,
A heart whose love is innocent!
Tennyson's "Break, Break, Break" includes two sentences that parallel each other in structure.
O, well for the fisherman's boy,
That he shouts with his sister at play!
O, well for the sailor lad,
That he sings in his boat on the bay!
诗歌鉴赏常用名词术语
诗歌鉴赏常用名词术语 评价主旨类 深化意境深化主旨意境深远意境优美意味深长耐人寻味 言近旨远：语言浅近易懂，主旨深远。 言简意丰：语言简洁，内容丰富。意在言外言外之意言在此而意在彼弦 外音，味外味 言有尽而意无穷：含蓄蕴藉委婉不著一字，尽得风流：语意含而不露，或 表达得不明显，耐人寻味。 分析手法类 卒章显志：在文章末尾点明主旨。 画龙点睛：用一两句精彩的话点明主旨。 直抒胸臆：直接抒发感情。 托物言志：把要抒发的感情、阐发的思想借助于对某种事物或物品的描摹议 论表达出来。(象征) 以小见大：由平凡细微的事情反映重大的主题。 开门见山：文章开头就进入正题，不拐弯抹角。 寄寓寄托：把感情、主题放在一种事物上表现。 衬托烘托：用一个事物来陪衬另一个事物，以使后者更突出。 渲染：描摹色彩以加强效果。 侧面描写：
对比：目的是突出一方。 怀古伤今：追念古代，伤感现实。(借古讽今) 起兴：先言它物，以引起所咏之物。 情景交融 :(情景相生情因景生借景抒情以景衬情融情入景一切景语皆情语) 语言特点类 勾勒：简洁的语言描写，介绍事物的大概。 浓墨重彩：描写详尽、细腻。 惟妙惟肖：描写逼真，多指人或动物。 体物入微穷形尽态（相）：描写细致入微、刻画细致生动。 诗情画意： 议论类 富有哲理淋漓尽致 语言风格类 行云流水：结构、语言自然流畅。 形神兼备：语言、结构等形式与内容主旨都无可挑剔。 简洁洗炼：语言简练利落。 浅显如话：不雕塑饰，不加修饰。平淡无奇质朴清新淡雅词藻华丽明快：明白通畅。
沉郁顿挫：低沉、苍劲、舒缓、悲凉等。(苍凉) 雄健雄浑：雄壮、强健、浑厚。 文章结构类 做铺垫：在情节发生前的交代、暗示。 埋伏笔：前段为后段埋下的线索。 呼应照应：前后的互相联系。 浑然天成：结构非常完整，如同自然生成的。 行文技巧类 虚实相生：虚，多指文章中想像的部分。 水乳交融：紧密结合在一起。 其它 构思精巧新颖独树一帜别具一格不落窠臼不落俗套 自出机杼：有创新，不沿用陈旧的格式、作法。颇具匠心 感情细腻感情真挚跃然纸上 曲折层次分明一气呵成：琅琅上口 附： 诗歌鉴赏专用术语 语言 (一)风格
高考古典诗歌鉴赏常用术语一览表
高考古典诗歌鉴赏常用术语一览表 古典诗文 2009-07-31 0946 5d56b7b40100e7og 高考古典诗歌鉴赏常用术语一览表 古典诗歌中常见的思想感情1、忧国伤时①揭露统治者的穷兵黩武，昏庸腐朽；②边塞征战的壮烈，山河沦丧的痛苦；③对百姓离乱的忧愁，对民族命运的担忧；④昔盛今衰的感慨，借故讽今的情怀。 2、人生志向①建功立业的渴望，壮志难酬的悲叹；②宦海浮沉、仕途失意的苦闷；③洁身自好、不与当权者合作；④理想不为人知的愁苦心情；⑤寄情田园之乐、归隐山林之志。 3、人生感受①伤春悲秋之情；②人生短暂、青春易逝的伤感；③世事多变、沧海桑田；④告慰平生的喜悦。 4、思乡怀人①羁旅愁思；②思亲念友；③边关思乡；④闺中怀人。 5、长亭送别①依依不舍的留恋；②情深意长的勉励；③坦陈心志的告白。
思想内容古典诗 歌常用 的题材边塞、田园、怀古、官场、战乱 五类诗 歌对应 的五种 基本表 现手法 不借助外物的诗歌——直抒胸臆 叙事抒情诗——叙议结合 咏物言志诗——托物言志 怀古咏史诗——借古讽今 写景抒情诗——借景抒情、寓情于景、情景交融 其他诗歌送别抒怀诗；羁旅思乡诗；思妇闺情诗；山水田园 诗；怀古咏史诗；咏物言志诗；边塞征战诗；人生感慨诗。 古典诗 歌思想 感情术 语 喜悦、愉快、欢快、激动、兴奋、忧愁、悲苦、孤苦、深刻、 积极、消极、旷达、洒脱、悲愤、乐观、悲观、哀怨、激愤、 憎恶、欣喜、向往、离愁别恨、怀乡思亲、追古伤今、忧郁沉 闷、愉悦、沉痛、哀伤、赞美、敬慕、惜别、依恋、豪迈、狂 放、闲适、恬淡等。 情感载体杨柳——惜别、菊花——傲视、圆月——思念、落叶 ——失意、春风——得意、大海——开阔、流水——叹惜、古 迹——怀旧 形象古典诗 歌中的 形象 ①人物形象A“我”—诗中抒情主人公，即诗人自己；B作品 刻画的人物形象。 ②自然景物形象或者意象自然景物和人文景物，是诗人感情的 载体。 ③事物形象咏物诗中描绘的形象。 古典诗 歌常见 的塑造 形象的 方法 ①细节刻画②烘托③对比衬托 常见意 象归类 （一）意同象异 1、思乡月亮、柳树、鸿雁。 2、别离柳树、芳草、长亭、南 浦。 3、高洁蝉、冰雪、梅花、菊花。 4、衰败草木、乌鸦、燕子。 5、壮志大江、长风、沧海、奔流。 6、爱情莲花、燕子、红
古典诗歌鉴赏常用术语总汇
