施工单位的工程机械设备超出报废年限处理方法

施工单位的工程机械设备超出报废年限处理方法

引言

The introduction

武警水电部队作为一支自负盈亏长期战斗在水电施工一线的工程部队，足迹遍布全国各地，施工中队主要以工程机械作业作为施工手段，笔者结合在藏木水电站工作两年的实践，对施工部队机械设备的管理谈一些体会和看法。

Armed police hydropower troops as a self-financing hydropower construction for a long time a line of engineering forces, footprints all over the country, the construction company mainly engaged in engineering machinery operation as a means of construction, the author combined with the practice of two years experience in dam, the construction unit of mechanical equipment management talk about some experiences and views.

一、水利水电工程工程机械使用特点

A, water conservancy and hydropower engineering construction machinery use features

水利水电工程施工中，机械设备使用频繁，从进场到使用，主要存在以下三个特点：

Water conservancy and hydropower engineering construction, mechanical equipment use frequently, from entry to use, there are the following three features:

(一)露天作业

(a) outdoor job

工程机械几乎都是露天作业，工作环境恶劣。为了确保工程质量和施工进度，就特别要求施工机械的工作可靠性，一旦发生故障能够及时排除。

Engineering machinery are almost all outdoor homework, poor working conditions. In order to ensure the engineering quality and construction progress, special requirements for the working reliability of construction machinery, in the event of failure to eliminate in a timely manner.

(二)技术结构复杂

(2) technology is complicated

工程机械品种繁多、技术结构复杂，涉及各个知识领域。机械的造型、使用、保养、维修、原理有着很强的技术性和经济性。

Engineering machinery, many varieties technology complex, involving various knowledge domains. The modelling of mechanical principle, use, maintenance, repair, has a strong technicality and economy.

(三)设备流动性大

(3) the equipment liquidity

由于工程项目部的都是中标后临时组建的，施工地点流动性大，机械转场频繁。工程机械小则一二十吨，大的上百顿。所以工程机械在转场工程中受道路及桥梁承载能力和隧道净高的限制，转运起来很困难。

Due to the engineering projects are temporary form after winning the bid, construction site fluidity big, mechanical frequent transitions. Engineering machinery small YiErShiDun, hundreds of tons. So in

zhukovskiy engineering construction machinery by roads and Bridges and the tunnel clear height limit bearing capacity, the transfer is very difficult.

二、工程机械设备使用管理中的几点体会

2, engineering machinery and equipment used in the management some experiences

两年来，在设备使用管理中不断更新观念、改进方法，得出一下六个方面的体会：

For two years, unceasingly renew the idea, the improvement in the management of equipment use method, draw the experience of the six aspects:

(一)建立机械设备管理制度，完善设备管理体制。

(a) establish mechanical equipment management system, perfect equipment management system.

合理运用设备管理终身制，建立健全设备技术档案，设备购入到报废全程跟踪闭合式管理，电动吊篮普及设备管理信息化和数字化，

实现设备资源共享。根据藏木水电站项目施工特点，建立了项目施工的设备管理制度，确保有章可循。一方面严格落实“三定制度”和“机长责任制”，即定机、定人、定岗，并与机长签订机长岗位责任书，定期对机长进行考评，确保机长有效履行职责。另一方面要求严格遵守以下使用制度：1、操作人员要严格遵守操作规程规范，认真填写机械装备运行、保养记录；2、新机械装备到场，必须对操作人员进行技术培训和技术交底，试运转正常后，方可使用；3、投入使用的机械装备必须处于完好状态，不允许带故障运行和超负荷作业；4、机械装备的零部件不得任意拆卸，特殊情况确需拆卸时，要做好记录后方可拆卸；5、经过大修、技术改造和重新安装的机械装备，在投入使用前按照规定进行技术鉴定和验收；6、对库存和封存的机械装备，按规定进行保养并妥善保管。我部两年以来合理运用以上设备管理制度，设备完好率大幅度提高，月平均设备完好率保持在85%以上。

Reasonable use system of life tenure in equipment management, establish and improve the equipment technical documents, equipment purchases to scrap the whole track closed type management, popularization of equipment management informatization and digitization, and realize the equipment resource sharing. According to characteristics of dam project construction, project construction of the equipment management system is established, make sure there is. On the one hand, strict implementation of "armed system" and "captain responsibility system", namely, setting

machine, a person, create positions, signed with the pilot and the pilot job responsibility, to assessment of the captain, on a regular basis to ensure effective perform his duties. On the other hand requires strict adherence to the following system: 1, operating personnel should strictly abide by the procedures specification and fill in machinery and equipment operation, maintenance records; 2, new machinery and equipment, to operating personnel for technical training and technical clarificaiton, after test run normally, can use; 3 and put into use of machinery and equipment must be in good condition and not allowed to run with faults and overload operation; 4, machinery and equipment parts shall not be arbitrarily disassembled, special circumstances is really necessary is disassembled, should be recorded in the rear removable; 5, after major repair, technological transformation, and reinstall the machinery and equipment, before put into use, in accordance with the provisions of technical appraisal and acceptance; 6, to the inventory and storage of machinery and equipment, according to the rules for maintenance and safekeeping. I two years reasonable use of the above equipment management system, greatly improve equipment intact rate, average monthly equipment intact rate remains above 85%.

