chapter5 language

Chapter 5 Language: How Children Acquire Theirs

What I’d like to talk to you about today is the topic of child language development.Now I know that you all are trying to develop a second language, but for a moment, let’s think about a related topic, and that is: How children develop their first language. What do we know about how babies develop their language and communication ability? Well, we know babies are able to communicate as soon as they are born―even before they learn to speak their first language. At first, they communicate by crying. This crying lets their parents know when they are hungry, or unhappy, or uncomfortable. However, they soon begin the process of acquiring their language. The first state of language acquisition begins just a few weeks after birth. At this stage, babies start to make cooing noises when they are happy. Then, around four months of age they begin to babble. Babies all over the world begin to babble around the same age, and they all begin to make the same kinds of babbling noises. Now, by the time they are ten months old, however, the babbling of babies from different language backgrounds sounds different. For example, the babbling of a baby in a Chinese-speaking home sounds different from the babbling of a baby in an English-speaking home. Babies begin a new stage of language development when they begin to speak their first words. At first, they invent their own words for things. For example, a baby in an English-speaking home may say

“baba” for the word “bottle” or “kiki” for “cat.” In the next few months, babies will acquire a lot of words. These words are usually the names of things that are in the baby’s environment, words for food or toys, for example. They will begin to use these words to communicate with others. For example, if a baby holds up an empty juice bottle and then says “juice,” to his father, the baby seems to be saying, “I want more juice, Daddy” or “May I have more juice, Daddy?” This word “juice” is really a one-word sentence.

Now, the next stage of language acquisition begins around the age of 18 months, when the babies begin to say two-word sentences. They begin to use a kind of grammar to put these words together. The speech they produce is called “telegraphic” speech because the babies omit all but the most essential words. An English-speaking child might say something like “Daddy, up” which actually could mean “Daddy, pick me up, please.” Then, between two and three years of age, young children begin to learn more and more grammar. For example, they begin to use the past tense of verbs. In other words,they begin to learn a rule for making the past tense of many verbs.The children begin to say things such as “I walked home” and “I kissed Mommy.” They also begin to overgeneralize this new grammar rule and make a log of grammar mistakes. For example, children often say such things as “I goed to bed” instead of “I went to bed,” or “I eated ice cream” instead of “I ate ice cream.” In other words, the children

have learned the past tense rule for regular verbs such as “walk” and “kiss,” but they haven’t learned that they cannot use this rule for all verbs. Some verbs like “eat” are irregular, and the past tense forms for irregular verbs must be learned individually. Anyway, these mistakes are normal, and the children will soon learn to use the past tense for regular and irregular verbs correctly. The children then continue to learn other grammatical structures in the same way.

Now, if we stop to think about it, actually it’s quite amazing how quickly babies and children all over the world learn their language and how similar the process is for babies all over the world.

Do you remember anything about how you learned your first language during the early years of your life? Think about the process for a minute. What was your very first word? Was it “mama” or maybe “papa”? Now think also about the process of learning English as a second language. Can you remember the first word you learned in English? I doubt that it was “mama.” Now, think about some of the similarities and differences involved in the processes of child and adult language learning. We’ll talk about some similarities and differences in the first and second language learning processes tomorrow. See you then.

Bodylanguage阅读课教学设计

Bodylanguage阅读课教学设计 一教学目标： 知识与技能： 理解、内化、运用以下生词及词组—fold、anger、vary、thub、crazy、od、part、hug、bo、pal、shrug、incredible、pat、getthrough、teardon、chart 获取关于bodylanguage的相关信息,且进行siing,scanning,carefulreading,generalization,guessi ngeaning等阅读技能训练。 充分利用多媒体，强化学生自主学习的意识，培养学生组织语言、运用语言的能力。 过程与方法： 培养学生通过自主学习和合作学习，获取信息和处理信息的能力。 培养学生质疑意识，分析问题、解决问题、综合问题的能力和创造性思维能力。 情感态度价值观： 在有趣的话题激励下，诱导学生积极参与，充分调动他们学习的兴趣。 使学生了解身势语在各国人民交往中的重要性。了解在各国相同身势语所表示的不同交际含义。增强对中外“身势