古典诗歌鉴赏常用术语总汇 一、意境 1、意境 “意”就是指作者的主观感情，“境”是指的是作者所创设的生活图景，主要是由景物构成。“意境”就是将作者的思想感情和生活场景融合在一起所塑造的耐人寻味的艺术境界。是一种情景交融而又虚实相生的艺术形象，是作者的创作与读者的想象共同创造的结果。诗人常通过一系列相关意象的组合，构成具有特定意义的意境。 鉴赏意境就要从作者所描绘的风物、景象入手，把握作者贯穿其中的思想感情。 2、描述 雄浑壮丽，如“大漠孤烟直，长河落日圆”； 幽清明净，如“明月松间照，清泉石上流”； 沉郁孤愁，如“野旷天底树，江清月近人”； 和谐静谧，如“渡头余落日，墟里上孤烟”； 开阔苍凉，如“千嶂里，长烟落日孤城闭”； 高远辽阔，如“落霞与孤鹜齐飞，秋水共长天一色”。 （1）清丽柔美 杏花，春雨，江南。沾衣欲湿杏花雨，吹面不寒杨柳风。柔波漾漾，小荷初露芳容；芳草萋萋，风来一道碧痕。花丛蝶飞，柳间莺啼；洲中白鹭宿，梁上双燕栖。日迟迟，云漫漫，波渺渺，柳依依。细雨如丝，润造化之万物；和风似缕，绽人间之百花。轻舟短棹，笑语骊歌。娇容玉面，映芙蓉之妖艳；素手纤指，采莲子之清圆。总此情景，是谓清丽柔美。 （2）凄迷朦胧（迷离恍惚、扑朔迷离、凄厉萧索、寂静迷蒙）
雾失楼台，月迷津渡；烟笼寒水，云漫长空。问斜阳，斜阳不语；望天际，数点寒鸦。水边蒹葭苍苍，堤上烟柳茫茫。雾里看花，花影摇曳实可爱；水中望月；月华浮动自堪怜。风雨凄凄，似鸿蒙之再现；烟雾蒙蒙，如混沌之未开。两行鸿雁，望长天之凄唳；一叶孤舟，凌万顷之茫然。月朦胧，鸟朦胧，凄凄落照，纷纷残红。总此情景，谓之凄迷朦胧。 （3）莽苍苍凉 胡马，秋风，塞北。长河奔流水中水，彤云翻滚天外天。大漠平沙，绝人世之踪迹；夕阳落日，照洪荒之孤烟。秋风萧萧扫落叶，冬雪皑皑压冷川。水色苍茫，月光清寒，树秃草枯，夜色阑珊。鸟飞已尽，兽藏深山。寂寥江山，有孤舟蓑翁，垂钓水边。总此情景，谓之莽苍苍凉。 （4）幽深绵邈（凄清悠远、幽渺、清幽、幽远、幽美邈远、深邃高远） 青山隐隐，众鸟飞尽；绿水迢迢，一帆远行。路断处，山影叠叠；天尽头，水色茫茫。万水千山，千山万水，都付造化丹青。云散雨收，钟巫峡之秀丽；山高月小，孕深谷之清幽。山抹微云，天粘衰草；层林尽染，漫江碧透。一竿落照，映江水之瑟瑟；半山残烟，挂林梢之丝丝。总此情景，谓之幽深绵邈。 （5）清淡静谧（清空淡远、凄静深沉、清远平和、和谐清隽、秀丽清新、清幽宁静、明丽悠远） 金乌西坠，玉兔东升。空山寂寂，花落有声；泉水潺潺，山鸟时鸣。度小桥，踏幽径，扣禅门，听钟声。云淡风轻，树绿花红；沙头草长，水边泥融。燕子双双飞，鸳鸯对对嘤。小楫轻舟，驶入藕花深处；驻马停车，遍赏满山红枫。一抹云霞，两岸青山，几度夕阳红。总此情景，谓之清淡静谧。 （6）悠闲恬静（闲淡恬美、优美隽永）
古典诗歌鉴赏常用术语及运用
古典诗歌鉴赏常用术语及运用 [ 2009-3-17 8:26:00 | By: 陈锦才 ] 2 推荐 古典诗歌鉴赏常用术语及运用 一、表达方式记叙、描写、议论、抒情 1.记叙：记叙人物的经历或事情的发生、发展、变化过程。例：“楼船夜雪厄洲渡，铁马秋风大散关。”（陆游《书愤》）赏析：用叙述的方式写自己亲临抗金前线的值得纪念的往事。 2.描写：用生动形象的语言对人物、事件，环境所作的具体描绘和刻画。例：“江月去人只数尺，风灯照夜欲三更。沙头宿鹭联拳静，船尾跳鱼拨剌鸣。”（杜甫《漫成一首》）赏析：诗歌从水中月影写起，生动地描写了白鹭曲着身子，恬静地夜宿在月照下的沙滩，船尾大鱼跃出水面而发出拔剌的响声，一动一静构成了江上月夜宁静的美景。 3.议论：对人和事物的好坏、是非、价值、特点、作用等所表示的意见。例：“不是花中偏爱菊，此花开尽更无花。”（元稹《菊花》）赏析：这是诗的后两句，点出喜爱菊花的原因和对菊花历尽风霜而后凋的坚贞品格的赞美。 4.抒情：表达作者强烈的爱憎、好恶、喜怒、哀乐等主观感情。有直接抒情，也有间接抒情。例：“晨起动征铎，客行悲故乡。鸡声茅店月，人迹板桥霜。槲叶落山路，枳花明驿墙。因思杜陵梦，凫雁满回塘。”（温庭筠《商山早行》）赏析：首联中起句以时间、事件、环境三者相互照应，写出旅客的辛劳，对句直抒诗人的感慨，“客行”与“故乡”相比较，自然生出一个“悲”字来。 二、修辞手法比喻、借代、夸张、对偶、比拟、排比、设问、反问、起兴、虚实结合 1.比喻：用一种事物或情景来比做另一种事物或情景，可分为明喻、暗喻、借喻。有突出事物特征、把抽象的事物形象化的作用。例：“遥望洞庭山水色，白银盘里一青螺。”（刘禹锡《望洞庭》）赏析：诗歌巧妙地以“螺”作比，将皓月银辉下；的山比做银盘里的青螺，色调淡雅，山水浑然一体。 2.借代：借用相关的事物来代替所要表达的事物。借代可用部分代表全体，具体代替抽象，用特征代替人。借代的运用使语言简练、含蓄。例：“知否，知否？应是绿肥红瘦。”（李清照《如梦令》）赏析：诗中用“绿”和“红”两种颜色分别代替叶和，花，写叶的茂盛和花的凋零。 3.夸张：对事物的形象、特征、作用、程度等作扩大或缩小的描述：有更突出、更鲜明地表达事物的作用。例：“白发三千丈，缘愁似个长。”（李白《秋浦歌》）赏析：愁生白发，诗人用夸张的手法写白发竟有“三千丈”那么长，可见愁思的深重。 4.对偶：用结构相同、字数相同的一对句子或短语来表达两个相对或相近的意思。从形式看，语言简练，整齐对称；从内容看，意义集中含蓄。例：“无边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来。”（杜甫《登高》）
诗歌鉴赏常用词语