(二)因地制宜，根据实际情况做好工程机械的配套使用工作，确保效益最大化。

(2) adjust measures to local conditions, according to the actual situation to do a good job of supporting the use of engineering machinery, to ensure maximum benefits.

在项目化施工中，机械的配套使用是否合理，将直接关系到施工进度、质量和成本，是优质、高产、低耗地完成施工生产任务和充分发挥机械效能的关键。做好机械设备的配套使用，主要有以下几个方面：1）编好设备使用计划。根据施工组织设计编制使用计划。编制时要采用分析、统筹、预测等方法，计算机械施工的工程量和施工进度，作为选择调配机械类型、台数的依据，以尽量避免大机小用，早要迟用，既要保证施工需要，又不使机械停置，或不能充分发挥其效益。2）分析选用设备。任何工种工程配备的施工设备，不仅有机种上的选用，还有机型、规格上的选择。在满足施工生产要求的前提下，对不同类型的设备施工方案，从经济性进行分析比较。即将几种不同的方案，计算单位实物工程量的成本费，取其最小者为经济最佳方案。对于同类型的设备施工方案，如其规格、型号不相同，也可以进行分析比较择优选用。3）机械的配套使用原则。要使选用的机械达到高效率，必须做到合理配套，具体讲有以下几个方面：一是工序设备配套。如土石方工程中，不仅有挖土、运土机械，还有平整、压实机械，要做到机种、数量和工序配套。二是设备的规格、能力配套。如自卸车应和挖掘、装载机的容量相适应。三是配套设备中应以关键及大型

设备为基准，其它配套设备都应确保关键及大型设备充分发挥效率为选配标准。合理做好设备配套使用工作，有效提高了我部装备使用效率，两年来我部工程机械设备平均出勤率达到85%。

During the construction of a project, supporting the use of machinery is reasonable, will directly related to the construction schedule, quality and cost, and is high quality, high yield, low consumption for construction production tasks and give full play to the mechanical efficiency of the key. Ready for supporting the use of machinery and equipment, mainly has the following several aspects: 1) making equipment by using plan. According to the use plan of construction organization design. Analysis should be used when compiling, plan as a whole, methods of prediction, calculation of mechanical construction and construction schedule of quantities and as a basis for the option allocate mechanical type, the Numbers, in order to avoid big machine for small, early to late, both to ensure the construction needs, and the mechanical stop, or cannot make full use of its benefits. 2) analysis to choose equipment. Any type of work project with construction equipment, the selection of organic plant, not only have choice models, specifications. To meet the construction under the premise of production requirements, different types of equipment construction plan, from the economy carries on the analysis comparison. The several different scheme, physical quantities in the cost calculation unit, take the minimum

for economic best solution. Construction schemes for the same type of equipment, as the specification, type, also can select carries on the analysis comparison. 3) supporting the use of mechanical principle. To make use of machinery to achieve high efficiency, we must accomplish reasonable matching, specifically has the following several aspects: one is the process equipment. As conditions in engineering, not only of digging, earthmoving machinery, and level off, compaction machinery, to do model, quantity, and supporting processes. Second is the specifications of the equipment, supporting ability. Such as capacity of dump truck should dig and loader. 3 it is to form a complete set of equipment should be based on key and large equipment, other equipment shall ensure that the key and large equipment, give full play to the efficiency of selection criteria. Reasonable to do a good job of form a complete set of equipment to use, improve the efficient use of our equipment, our engineering machinery and equipment over the past two years the average attendance rate is 85%.