语”差异的敏感性，培养世界意识；通过文化地域对比，加深对祖国相关知识的理解，增强对祖国的热爱之情。 二教学重点： 训练学生的略读与扫读技巧是本课的重点。根据英语课程标准关于语言技能的教学建议，略读与扫读是阅读教学的基本技能之一，是学生必须掌握的。 三教学难点: 怎样使学生理解不同国家的身势语，正确的使用身势语及比较各国身势语的不同是本课的难点。根据英语课程标准，文化意识是内容标准之一，要求学生掌握一些行为规范、风土人情等方面的知识，这有利于培养学生的世界意识，有利于形成跨文化交际能力。 四学习方式设计： 个体探究。 在完成较简单直观的任务时以个体探究为主，鼓励学生有独立自主的思维意识。 合作学习。 当面对难度较大的学习任务时鼓励学生采取小组合作的方式，这是因为“合作学习”更方便英语的交流和体验，有利于培养学生与他人合作的能力，同时信息差异也更能激燃起学生的“创新火花”。 五教学策略及教法设计：

(完整版)Unit2bodylanguage知识点归纳

Un it 2 Body Ian guage 背记重点 1. com munication skills 交流技巧 com mun icate with sb. 与某人沟通 e.g. I like to com muni cate with the old. 我喜欢与老人交流。 2. the meaning of ..... 的意思 e.g. If you don kho t the meaning of the word, please look it up in a dict ion ary. 如果你不知道这个词的意 思，请查一下字典。 3. make an impressi on on sb.= leave an impressi on on sb.= give sb. a good impressi on e.g. He made a good first impressio n on her father. 他给她的父亲留下了很好的第一印象。 4. take place有计划地发生注意：它无被动语态（Unit5内容） e.g. The meeting will take place soon. 会议即将举行。 5. remi nd sb. of/about sth. 使某人想起某事；提醒某人某事 e.g. This old picture reminds me of my childhood in the coun try. 这张老图片使我想起了我在农村的童年。 remi nd sb. that + 从句提醒某人.... e.g. I'm call ing you to remi nd you that we 'meet at the school gate tomorrow morni ng. 我打电话给你是为 了提醒你我们明天早上要在学校门口见面。 6. instead of代替，而不是 in stead of doi ng sth. 代替做某事 People always choose Debbie in stead of me. 人们总是选择Debbie 而不是我。 I ride bike to school in stead of taki ng a bus. 我骑自行车代替搭公车去学校。 7. 拓展短语 语法：动名词(doing ) 1. 做主语： (1)一个动名词做主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数： Smili ng shows that you are happy. 微笑表明你很开心。 Ballet trai ning usually starts at an early age. 芭蕾舞训练通常从很小的年纪就开始。 Dancing is her favorite hobby. 跳舞是我最喜欢的喜好。 (2)两个或两个以上不同的动名词作主语，谓语用复数： Playi ng football and learni ng En glish are my hobbies. 踢足球和学英语是我的爱好。 Sighi ng and closi ng my eyes show that I am sad. 叹气和闭眼表明我很伤心。

现代大学英语四级写作资料(1)