清镇市暗流中学彭良举 评价诗歌内容的词语：咏物抒怀、怀古之作、思乡思亲、爱国颂歌、游子生涯、山水田园、军旅生活、乡土气息、城市风貌，爱国热情、忠贞爱情、青春颂歌、校园生活等。 评价诗歌主旨（主题）的词语：咏物言志、怀古伤今、怀古咏史、即事感怀、边塞征战、羁旅生活、深化主旨、意味深长、言近旨远、言简意丰、意在言外、耐人寻味、发人深思、含蓄蕴藉、富有哲理、画龙点睛等。 评价诗歌意境的词语：恬淡闲适、华美壮丽、清新自然、安谧娴静、雄伟壮阔、明快高旷、深化意境、意境深远、意境优美等。 评价诗人心情（感情）的词语：愉悦、欢快、激动、激愤、沉痛、悲愤、哀伤、伤感、忧愁、寂寞、孤独、烦闷、憎恨、厌恶、不满，赞美之情、仰慕之情、惜别之情、依恋之情（思念之情）、豪迈之情、闲适恬淡之情、哀怨忧愁、激愤憎恶、欣喜欢快、离愁别恨、怀乡思亲、追古伤今、坚守节操、忧国忧民。 评价古诗语言特色的词语：平淡、清新、绚丽、质朴、明快、含蓄、简洁、洗炼、凝练、幽默、诙谐，质朴自然、清新秀丽、生动形象，有节奏感、有音乐美、有艺术感染力等。 评价诗歌结构特点的词语：开门见山、逐层推进、环环相扣、前后呼应、自出机杼、别具一格、不落窠臼、不落俗套、颇具匠心、新颖奇特、浑然天成、层层铺垫、巧埋伏笔、层次分明、曲折有致、复沓手法等。 评价诗歌总体风格的词语：刚健、雄奇、悲壮、旷达、苍凉、沉郁、飘逸、委婉、含蓄、缠绵、清新、明丽、秀美、恬淡、凄美、明快、豪放、雄奇、直率、婉约、含蓄、清新、风趣、淳朴、自然等。 评价诗歌表达效果的词语：真挚感人、动人心魄、催人泪下、意境高远、情景交融、耐人寻味、言有尽而意无穷等。 修辞手法：夸张、拟人、比喻、比兴、对偶、对比、借代、烘托（衬托：正衬、反衬）、象征等等。 评价诗歌总体表现手法（写作手法、写作特点）的语词：卒章显志、托物言志、类比象征、夸张衬托、烘托渲染、起兴寄托、状物移情、以小见大、点面结合、对比突出、虚实相生、以动写静、想象联想、粗笔勾勒、浓墨重彩、诗情画意、抑扬结合（先扬后抑、先抑后扬）、明贬实褒、抑扬结合、移步换形、怀古伤今、借古讽今、借古言志等。 评价诗歌抒情的词语：直抒胸臆、借景抒情、情景交融、情景相生、情因景生、以景衬情、融情入景、缘境生情、状物移情、感情细腻、感情真挚、托物言志等。 直接抒情：或说“直抒胸臆”、“即事抒怀”。 间接抒情：包括借景抒情、寓情于景、情景交融、用典抒情、借古讽今、叙事抒情、托物言志等。 诗歌鉴赏题答题表述程式：这首诗通过采用了……（表达方式、修辞手法、表现手法）技法，写出了……（意象）的……特点，表现（突出）了……思想感情，起到了……作用。 附录：中国古典诗歌中具有普遍的象征意义的景物 意象是诗歌艺术的精灵，是诗歌中熔铸了作者主观感情的客观物象。在我国古典诗歌漫长的历程中，形成了很多传统的意象，它们蕴含的意义基本是固定的。如果我们熟悉这些意象，会给鉴赏诗歌带来很大帮助。 一、送别类意象（或表达依依不舍之情，或叙写别后的思念）
语文-古代诗歌鉴赏专业术语
古代诗歌鉴赏专业术语 ——评价主旨 深化意境、深化主旨、意境深远、意境优美、意味深长、耐人寻味、言近旨远、言简意丰、意在言外、言外之意、言在此而意在彼、弦外音、味外味、言有劲而意无穷、含蓄蕴藉…… ——分析手法 卒章显志、画龙点睛、直抒胸臆、托物言志、开门见山、寄寓/寄托、衬托/烘托、渲染、典故、对比…… ——侧面描写 对比、怀古伤今、借古讽今、起兴、情景交融、情景相生、清因景生、借景抒情、以景衬情、融情于景、一切景语皆情语…… ——语言特点 勾勒、浓墨重彩、惟妙惟肖、体物入微、穷行尽相（态）诗情画意…… ——议论 富有哲理、淋漓尽致…… ——语言风格 行云流水、形神兼备、简洁洗练、浅显明白、词藻华丽、平淡无奇、质朴清新、明快、沉郁顿挫、苍凉（杜甫）、雄健、雄泻……清新、 自然、普素：如山水田园诗 豪放俊逸：如李白诗 沉郁顿挫：如杜甫诗 俊伟奔腾、雄浑豪迈：如边塞诗 委婉含蓄、蕴藉耐人寻味：如用典诗和咏史怀古 平实、直白：如白居易——思想内容 忧国忧伤、建功报国、思乡怀人、生活杂感、离愁别绪、忧国忧民、怀古伤今、蔑视权贵、愤世嫉俗、怀才不遇、寄情山水、归隐田园、登高览胜、惜者悲秋、忆友怀旧、相知相思、杀敌报国、孤独惆怅、寂寞伤感、闲适愉悦、遭贬激愤、坚守节操、表现哲理、感奋振作、激励友人…… ——诗歌结构 作铺垫、埋伏笔、呼应照应、浑然无成 ——行文技巧 虚实相生、水乳交融 ——诗歌情感 惜别之情、黍离之情、思想之情、怀故之情、讽喻之情、报国之情、咏景之情、恋友之情、对国家惜盛今衰的痛惜伤感之情 ——古代诗歌的分类 古代诗歌一般分为六类：借景抒情、咏史怀古、伤春惜别、山水田园、托物言志、边塞诗
诗歌鉴赏术语
思想内容古典诗歌 中常见的 思想感情 1、忧国伤时：①揭露统治者的穷兵黩武，昏庸腐朽；②边塞征战的壮烈，山河沦丧的痛 苦；③对百姓离乱的忧愁，对民族命运的担忧；④昔盛今衰的感慨，借故讽今的情怀。 2、人生志向：①建功立业的渴望，壮志难酬的悲叹；②宦海浮沉、仕途失意的苦闷；③ 洁身自好、不与当权者合作；④理想不为人知的愁苦心情；⑤寄情田园之乐、归隐山林 之志。 3、人生感受：①伤春悲秋之情；②人生短暂、青春易逝的伤感；③世事多变、沧海桑田； ④告慰平生的喜悦。 4、思乡怀人：①羁旅愁思；②思亲念友；③边关思乡；④闺中怀人。 5、长亭送别：①依依不舍的留恋；②情深意长的勉励；③坦陈心志的告白。 古典诗歌 常用的题 材 边塞、田园、怀古、官场、战乱 五类诗歌 对应的五 种基本表 现手法 不借助外物的诗歌——直抒胸臆 叙事抒情诗——叙议结合 咏物言志诗——托物言志 怀古咏史诗——借古讽今 写景抒情诗——借景抒情、寓情于景、情景交融 其他诗歌分类：送别抒怀诗；羁旅思乡诗；思妇闺情诗；山水田园诗；怀古咏史诗；咏 物言志诗；边塞征战诗；人生感慨诗。 古典诗歌 思想感情 术语 喜悦、愉快、欢快、激动、兴奋、忧愁、悲苦、孤苦、深刻、积极、消极、旷达、洒脱、 悲愤、乐观、悲观、哀怨、激愤、憎恶、欣喜、向往、离愁别恨、怀乡思亲、追古伤今、 忧郁沉闷、愉悦、沉痛、哀伤、赞美、敬慕、惜别、依恋、豪迈、狂放、闲适、恬淡等。 情感载体：杨柳——惜别、菊花——傲视、圆月——思念、落叶——失意、春风——得 意、大海——开阔、流水——叹惜、古迹——怀旧 形象古典诗歌 中的形象 分类 ①人物形象：A“我”—诗中抒情主人公，即诗人自己；B作品刻画的人物形象。 ②自然景物形象或者意象：自然景物和人文景物，是诗人感情的载体。 ③事物形象：咏物诗中描绘的形象。 古典诗歌 常见的塑 造形象的 方法 ①细节刻画②烘托③对比衬托 常见意象 归类 （一）意同象异 1、思乡：月亮、柳树、鸿雁。 2、别离：柳树、芳草、长亭、南浦。 3、高洁：蝉、冰雪、梅花、菊花。 4、衰败：草木、乌鸦、燕子。 5、壮志：大江、长风、沧海、奔流。 6、爱情：莲花、燕子、红豆、连理枝、比翼鸟。 7、 悲伤凄凉：猿啼、羌笛、梧桐。 （二）象同意异 1、飞鸟：自由、孤凄无伴、漂泊无依。 2、青山：故乡、超脱。 3、柳：离别、思乡、愁苦。 4、燕子：爱情、时事变迁。 5、水：阻隔、愁情。 6、船：漂流、自由。 7、小楼：思念、闲适。 8、鹧鸪：离愁别绪、衰败之景。 形象方面 的鉴赏术 生动、活泼、鲜明、优美、柔美、绚丽、明丽、明媚、灿烂、雄奇、俊俏、雄伟、萧瑟、 萧条、寂静、清冷、清幽、凄冷、凄清、辽阔、浩渺等