(三)提高管理水平，加大技术力量的投入

(3) improve the management level, increase investment in the power of technology

设备管理是个专业技术性很强的领域，设备维修保障是机械施工的后勤补给线，一支精干的设备修理专业化队伍，是提高设备完好率出勤率的关键。一个设备施工单位的管理水平如何取决于本单位管理人员的技术水平高低、专业性的强弱。有些单位只是片面注重眼前利益，花大量资金购买先进设备，但在人才技术培训、工种岗前培训等方面还做的不够，舍不得花钱。管理跟不上、人员素质低，最后先进的设备成了啃不动的硬骨头。许多施工单位的修理力量薄弱，专业性不强，同时精通设备动力系统、电气系统的修理人员不到三成，大多数修理工成了换件工，许多有修复价值的零件或者总成不予修复，直接换新，造成了极大的浪费，修理成本不断攀升。注重技术的专业性，采用军地结合的方式，两年来我部先后派送20余名官兵进行深造，主要包括专业技能培训和特种设备原厂对口培训，例如：江苏常州的小松（中国）投资有限公司培训中心，中国德阳二重。经过培训，目前中队拥有10名技术成熟的修理人员，提高了修理效率，目前中队一天可以完成4台以上北方奔驰潍柴系列发动机的拆卸、修理、组装、调试，磨合运转。

Equipment management is a specialized technical areas, is the mechanical construction of equipment maintenance support logistics lines, a compact equipment repair professional team, is the key to improve equipment intact rate attendance. A device management level of construction unit how to depend on this unit management personnel technical level, the

strength of the professional. Some units only one-sided focus on immediate interests, spend a lot of money to buy advanced equipment, but in such aspects as personnel technical training, pre-job training work still not doing enough, reluctant to spend money. Management can't keep up, low personnel quality, and finally advanced equipment became chew to crack. Many construction units repair strength is weak, the professional is not strong, and master the equipment power system, electrical system repair personnel to less than thirty percent, most of the repairman is in piece work, a lot of repair value of parts or assemblies shall not repair, change new directly, caused great waste, repair cost rising. Pay attention to the professional technology, adopted flexibly, in two years I have sent more than 20 soldiers to carry on the study, mainly including factory counterpart training, professional skills training, and special equipment such as: the jiangsu changzhou komatsu (China) investment co., LTD., training center, China deyang double. After training, at present, the company has 10 technical mature repair personnel, improve the efficiency of the repair, the company can complete four or more a day north Benz weichai series engine disassembly, repair, assembly, debugging, break-in.

(四)定时定点加强设备维修保养

(4) point to strengthen equipment maintenance regularly

水利水电施工作业环境复杂，修建固定的修理场地、设备保养和设备停放场地非常必要，不少项目负责人只考虑眼前利益，没有从长远打算，短期行为严重，只注意产值与效益挂购，在设备管理使用上表现为“重用轻管”，对设备维护和保养不上心不入眼，设备维护保养经常进行就地作业和打游击战，为了赶工期、抢进度，而不惜拼设备，更有甚者，提出“人停机不停”的设备使用方式，造成机械设备长时间处于超负荷状况工作，或带“病”作业，甚至违章操作。对设备造成极大的损害，影响了正常的施工进度，造成了设备和工程上更大的损失。今年我中队建立正规化的修理场地的保养，并结合设备日常保养和周强制保养制度，设备故障率降低20%，有效提高了后勤保障的效率。

Water resources and hydropower complex construction environment, the construction of a fixed repair site, equipment maintenance and equipment parking area is very necessary, many project director only consider the immediate interests, not from the long term, serious short-term behavior, only pay attention to the output and benefit of purchase, in equipment management used for light pipe "" reuse, for equipment maintenance and maintenance not keen eyes, equipment maintenance on-site operations and guerrilla warfare, often in order to catch time, grab the progress, and is willing to spell equipment, what is more, put forward" man down "style

of equipment use, cause mechanical equipment is in overload condition for a long time work, or with" disease "operation, even those operations. Cause great damage to equipment, affect the normal construction progress, causing a greater loss in the equipment and engineering. This year my squadron site set up formal repair maintenance, combined with the equipment daily maintenance and weekly compulsory maintenance system, equipment failure rate by 20%, effectively improve the efficiency of logistics.

（五）提高设备成新率、确保安全。

(5) improve equipment into new rate, to ensure safety.