大学英语四级写作资料 一、大学英语四级考试大纲（2006 修订版）对写作的要求 写作选用考生所熟悉的题材。考生根据规定的题目和所提供的提纲、情景、图片或图表等，写出一篇不少于120词的短文。写作要求是思想表达准确、意义连贯、无严重语法错误。考试时间30分钟。 写作部分要求考生用英语进行短文写作，思想表达准确、意义连贯、无重大语法错误。写作部分考核的技能是： A.思想表达 1.表达中心思想 2.表达重要或特定信息 3.表达观点、态度等 B.篇章组织 4.围绕所给的题目叙述、议论或描述，突出重点 5.连贯地组句成段，组段成篇 C.语言运用 6.运用恰当的词汇 7.运用正确的语法 8.运用合适的句子结构 9.使用正确的标点符号 10.运用衔接手段表达句间关系（如对比、原因、结果、程度、目的等） D.写作格式 11.运用正确的符合英语表达习惯的写作格式 大学英语四级考试写作部分要求考生达到《教学要求》中的一般要求，即“能完成一般性写作任务，能描述个人经历、观感、情感和发生的事件等，能写常见的应用文，能就一般性话题或提纲在半小时内写出至少120词的短文，内容基本完整，用词恰当，语意连贯。能掌握基本的写作技能。” 二、四级考试写作评分标准 （1）本题满分为15分。 （2）阅卷标准共分四等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷1-2份。 （3）阅卷人根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分）； 若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，则可以加一分（即9分）或减一分（即7分）。但不得加或减半分。（4）评分标准 ?2分：条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或绝大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 ?5分：基本切题。思想表达不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语法错误。 ?8分：基本切题。思想表达清楚，文章尚连贯，但语法错误较多，其中有一些是严重错误。 ?11分：切题。思想表达清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语法错误。 ?14分：切题。思想表达清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语法错误。仅有个别小错误。 ?注：白卷、所写内容与题目毫不相关或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分。 （5）字数不足应酌情扣分。 题目中给出主题句、起始句和结束句，均不得记入所写字数。 只写一段者：0-4分；只写两段者，0-9分（指规定三段的作文） （6）各档作文相当于百分制的得分，列表如下，称为得分率。其中9分的得分率为60分（相当于百分制的60分）。

沪教牛津版八年级下unit2bodylanguage(最新整理)

Unit 2 Body language 一、重点词汇: （一）根据汉语提示完成句子。 1.He made a rude _gesture (手势) at the driver of the other car. 2.There is no advice on how to use your body language (肢体语言). 3.When he heard the words, he gave a long sigh (叹气). 4.There is a sad expression(表情) on her face. 5.She gives the impression (印象) of being very busy. 6.She sat with her back towards (朝向) me. 7.Hold (使保持) your head up. 8.I walked over to (朝……走过去) her and put out my hand. 9.Can you come over to ( 顺便来) our school tomorrow? 10.The young man made a good impression on (给留下好印象) them. 11.The horse were running neck and neck .(齐头并进，不分上下). 12.Don’t cross (交叉) your legs when you sit, please. Cross 作动词，意为“穿过，越过，渡过”，可直接带宾语。 Across 介词，指从这边到那边平面“通过，横过”，含义与on 有关。 He walked across the road to the other side. 13.What a hot day! I am a bit (有点儿) thirsty. 相当于a little 或kind of,用来修饰形容词或副词。 14.His house is far away from (距离……远) the City Hall. 15.He nodded his head (点头) and smiled. 16.He said language was the key to communication. (交流的关键). 17.The people around the world (全世界) all love peace. 18.My mother gave me a kiss (吻) on the forehead. 19.They decided to set up (开办) a cooperative(合作社). 20.century 复数形式为c enturies ,表示“第几世纪”要用序数词,并在前面加定冠词t he . 详解及相关知识点： 6.towards 也写成toward，介词。表示“朝，向”。以-wards 结尾的词表示方向的还有：forwards 朝前, backwards 朝后, upwards 朝上, downwards 朝下. 7.hold v .“使保持（在某位置）”，还有“举行，召集，主持”之意。Eg. They were holding a meeting. 他们在开会。 【固定搭配】：坚持（电话）别挂，稍等hold on, 阻止hold back, 伸出hold out, 坚持hold to, 举起hold up. （二）用所给词的适当形式填空。 1.Speech is the fastest method of _communication (communicate) between people. 2.Please think over the meaning (mean) of every single word. 3.She’s bored (boring) with her present job. 以-ed 结尾的词语通常是“人”作主语，是指使人感到怎样；以-ing 结尾的词通常是“事物”为主语，物本身的特性，作表语或定语。如：interested (感兴趣的)，interesting(令人感兴趣的)；excited(激动的)，exciting（令人兴奋的）;frightened(害怕的), frightening（令人害怕的） https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e02817397.html,dies (lady) and gentlemen, allow me to introduce myself. 5.Don’t worry. I’ll ring you back later (late). 副词