诗歌鉴赏术语整理
诗歌鉴赏术语 一、评价主旨类 1、意境深远、意味深长、耐人寻味。 意境多种多样，雄浑壮丽如“大漠孤烟直，长河落日圆”；悲壮苍凉如“无边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来”；幽美恬静如“花落家童未扫，莺啼山客犹眠”（王维《田园乐》）；缠绵凄切“蜡烛有心还惜别，替人垂泪到天明”（杜牧《赠别》）等。 2、言近旨远：语言浅近易懂，主旨深远。 如孟郊的《游子吟》以小见大，表现了深沉博大的母爱。 3、言简意丰：语言简洁，内容丰富。 如陈子昂的《等幽州台歌》，慷慨悲凉，大气磅礴，完全挣脱了形式的羁绊，文意纵横驰骋，苍劲有力。诗中的感悟已经跳出了个人的悲欢，反映了人类对自身命运的普遍思考，具有超越时代的哲学意义。 4、意在言外、言外之意、言在此而意在彼、弦外音、味外味、言有尽而意无穷、含蓄蕴藉委婉、不著一字尽得风流、语意含而不露耐人寻味等。 如杜甫的“好雨知时节，当春乃发生，随风潜入夜，润物细无声”。 二、诗歌中常见的人物形象分类： 1、忧国忧民、心系社稷的形象如杜甫《春望》。 2、历经磨难、坚持追求的形象如屈原《离骚》。 3、胸怀宽广、豪放洒脱的形象如苏轼《定风波》。 4、转战沙场、舍身保国的形象如王昌龄《出塞》。 5、寂寞愁苦、身世飘零的形象如李清照《声声慢》。 6、孤傲高洁、坚持操守的形象如李白：“安能摧眉折腰事权贵，使我不得开心颜”。 7、寄情山水、归隐田园的隐者形象如陶渊明：“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”。 8、怀才不遇、壮志难酬的形象如陆游《书愤》：“塞上长城空自许，镜中衰鬓已先斑。”。 9、慷慨愤世、矢志报国的形象陆游和辛弃疾的许多诗歌都反映出他们忠心报国，而不被重用的情感，形象鲜明。如《示儿》、《十一月四日风雨大作》、《破阵子》。 10、送别友人、思念故乡的形象如李白的《赠汪伦》、王维的《九月九日忆山东兄弟》 11、反对征伐、同情疾苦的形象杜甫的《石壕吏》、《兵车行》则是体察人民痛苦，反对战争的情感。 12、重情重义、儿女情长的形象如杜牧《赠别》：“多情却似总无情，唯觉尊前笑不成。” 13、辛苦劳作、纯朴善良的形象如白居易《卖炭翁》：“满面尘灰烟火色，两鬓苍苍十指黑。” 三、形容品格的词语 1、品行高洁、冰清玉洁、高风亮节、正气凛然、坚定顽强、不屈不挠…… 2、襟怀坦白、光明磊落、虚心…… 4、清高孤傲、孤高正直、孤芳自赏、超凡脱俗…… 6、粗犷豪放、傲岸不羁、豪放洒脱…… 7、自负、趋炎附势 四、形容情感的词语 1、哀怨、哀伤、惆怅、失落、寂寞、悲愤、沉痛、孤独、孤独无依、忧愁、烦闷、无可奈何 2、愉悦、欢快、激动、仰慕、渴望、意气风发、春风得意、忘乎所以 3、惋惜、惜别、依恋、缠绵悱恻、百无聊赖 4、闲适恬淡、自得其乐、安闲自在 5、慷慨悲凉、慷慨激昂、愤世嫉俗
古典诗歌鉴赏常用术语清单
古典诗歌鉴赏常用术语清单 一、意境 “意”就是指作者的主观感情，“境”是指的是作者所创设的生活图景，主要是由景物构成。“意境”就是将作者的思想感情和生活场景融合在一起所塑造的耐人寻味的艺术境界。是一种情景交融而又虚实相生的艺术形象，是作者的创作与读者的想象共同创造的结果。诗人常通过一系列相关意象的组合，构成具有特定意义的意境。 鉴赏意境就要从作者所描绘的风物、景象入手，把握作者贯穿其中的思想感情。 2、描述 雄浑壮丽，如“大漠孤烟直，长河落日圆”； 幽清明净，如“明月松间照，清泉石上流”； 沉郁孤愁，如“野旷天底树，江清月近人”； 和谐静谧，如“渡头余落日，墟里上孤烟”； 开阔苍凉，如“千嶂里，长烟落日孤城闭”； 高远辽阔，如“落霞与孤鹜齐飞，秋水共长天一色”。 （1）清丽柔美 杏花，春雨，江南。沾衣欲湿杏花雨，吹面不寒杨柳风。柔波漾漾，小荷初露芳容；芳草萋萋，风来一道碧痕。花丛蝶飞，柳间莺啼；洲中白鹭宿，梁上双燕栖。日迟迟，云漫漫，波渺渺，柳依依。细雨如丝，润造化之万物；和风似缕，绽人间之百花。轻舟短棹，笑语骊歌。娇容玉面，映芙蓉之妖艳；素手纤指，采莲子之清圆。总此情景，是谓清丽柔美。 （2）凄迷朦胧（迷离恍惚、扑朔迷离、凄厉萧索、寂静迷蒙） 雾失楼台，月迷津渡；烟笼寒水，云漫长空。问斜阳，斜阳不语；望天际，数点寒鸦。水边蒹葭苍苍，堤上烟柳茫茫。雾里看花，花影摇曳实可爱；水中望月；月华浮动自堪怜。风雨凄凄，似鸿蒙之再现；烟雾蒙蒙，如混沌之未开。两行鸿雁，望长天之凄唳；一叶孤舟，凌万顷之茫然。月朦胧，鸟朦胧，凄凄落照，纷纷残红。总此情景，谓之凄迷朦胧。 （3）莽苍苍凉
古典诗歌鉴赏常用术语
古典诗歌鉴赏常用术语 二、语言 （1）语言风格 A雄浑、雄健、刚劲、苍劲、豪迈、豪放、奔放、高昂、飘逸、明快、俊爽 B婉约、低沉、幽怨、缠绵、沉郁、哀伤、凄凉、苍凉、悲凉、悲慨、悲壮、含蓄、蕴藉 C清新、淡雅、冲淡、朴素、质朴、自然、通俗、诙谐、风趣