工程机械的更新换代，直接影响的施工效率和竞争力。目前，在施工现场我们发现，大部分施工单位的工程机械设备都是已经超出报废年限的设备，但是仍然在使用，存在侥幸心里，认为出不了事，其实不然，今年很多设备亡人事故，都发生在报废设备身上。据不完全统计，从2007年至今，藏木水电站施工区域内由于设备老化和故障原因造成的人员设备事故超过18起。我部由于设备成新率高，两年未发生重大人员设备安全事故，被华能西藏藏木水电工程筹建处评为“2009年度先进集体”。因此，要着眼于未来市场，落实设备报废制度，做好设备更新换代工作。通过科学检侧，将磨损严重，技术性能

落后、耗能高、效率低、维护成本高已不能达到使用要求和安全要求的机械设备及时更新，确保施工质量和安全.只有确保机械设备良好的运行状态，才能在工程项目建设中争取最大的经济效益，增强竞争力。

Upgrading of mechanical engineering, directly affects the construction efficiency and competitiveness. Now, in the construction site we found that most of the construction unit of construction machinery equipment is already out of discarded equipment, but is still in use, a lucky heart, think not, actually otherwise, this year many deadly accident, equipment occurred in the scrap equipment. According to incomplete statistics, since 2007, the dam construction area due to the equipment aging and failure causes of equipment accident since more than 18. I due to equipment into new rate high, two years is not a major personnel safety equipment accident, by huaneng zangmu hydropower project in Tibet opening rated as "advanced collective in 2009". Therefore, to focus on the future market, to carry out the equipment scrap system, to do a good job of equipment renewal. Through scientific test, will wear serious, backward technical performance, high energy consumption and low efficiency, high maintenance costs can not meet the using requirements and safety requirements of equipment update, ensure construction quality and safety. Only to ensure good mechanical equipment running status, can get the

largest economic benefits in the construction of engineering projects, to enhance competitiveness.

(六)加强职业道德教育，提高人员素质

(6) to strengthen professional ethics education, improve the personnel quality

藏木水电站施工现场作业面多、范围广、施工危险源多，加强设备操作人员职业道德教育是有效保证施工安全的关键，职业道德教育并不仅仅为了提高个人修养和素质，它与的经济效益也息息相关，可以说是一种无形的资本。当前施工设备使用与管理上存在的野蛮操作、缺乏保养、随意浪费、马虎维修、以劣充优等行为，都是缺乏职业道德的表现。今年由于野蛮操作和缺乏保养，造成的一起利勃海尔挖掘机液压系统故障，直接经济损失就达5万元。2009年6月，面对水平落差60米的高边坡开挖，由于安全指挥人员发现早，意识强，在边坡产生垮塌之前，人员设备及时撤离了，杜绝了一起重大安全事故的发生，为部队减少约500万元的损失。因此，加强政治思想和职业道德素质教育，让广大官兵树立爱设备用好设备的良好风气，才能更加有效的提高工作积极性和能动性，提高工程机械的利用率和完好率，使机械设备发挥最佳效能，为工程项目创造良好的经济效益。

Dam construction site operation, wide range, more construction hazards, strengthen the equipment operation personnel professional ethics education is the key to effectively guarantee the construction safety, professional ethics education is not only to improve personal accomplishment and quality, it is closely related to economic efficiency also, can say is a kind of intangible capital. Savage existing in the current construction equipment on the use and management operation, lack of maintenance, waste, careless maintenance, to bad behavior first, is the lack of professional ethics. This year due to wild operation and lack of maintenance, fault of the liebherr excavator hydraulic system, the direct economic loss of 50000 yuan. In June 2009, facing the level divide 60 meters high slope excavation, due to the security officer found early, consciousness is strong, on the slope collapse before, in time to evacuate the personnel equipment, to eliminate the serious safety accident happened, for the forces to reduce losses of about 5 million yuan. Therefore, strengthen the political thought education and professional ethics quality, let the officers and soldiers to establish a good atmosphere of the love with good equipment, can more effectively improve work enthusiasm and initiative, raise the utilization rate of construction machinery and pipe, make the optimal efficiency of mechanical equipment for the project to create a good economic benefit.

结语：

Conclusion:

在项目化施工中，迫切要求降低设备管理成本,提高经营效益。工程机械设备管理是多领域多学科的渗透结合的系统工程，包含了机械、财务、管理等。古语云:“工欲善其事,必先利其器”，只有搞好机械设备的管理维护工作,才能进一步提高效益。因此，在施工过程中认真总结、不断探索，推动设备管理维护向信息化、网络化、智能化和集成化的方向发展，才能不断提高工程设备的效益最大化，在水利水电施工战场上立于不败之地。

During the construction of a project, is pressing for equipment management to reduce costs, improve the management benefit. Engineering machinery equipment management is a multi-disciplinary infiltration of multidisciplinary combination of systems engineering, and includes machinery, finance, management, etc. Archaism cloud: "to do a good job, must first sharpen his", only do a good job of the mechanical equipment maintenance management, to further improve the efficiency. In construction process, therefore, summarized earnestly, and constantly explore, promote maintenance to the equipment management informatization, networking, intelligence and integration in the direction

of development, to constantly improve the benefit maximization of engineering equipment, the battlefield in an impregnable position in water conservancy and hydropower construction.