沪版牛津英语教材第一单元bodylanguage12

Chapter1.Body language Listening, Speaking, Using English, Writing 一、章节分析（Section Analysis ） (一)综述 本章节是语言运用部分。通过听，说，写方面的训练，提高学生语言词汇方面的能力，加强他们运用语言知识来表达思想感情的能力。针对高一新生情况using language 的任务是培养学生如何正确有效的使用字典，为以后的学习打下基础。 （二）目标 Listening 1帮助学生通过抓关键词培养其听力理解能力。 2听说结合，提高听力教学效果。 Speaking 1帮助学生运用本课关于肢体语言信息，培养他们良好的礼议。 2鼓励学生在此过程中动脑动口，学会推荐自己及如何评价他人。 Using English 1帮助学生如何有效的使用字典。 2培养学生自习自研能力。 Writing 1了解书信式“提醒单（reminder ）”和邀请信的写作思路。 2掌握写作方法。 3根据简要提示写出符合要求的reminder as well as 邀请信。 （三）重点和难点 Listening 培养学生抓关键词汇：adj /adv attentively; politely; serious ,nervous n art; steps; movements; sages; points messages v dance Speaking 通过表演掌握如何推荐自己以及如何评价他人，同时能运用Do’s 和Don’s 句型。Using English 了解字典中不同符号的含义以及如何能有效地运用字典，培养自学能力。 Writing 根据提示写出符合要求的short messages 并能采用生生互评。

Unit2 body language 知识点归纳

Unit 2 Body language 背记重点 1. communication skills 交流技巧 communicate with sb. 与某人沟通 e.g. I like to communicate with the old. 我喜欢与老人交流。 2. the meaning of ……的意思 e.g. If you don’t know the meaning of the word, please look it up in a dictionary. 如果你不知道这个词的意思，请查一下字典。 3. make an impression on sb.= leave an impression on sb.= give sb. a good impression e.g. He made a good first impression on her father. 他给她的父亲留下了很好的第一印象。 4. take place 有计划地发生注意：它无被动语态（Unit5内容） e.g. The meeting will take place soon. 会议即将举行。 5. remind sb. of/about sth. 使某人想起某事；提醒某人某事 e.g. This old picture reminds me of my childhood in the country. 这张老图片使我想起了我在农村的童年。 remind sb. that +从句提醒某人…… e.g. I’m calling you to remind you that we’ll meet at the school gate tomorrow morning. 我打电话给你是为了提醒你我们明天早上要在学校门口见面。 6. instead of 代替，而不是 instead of doing sth. 代替做某事 People always choose Debbie instead of me. 人们总是选择Debbie而不是我。 I ride bike to school instead of taking a bus. 我骑自行车代替搭公车去学校。 7. 拓展短语 语法：动名词（doing） 1. 做主语： （1）一个动名词做主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数： Smiling shows that you are happy. 微笑表明你很开心。 Ballet training usually starts at an early age. 芭蕾舞训练通常从很小的年纪就开始。Dancing is her favorite hobby. 跳舞是我最喜欢的喜好。 （2）两个或两个以上不同的动名词作主语，谓语用复数： Playing football and learning English are my hobbies. 踢足球和学英语是我的爱好。Sighing and closing my eyes show that I am sad. 叹气和闭眼表明我很伤心。 2. 作宾语 （1）动词+ V-ing： 1. enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事；享受做某事