D华妙艳丽、明丽、浓墨重彩、艳丽多彩、严谨细腻、精巧 （2）语言作用： 深化主旨，画龙点睛；意味深长，耐人寻味；不著一字，尽得风流；平字见奇，常字见险；陈字见新，朴字见色；深沉动人，发人深省；言近意远，蕴藉含蓄；音韵和谐，铿锵有力；淋漓尽致，回肠荡气；一气呵成，琅琅上口；余音绕梁，意味深长。 （3）附：诗词名家风格特色 隋唐五代 三、表达技巧 (1)表达方式： A．描写（白描，细节，动静，虚实，正侧，点面，声色，远近） B．抒情直抒胸臆，借景抒情，情景交融，托物言志
（3）表现手法 渲染，烘托，象征，铺陈，比兴，联想，想象 (直抒胸臆，借景抒情，情景交融，托物言志，先抑后扬，先扬后抑；以动衬静，动静结合；虚实结合) （4）结构手法： 方法：铺垫首尾呼应抑扬先总后分开门见山层层深入过渡伏笔起承转合 作用：独辟蹊径独出心裁自出机杼别开生面别具一格不落俗套突兀而起笔锋一转严谨完整 四、意境 A萧瑟、萧瑟凄凉、肃杀荒寒、凄寒萧条、萧条荒凉、孤寂凄清、孤寂冷清、沉郁忧愁 B雄浑壮丽、雄伟壮阔、雄奇优美、瑰丽雄壮、华美壮丽、富丽堂皇、繁华热闹 C幽静、幽美、恬淡、宁谧、和谐静谧、恬静安谧、恬静优美、生机勃勃 D开阔苍凉、高远辽阔、深远、苍莽、苍凉、悠远、朦胧、空灵、虚幻飘渺 五、思想感情 A迷恋、忧愁、幽怨、惆怅、寂寞、忧郁、伤感、孤独、烦闷、失望 B恬淡、闲适、欢乐、归隐田园、登高览胜、寄情山水、热爱自然 C仰慕、激愤、坚守节操、蔑视权贵、怀才不遇、壮志难酬、追慕圣贤、怀古伤
诗歌鉴赏考点整理
【目录】 ●考点 ●题材内容鉴赏 ●语言风格鉴赏 ●表现手法鉴赏 ●诗歌意象鉴赏 ●诗歌意境鉴赏 ●诗歌发展简史 ●考场答题技巧 许多同学把古诗鉴赏看作高考的一个难点，这有一定的道理。 因为古诗从某种程度上说是中国古典文化的高度浓缩，现代人因离古典文化较远，自然难免对古诗产生隔离感。然而，高考对古诗的要求是最基础的，所谓的“鉴赏”也只是要求同学们对一些已有的“定论”有所感知，并在考试中基本能用笔“复述”出来，真正要靠个人独特理解得分的几乎没有。所以，同学们只要付出一定的努力，“古诗鉴赏”很快就能攻克。 如果能十分清晰地了解考点，掌握常用修辞手法、表现手法，规范地组织鉴赏语言，攻克这个难点就更容易了。 参考书目 上海辞书出版社――《唐诗鉴赏词典》、《宋诗鉴赏词典》、《唐宋词鉴赏词典》（上册唐五代北宋、下册南宋辽金） 考点 ●诗歌分类 体裁――――古体诗、近体诗（绝句、律诗） 题材内容――山水田园诗、边塞诗、咏物诗、咏史诗、咏怀诗
表达方式――抒情诗、叙事诗、哲理诗 每句字数――五言诗、七言诗、杂言诗 写作风格――豪放派（苏轼、辛弃疾）、婉约派（李清照、柳永） ●常用鉴赏术语 表达方式――抒情、描写（人、物、景）、叙述、议论 修辞手法――比（喻）、夸张、借代、对比、对偶、拟人、用典、化用、铺陈 表现手法――比喻、起兴、对比、讽刺、正衬、反衬、象征、想象、联想、直抒胸臆、借景抒情、融情于景、托物言志、借物喻理、借古讽今、借古喻今、古今对比、以动衬静、动静相衬、以乐写哀、由远及近、 远近结合、点面结合、虚实相生、主客转换、重章叠句、名词叠用、先景后情、先情后景、移步换 景、浪漫主义、现实主义 绘景角度――天地、远近、声色、动静、冷暖、景人、仰俯、里外 ●常考意境（主旨） 秋思、思乡、征人思归、思家人、思友人、思情人、离别、生命逝去 不得重用、报国无门、仕途失意、不遇之感、知音难觅、幽思之情 历史兴亡、国运衰亡、借古讽今、讽喻朝政、揭露官治、人民疾苦 向往高洁、脱离尘世、厌恶官场、隐逸之志、田园生活、闲情逸趣 追慕古贤、渴望建功、立志报国、人生得意、深厚友情、甜蜜爱情 感悟生命、人生哲理、自然美景、赞叹盛世、点评历史、充满禅意 壮美（豪放雄浑阔大、高山大河大战场、激人向上）、优美（小桥流水春花秋月、一人一景一时、玲珑婉约凄恻）意境之大小――国家大于个人；悲壮大于悲惨 ●常考意象 ●综合评价鉴赏（60－80字）
高考诗歌鉴赏术语
高考诗歌鉴赏术语 一、诗词基本知识 诗歌分为古体诗(又称“古风”)、今体诗(又称“格律诗”)。 古体诗：包括“今体诗”出现以前的除“楚辞”以外的所有诗作，也包括“今体诗”出现以后的除“今体诗”以外的所有诗作。“歌、行、吟”分别是古体诗的一种体裁。如岑参的《白雪歌送武判官归京》、白居易的《琵琶行》、李白的《梦游天姥吟留别》。 今体诗：分为律诗、绝句。律诗每首八句，有五律(五字)、七律(七字)。首联(一、二句)、颔联(三、四句)、颈联(五、六句)、尾联(七、八句)，颔联、颈联必须对仗。绝句每首四句，有五绝(五字)、七绝(七字)，二、四、六、八句押韵，首句可押可不押，一般押平声韵，一韵到底。 词：是今体诗之后产生于盛唐，流行于中唐，发展于晚唐与五代，成就于宋代的一种新诗体。词又称长短句(句子字数不等、长短不一)、诗余(由诗歌发展而来)。根据词的长短，词又分单调(也叫小令，一般认为58字以内)、中调(一般分上下阙，58-96字)、长调(96字以上，三阙以上)。词有词牌，词牌严格律定了每首词的格律和音韵。 曲：即散曲，分为“小令”、“套数”。是宋金时期逐渐形成的一种新诗体。曲与词的最大不同，是曲可在词规定的字数中增加衬字，从而增加语言的生动性，更自由灵活地表达思想与情感。 二、诗歌分类 1、赠友送别诗：一般是叮嘱对方，表达一种依依不舍的感情或别后的思恋。 2、咏史怀古诗：一般是凭吊古人的人或事。对人，或表达缅怀之情，或追慕古贤，渴望像古人那样建功立业；或表达昔盛今衰的感慨，或借古吟今。 3、边塞征战诗：一般来说，边塞征战诗表现英勇作战、保家卫国这样壮丽主题的比较少，而表现对战争的厌恶，表现对家乡亲人的思念的比较多。 4、山水田园诗：以山水田园为审美对象，把细腻的笔触投向静谧的山林、悠闲的田野，创造出一种田园牧歌式的生活，借以表达诗人对现实的不满，对宁静平和生活的向往。