Unit 09 Body Language 知识点总结

Unit 09 Body Language 一、常见短语 表示“看”的相关短语stare at 凝视盯着看glance at 匆匆一看瞥一眼glare at 怒视ashamed的常用短语 be ashamed of 为…感到难为情为…感到尴尬be ashamed to do sth 耻于做某事不情愿做某事be ashamed that… 对…感到愧疚 adjust的常用短语adjust…to… 整…以适应... adjust to (doing) sth 适应于…adjust oneself to 使自己适应于... differ的常用短语 differ in 在…（方面）不同 differ from 与…不同 differ with sb on/over sth 在某事上与某人有不同之处 react的常用短语 react to sth 对…做出反应react against 反对… 反抗…react on/ upon 对…产生影响react with 与…发生化学反应employ的常用短语 employ sb as… 雇用某人当…employ sb to do sth 雇用某人做某事be employed in doing sth employ oneself in doing sth occupy的常用短语 occupy sb/oneself in doing sth/with sth 使某人/自己忙于（做）某事 be occupied in doing sth/with sth 忙于（做）某事favour的常用短语do sb a favour do a favour for sb in favour of 支持…ask sb for a favour ask a favour of sb vary的常用短语 vary from 不同于 vary from…to... 从…到…有所变化vary between...and... 在…和…之间变化 vary with 随…而变化 vary in sth （大小、形状等）不同有别call的常用短语 call on/at 拜访（on后跟人；at后跟地点名词）叫号召要求 call for 要求提倡 call in 召集来访 call off 取消延期 call up 给…打电话使回忆起征召（入伍） break的常用短语 break down （机器）损坏破坏出故障失败垮掉分解 break in 闯入打断插嘴 break into 闯入 break out （战争、火灾等）爆发break up 分散拆散驱散破裂break off 拆开折断 break away from 脱离打破word的常用短语 in other words 换句话说 have words with sb 与某人吵架have a word with sb 和某人说话beyond words 无法用言语表达break one’s word 食言 keep one’s word 信守诺言 in a word 总之简言之 word for word 逐字地 distinguish的常用短语 distinguish between A and B 区别A和B distinguish...from... 把…从…区别开来distinguish oneself (as) ... 作为…而出名be distinguished for 因…而出名 请求某人帮忙 帮某人的忙 从事某事忙于做某事

大学英语四级语法考点透析

第一章动词的时与体(Tense & Aspect) 时（tense）是个语法范畴，它是表示时间区别的动词形式。英语动词只有“现在时”和“过去时”，而没有“将来时”（在英语中，表示“将来”手段多种多样，但没有一种独特的、能与“现在时”和“过去时”平起平坐的专一表示“将来”的动词形式----“将来时”）。 体（aspect）也是一个语法范畴，它表示动作或过程在一定时间内处于何种状态的动词形式。英语有进行体(progressive aspect)和完成体(perfective aspect)。进行体是由助动词be的一定形式加主动词的-ing 分词构成；完成体由助动词have的一定形式加主动词的-ed分词构成。 现在时和过去时既可以单独使用，也可以和进行体或完成体结合使用，也可以同时与完成体和进行体结合使用。这样，英语的限定动词词组便有8种时、体形式。它们分别是：一般现在时(simple present)、一般过去时(simple past)、现在进行体(present progressive)、过去进行体(past progressive)、现在完成体(present perfective)、过去完成体(past perfective)、现在完成进行体(present perfective progressive)、过去完成进行体(past perfective progressive)。在这一章中，我们单独挑出完成体来加以详述。 1．1 必须使用完成体的结构 1）It (This, This evening, yesterday...) is (was, will be) first (second, third...) time (day, month…)…结构中的分句，要求用完成体。 Is this the first time you've been to Beijing? This was the first time he had been to Beijing. This is the eighth month that I have been out of work.. This was the eighth month that I had been out of work. This is the second time that the goods produced by our factory have been shown in the International Exhibition. This was the second time that the goods produced by our factory had been shown in the International Exhibition. 2）在no sooner…than, hardly/barely/scarcely…when,等的句型中，主句要用过去完成体。 He had no sooner seen me than he left the room. No sooner had he seen me than he left the room. The helicopter had hardly landed when the waiting crowd ran toward it. Scarcely had I seen the lightning when I heard a clap of thunder. 3）将来完成体用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的分句连用。 I will have finished all the work by the time you are back this evening. I am sure he will have left Paris by this time tomorrow. I hope we will have got all the information before you come tomorrow. By the time you get to New York, I _______for London. （2002年1月） A) would be leaving B) am leaving C) have already left D) shall have left 本题时间状语为by+将来时间，考察将来完成体用法，应选择D)。 By the time he arrives in Beijing, we ________here for two days.（2001年6月） A) have been staying B) have stayed C) shall stay D) will have stayed 将来完成体用来可以表示在将来某一时间以前一直持续的动作，本句话的意思是：我们将在这里呆两天，因此谓语动词用将来完成体，答案为D)。 1．2 现在完成体与现在完成进行体 现在完成进行体兼有现在完成体和现在进行体二者基本特点。由于它有现在完成体的特点，所以它

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六、倒装结构。分为全部倒装和部分倒装。那些否定词(组)、介词短语能引起倒装句，部分倒装和全部倒装有和区别，as在倒装结构中的用法及意义等等，都是考生应当重视的地方。 七、非谓语动词。①根据非谓语动词同其所修饰的名词或逻辑主语的一致关系，确定使用主动语态或被动语态，然后考虑采用现在分词、现在分词被动式或过去分词;②非谓语动词同主句谓语动词动作发生的先后关系。动作正在进行的用现在分词进行式，同时发生或不分先后发生的用现在现在分词一般式或过去分词;在主句谓语动词之前发生的用现在分词完成式、不定式完成式;发生在主句谓语动词之后的多用不定式一般式;③表状态多用分词，表目的多用不定式。

Body language 课文

Yesterday, another student and I, representing our university's student association, went to the Capital International Airport to meet this year's international students. They were coming to study at Beijing University. We would take them first to their dormitories and then to the student canteen. After half an hour of waiting for their flight to arrive, I saw several young people enter the waiting area looking around curiously. I stood for a minute watching them and then went to greet them. The first person to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain. After I met them and then introduced them to each other, I was very surprised. Tony approached Julia, touched her shoulder and kissed her on the cheek! She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands, as if in defence. I guessed that there was probably a major misunderstanding. Then Akira Nagata from Japan came in smiling, together with George Cook from Canada. As they were introduced, George reached his hand out to the Japanese student. Just at that moment, however, Akira bowed so his nose touched George's moving hand. They both apologized - another cultural mistake! Ahmed Aziz, another international student, was from Jordan. When we met yesterday, he moved very close to me as I introduced myself. I moved back a bit, but he came closer to ask a question and then shook my

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Body language 重点词汇

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be curious about sth.对......感到好奇 be curious to do sth.很想做......;急于做...... 4、approach vt.&vi.接近；靠近n.接近；途径 approach to sth./doing sth.解决......的方法 make an approach to sb.想接近某人 be approach to...(与......)差不多 5、defend vt.保护；保卫 defend...against/from防御；保卫......以免受 defend oneself自卫 defend sb. in court在法庭上为某人辩护 辨析：defend/protect/guard defend：“保卫；防御”，应用范围很广，其宾语可以是国家、权利、名誉等。也表示“辩护；辩解”； protect：指采取保护措施，使之不受伤害或损伤，常与介词from连用。 guard:“保卫；守卫”，指保持警惕以防可能的攻击或伤害 6、major adj.主要的 major in主修某一科目 major意为“较大的；较多的”时，无比较等级，既不能与than连用，也不能与to连用。