古诗词鉴赏常用术语
古诗词鉴赏常用术语
古诗词鉴赏常用术语 诗歌类别 赠友送别、咏史怀古、边塞征战、山水田园、写景抒情、咏物言志、闲适隐逸、谈禅说理、思妇闺情、羁旅行役、悼亡游仙等。 常见思想感情 对统治者的愤怒，面对离乱的痛苦，同情人民的疾苦，对国家民族前途命运的担忧，建功立业的渴望，保家卫国的决心，报国无门的悲伤，山河沦陷的痛苦，壮志难酬的悲叹，怀才不遇的愁苦，寄情山水的悠闲，昔盛今衰的感慨，借古讽今的情怀，青春易逝的伤感，仕途失意的苦闷，依依不舍的留念，情深意长的勉励，坦陈心志的告白等。 感情基调 忧愁、伤感、惆怅、寂寞、孤独、郁闷、闲适、恬淡、喜爱、喜悦、欢乐、激愤、悲壮、慷慨激昂等。
常见语言特色 质朴、淡雅、自然、苍凉、低沉、苍劲、舒缓、悲凉、雄健、雄浑、准确、生动、形象、清新明快、平淡有趣、浓墨重彩、艳丽多彩、含蓄蕴藉、富有哲理、淋漓尽致、简洁巧妙、入木三分、语言凝练、生动传神、惟妙惟肖、字字是泪、声声哀叹、感人至深、音节和谐流畅、语极工整、含蓄隽永、朴实无华、淡雅含蓄、通俗生动、低回婉转、清而不淡，秀而不媚、行云流水、形神兼备、简洁洗练、平淡无奇、质朴清新、词藻华丽、明白通畅、沉郁顿挫等。 著名诗人语言风格 陶渊明的朴素自然，杜甫的沉郁顿挫，白居易的通俗易懂， 李白的豪迈飘逸，王昌龄的雄健高昂，杜牧的峭健俊爽， 李商隐的朦胧隐晦，王维的诗画一体，温庭筠的绮丽香艳， 高适的悲壮苍凉，李清照的缠绵悱恻，陆游的悲壮爱国， 辛弃疾的慷慨悲壮，苏轼的豪放旷达，（孟）
郊寒（贾）岛瘦，“韩孟诗派”的奇崛险怪。 修辞手法 比喻、比拟、夸张、对比、对偶、借代、反问、设问、双关、顶真、通感、互文等。 意境特点 孤寂冷清、恬静优美、雄浑壮阔、萧瑟凄凉、恬静安谧、雄奇优美、生机勃勃、富丽堂皇、肃杀荒寒、瑰丽雄壮、虚幻飘渺、凄寒萧条、繁华热闹等。 常用评价用语 深化意境、深化主旨、意境深远、意境优美、意味深长、耐人寻味、言近旨远、言简意丰、意在言外、言有尽而意无穷、含蓄蕴藉、卒章显志、画龙点睛、直抒胸臆、托物言志、以小见大、开门见山、寄寓、寄托、衬托、烘托、渲染、富有哲理、淋漓尽致、构思精巧、新颖、独树一帜、别具一格、不落窠臼、不落俗套、自出机杼、颇具匠心、感情细腻、感情真挚、跃然纸上、层次分明等。
古代诗歌鉴赏的常用术语
古代诗歌鉴赏的常用术语 （一）思想感情方面的术语 1．怀古伤今、借古讽今、忧国伤时、感时伤世、昔盛今衰、保家卫国的决心、山河沦丧的痛苦、坚守节操、忧国忧民等。 2．揭露统治者昏庸腐朽、担忧国家民族前途命运、同情下层人民疾苦、厌恶官场黑暗等。 3．壮志难酬、悲叹年华消逝、建功立业的渴望、报国无门的悲伤等。 4．久居边关的乡愁、依依不舍的留念、情深意长的勉励、谭臣心志的告白等。 5．归隐田园、钟情山水、描绘山川美景、热爱祖国山河、抒发闲适轻吊等。 6．迷恋、忧愁、惆怅、寂寞、伤感、孤独、烦闷、恬淡、闲适欢乐、杨木、激愤等。 （二）表达技巧方面的术语 1．抒情方式：直接抒情、间接抒情、直抒胸臆、借景抒情、融情于景或寓情于景、情景交融或情随景迁、景为情生、借物抒情、托物言志、借物抒怀、 感物伤怀等。 2．表现手法：象征、用电、烘托、衬托、联想、想象、对比、反衬、钊颖、烘云托月、侧面烘托、动静结合、以东衬静、以叙写实、虚实相生、欲扬先抑、以小见大、寓褒于贬、明褒实贬、欲擒故纵、言此意彼、意在言外、画龙点睛 3．修辞手法：比喻、比拟、泥人、对偶、对比、夸张、梵文、反诘、反复、排比、饮用、顶针、互文等。 （三）语言特色方面的术语 质朴淡雅、欢快风趣、清新自然、平白如画、不事雕饰、通俗流畅、形象 生动、典雅绮丽、含蓄隽咏、简洁洗练、活泼明快等。 （四）写作风格方面的术语 1．不同作家的独特风格：豪放飘逸、沉郁顿挫、豪放、婉约、隽秀、单元、闲静、恬淡优美、清新自然、雄健高峻。 2．不同流派的不同风格：田园诗恬淡宁谧，山水诗清新优美，边塞诗悲凉慷慨，讽喻诗沉郁激愤，咏史诗雄浑壮阔。
（五）描写方法方面的`术语 动静结合、虚实结合、点面结合、明暗结合、正侧结合、声色结合、粗笔勾勒、白描工笔等。 （六）表达效果方面的术语 深化意境、深化主旨、意境深远、意境优美、意味深长、耐人寻味、言近意远等。 （七）篇章结构方面的术语 首句标目、开门见山、曲笔入题、卒章显志、以景结情、总分得当、以小见大、层层深入、过渡钊颖、伏笔铺垫等。 （八）归纳诗词主旨方面的术语 这首诗采用了（表达方式、修辞手法、表现手法）技法，写出了（意象）的（某某）特点，表现了（突出了）（某某）思想、感情，起到了（某某）作用。 语文考试中古诗欣赏常用术语，相信大家一定能牢记。术语在手，考试不愁。
(完整版)中考古诗词鉴赏的五种题型及答题技巧【已整理好】
中考古诗词鉴赏的五种题型及答题技巧 诗歌鉴赏常用术语 这首诗采用了（表达方式、修辞手法、表现手法）技法，写出了（意象）的（某某）特点，表现了（突出了）（某某）思想、感情，起到了（某某）作用。 表达方式有：叙述、描写、抒情、议论。（说明） 修辞手法有：比喻、比拟、夸张、对偶、排比、反复、衬托、对比、用典等。 表现手法有：象征、想象、联想、照应、借景抒情、寓情于景、托物言志等。 思想感情有：惆怅、寂寞、伤感、孤独、烦闷；恬淡、闲适、欢乐；仰慕、激愤，坚守节操、忧国忧民等。 作用：深化意境深化主旨意境深远意境优美意味深长耐人寻味言近旨远等。 试题类型 一、品味炼字类 [题目形式] (1)诗歌中的“某”字或词有什么表达效果? (2)“某”个字或词用得好，好在哪里? (3)“某”字能否改为“某”字? (4)你最欣赏哪个字或词?请赏析。
（5）某词是全诗的关键，为什么？ （6）本诗中哪个词是关键词？请找出来并分析它的作用。 [应对策略] 这类题主要考查我们对精炼词语的感悟能力。解答时要抓住诗歌中关键词语来点评，可以从词性、色彩、修辞以及所表达的思想感情去把握它的内涵。值得提醒的是分析时要结合全诗的意境和作者的情感去回答，不能孤立地谈这个词的作用。 [题型示例] 阅读下面这首古诗，回答后面的问题。 渡汉江 宋之问 岭外音书断，经冬复历春。 近乡情更怯，不敢问来人。 问题：首句中的“断”字有什么表达效果? 解析：“断”字面上是“断绝、隔绝”的意思，结合“音书”一词，可以理解为诗人与亲朋音讯隔绝的含义，再联系诗歌的写作背景，这首诗是作者从被贬之地岭南逃回洛阳途经汉江所作，突出了自己久居蛮荒之地的孤寂、苦闷及对家里人的思念之情，故答案应为：写出了 诗人与亲朋音讯隔绝的境况，更突出了诗人的思家之情。
古代诗歌鉴赏术语及答题技巧大全教学提纲
古代诗歌鉴赏术语及答题技巧大全 一、诗歌内容分类 诗歌分为古体诗（又称“古风”）、今体诗（又称“格律诗”）。 古体诗：包括“今体诗”出现以前的除“楚辞”以外的所有诗作，也包括“今体诗”出现以后的除“今体诗”以外的所有诗作。“歌、行、吟”分别是古体诗的一种体裁。如岑参的《白雪歌送武判官归京》、白居易的《琵琶行》、李白的《梦游天姥吟留别》。 今体诗：分为律诗、绝句。律诗每首八句，有五律（五字）、七律（七字）。首联（一、二句）、颔联（三、四句）、颈联（五、六句）、尾联（七、八句），颔联、颈联必须对仗。绝句每首四句，有五绝（五字）、七绝（七字），二、四、六、八句押韵，首句可押可不押，一般押平声韵，一韵到底。 词：是今体诗之后产生于盛唐，流行于中唐，发展于晚唐与五代，成就于宋代的一种新诗体。词又称长短句（句子字数不等、长短不一）、诗余（由诗歌发展而来）。根据词的长短，词又分单调（也叫小令，一般认为58字以内）、中调（一般分上下阙，58-96字）、长调（96字以上，三阙以上）。词有词牌，词牌严格律定了每首词的格律和音韵。 曲：即散曲，分为“小令”、“套数”。是宋金时期逐渐形成的一种新诗体。曲与词的最大不同，是曲可在词规定的字数中增加衬字，从而增加语言的生动性，更自由灵活地表达思想与情感。 从题材角度分 1、赠友送别诗：依依不舍或别后思恋，坦陈心志；别后情境想象、借以一吐胸中积愤或表明心志。 2、咏史怀古诗：凭吊古人或事。或缅怀，或追慕古贤，渴望建功立业；或表达昔盛今衰的感慨，或借古吟今。 忧国伤时，揭露统治者的昏庸腐朽，同情人民的疾苦，或悲叹年华消逝，壮志难酬。 3、边塞征战诗：表现英勇作战、保家卫国这样壮丽主题较少，表现对战争的厌恶，对家乡亲人思念的比较多。 4、山水田园诗：把笔触投向静谧的山林、悠闲的田野，借以表达诗人对现实的不满，对宁静平和生活的向往。 5、写景抒情诗：即诗人因所见的景物而引起了心中的某种感触，于是描绘当时的景物来抒发自己的感慨。 6、咏物言志诗：诗人不直接表露思想感情，而用象征、兴寄等手法，把某种理想和人格融于具体事物，往往表现自己与众不同、不愿与世俗同流合污品质，或表达报国无门、怀才不遇的伤感，或表现其他或喜或悲的感情。 7、闲适隐逸诗：看惯了官场勾心斗角，世俗社会浑浊不堪，退居田野乡间，抒写清闲安逸生活，吟咏情性。
诗歌鉴赏术语汇总
高中2012级诗歌鉴赏术语积累（第四期用） 一、诗歌的表达技巧 ．．．．（手法）往往表现在三大方面：表达方式、表现手法、修辞手法。 1、表达方式是诗人表达思想感情的重要手段，常见的有记叙、说明、描写、抒情、议论。 抒情最重要，抒情可分为直接抒情和间接抒情两种。直接抒情又叫直抒胸臆，“生当作人杰，死亦为鬼雄”，抒发了女词人慷慨激昂的人生理想，批判了南宋朝廷苟且偷安、偏安江南的懦弱行为。“人生自古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青”，抒发了文天祥精忠报国，鞠躬尽瘁死而后已的英雄气概。 间接抒情常见的有即景抒情、借景抒情、寓情于景、托物言志。 即景抒情是指遇到眼前的景物或场景油然而生感慨。李白的《春夜洛城闻笛》中“此夜曲中闻折柳，何人不起故园情”，诗人听到折柳曲的笛声，不禁产生浓浓的思乡之情。 借景抒情是借助景物来抒发情感，《忆江南》中诗人白居易借助于“红胜火”的“江花”和“绿如蓝”的“江水”表达出对江南水乡的魂牵梦绕、久久不忘。《如梦令》中李清照对春光的留念惜别之情，正是借助于海棠花一夜之间已是“绿肥红瘦”的景象来抒发的。 寓情于景就是把感情融入到所描写的景物之中，同样是枫叶，在送别人崔莺莺的眼中，被理解为由离人的血泪染成；在诗人杜牧的笔下它又成了胜过充满生机的火红的二月花。这就是寓情于景、情景交融所达到的艺术效果。 托物言志与借景抒情的区别，托物言志常常借助于某物的一些特性，此“物”非“景”，咏物不是写景。借景抒情的“景”是指自然风景，而不是某种物品。托物言志的“志”可以指感情、志向、情操、爱好、愿望、要求等，借景抒情的“情”专指热爱、憎恶、赞美、快乐、悲伤等感情。 2、表现手法又叫艺术手法，是指诗歌的章法和技巧。 ①渲染 渲染就是对环境、景物作多方面的描绘形容，以突出形象，增强艺术效果。比如“黄梅时节家家雨，青草池塘处处蛙”中“家家雨”、“处处蛙”就渲染出约客时的环境气氛，突出诗人心中的孤寂落寞。再比如杜甫的《登高》中“风急天高猿啸哀，渚清沙白鸟飞回，无边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来”，就渲染出深秋江边的萧条、冷落的气氛，与诗人悲凉、伤感的人生感慨相吻合。 ②衬托（这种手法最重要，特别是它的多种具体情况。） 用于诗歌创作，指从侧面着意描写，作为陪衬，使所需要的事物鲜明突出。借描绘别
诗歌鉴赏常用术语.
古典诗歌鉴赏常用术语及运用 一、表达方式记叙、描写、议论、抒情 1. 记叙:记叙人物的经历或事情的发生、发展、变化过程。例: “楼船夜雪厄洲渡, 铁马秋风大散关。”陆（游《书愤》赏析:用叙述的方式写自己亲临抗金前线的值得纪念的往事。 2. 描写:用生动形象的语言对人物、事件,环境所作的具体描绘和刻画。例: “江月去人只数尺,风灯照夜欲三更。沙头宿鹭联拳静,船尾跳鱼拨剌鸣。”杜（甫《漫成一首》赏析:诗歌从水中月影写起,生动地描写了白鹭曲着身子,恬静地夜宿在月照下的沙滩,船尾大鱼跃出水面而发出拔剌的响声,一动一静构成了江上月夜宁静的美景。 3. 议论:对人和事物的好坏、是非、价值、特点、作用等所表示的意见。例: “不是花中偏爱菊,此花开尽更无花。”元（稹《菊花》赏析:这是诗的后两句,点出喜爱菊花的原因和对菊花历尽风霜而后凋的坚贞品格的赞美。 4. 抒情:表达作者强烈的爱憎、好恶、喜怒、哀乐等主观感情。有直接抒情,也 有间接抒情。例: “晨起动征铎,客行悲故乡。鸡声茅店月,人迹板桥霜。槲叶落山路, 枳花明驿墙。因思杜陵梦,凫雁满回塘。”温（庭筠《商山早行》赏析:首联中起句以时间、事件、环境三者相互照应,写出旅客的辛劳,对句直抒诗人的感慨, “客行”与“故乡”相比较,自然生出一个“悲”字来。 二、修辞手法比喻、借代、夸张、对偶、比拟、排比、设问、反问、起兴、虚实结合 1. 比喻:用一种事物或情景来比做另一种事物或情景,可分为明喻、暗喻、借喻。有突出事物特征、把抽象的事物形象化的作用。例: “遥望洞庭山水色,白银盘
里 一青螺。”刘（禹锡《望洞庭》赏析:诗歌巧妙地以“螺”作比,将皓月银辉下;的山比做银盘里的青螺,色调淡雅,山水浑然一体。
诗歌鉴赏之语言风格术语
诗歌鉴赏之语言风格术 语 集团文件版本号：（M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988）
诗歌鉴赏之语言风格常见术语及答题类型 (一）了解常见的语言特色和风格 古代诗歌语言的风格特色是多种多样的，有的清新，有的古朴。有的诗绚丽多彩，有的诗却质朴无华。有的诗语言明朗，有的却含蓄，言此意彼。有的诗平易近人，有的却险怪奇特。体会其风格特色，就是要体会语言的美，体会其内蕴。 1﹒常见的概述语言特色风格的词语 清新、朴素、平实、华丽、绚丽、幽默、诙谐、庄重、简约、简洁、精练、精当、生动、凝练、洗练、含蓄、明快、通俗、口语化、明白如话、豪放、雄奇、直率、婉约、婉转、风趣、工丽、苍凉雄健、委婉蕴藉、飘逸洒脱、苍凉悲壮、自然流畅、沉郁顿挫、清新典雅、婉约凄切、新鲜活泼、气势磅礴、奇特新颖等。 2﹒常见语言特色风格例析 (1）清新。特点：用语新颖，不落俗套。大部分山水田园诗人，如陶渊明，王维，孟浩然。如杜甫《绝句》：两个黄鹂鸣翠柳，一行白鹭上青天。窗含西岭千秋雪，门泊东吴万里船。 ( 2）平淡。特点：选用确切的字眼直接叙述，全用白描，不加修饰，显得真切深刻，平易近人。如陶渊明的“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山。山气日夕佳，飞鸟相与还”。 (3）绚丽。特点：有富丽的辞藻，绚烂的文采，奇幻的情思。如杜甫的《观山水图》“红浸珊瑚短，青悬薜荔长”辞藻华丽，对仗工整，每句开头的 “红”“青”颜色词语构成一幅色彩鲜明的画面。
(4）雄奇：气势雄伟，立意奇特。如李贺《梦天》中的“遥看齐州九点烟，一泓海水杯中泻”就是说九州小的象九个烟点，大海小的象杯中之水。 (5）幽默讽刺：在诗中多指诙谐、风趣或辛辣的笔调和趣味。如“竹帛烟销帝业虚，关河空锁祖龙居。坑灰未冷山东乱，刘项原来不读书。”(章碣《焚书坑》) (6）含蓄委婉：即含有深意，藏而不露。白居易《邯郸冬至夜思家》：邯郸驿里逢冬至，抱膝灯前影伴身。想得家中夜深坐，还应说着远行人。 (7）沉郁顿挫。特点：苍凉、低沉、苍劲、舒缓、悲凉。如杜甫、辛弃疾、陆游等用一种苍老遒劲的笔调去描绘广阔的社会生活，而在所描绘的生活画面上笼罩着凝重深沉的忧郁色彩和悲剧气氛，配之相适应的严格诗律和铿锵的音韵。如杜甫的“无边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来”。 (8）悲慨：即悲壮慷慨、寂寥苍劲的艺术风格。此风格的作品，含思悲壮，出语高昂，充满着对时代的感慨，或雄才不得志于时，或感时伤乱，忧国忧民，心中郁结，愤慨不平。如陈子昂《登幽州台歌》：“前不见古人，后不见来者。念天地之悠悠，独怆然而涕下。” 3﹒不同题材诗歌的语言风格：边塞诗：悲凉慷慨；讽喻诗：沉郁激愤；咏史诗：雄浑壮阔；田园诗：恬淡宁谧；山水诗：清新优美；宫廷诗：缠绵宛转等。 4﹒唐宋主要诗人的语言风格特点：王勃：劲健婉畅；韩愈：古朴奇险；陈子昂：古朴雄浑；柳宗元：明净幽峭；高适：苍凉高壮；白居易：通俗易懂；岑参：雄奇瑰丽；元稹：精警浅切；王昌龄：自然雄浑；刘禹锡：清新豪丽；王之涣：清朗雄健；李贺：奇诡璀灿：孟浩然：闲静淡远；杜牧：俊爽明丽；王维：恬淡优美；李商隐：幽婉典丽；李白：飘逸豪放；温庭筠：精巧艳丽；杜甫：沉郁顿挫；李煜：凄婉柔丽；梅尧臣：朴素平淡；欧阳修：清新疏畅；王安石：遒劲峭拔；晏殊：闲雅婉丽；柳永：伤感缠绵；苏轼：豪放旷达；秦观：清丽典雅；黄