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中英诗歌听觉、视觉象似性及其文体功能

中英诗歌听觉、视觉象似性及其文体功能
中英诗歌听觉、视觉象似性及其文体功能

中英诗歌听觉、视觉象似性及其文体功能中文

人们对象似性的讨论由来已久。从中国古代仓颉造字的记录到古希腊著名的文学模仿论,符号象似性及文学象似性便已分别现其雏形。象似性理论是针对语言任意性理论提出来的。现代语言学奠基人索绪尔提出语言任意性原则,认为能指和所指之间并无自然联系,并将其视为统治整个语言系统的首要原则。与此相对,美国著名哲学家和符号学家皮尔斯区分了三种符号:象似符、标记符及象征符,三者因任意性程度不同而存在着差异。他将语言符号能指和所指之间存在的自然关系叫做象似性,并进一步把象似符分为映象符和拟象符。

自二十世纪六十年代,越来越多的语言学家意识到能指和所指之间的关系不能仅仅被概括为任意性,因而就语言象似性展开了深入讨论。目前,随着认知语言学的发展,有关语言象似性的研究已经取得丰硕成果,而对象似性的研究亦已深入到语言学研究各个领域。为象似性与其它学科的结合打下了坚实的理论基础。

从符号象似性理论出发,学者们认为,文学是象似的,文学莫不以各种方式映照现实。文学作品中许多艺术手法都是有意而为之。这些手法的使用,目的就是要使文学作品的形式尽量贴近其所要描述的客观现实和所要表达的心理体验。换言之,就是要使其形式尽可能“像”其内容。二者浑然一体,从而为读者提供更为便利,更具艺术性的审美体验。如今,尽管自然语言任意或象似之争仍颇为激烈。但是,就文学语言,特别是诗歌语言而言,象似性的普遍存在已是不可否认的客观事实。

其实,文学的象似性研究并非现代产物。无论中国对“象”的探索抑或西方对“image”和“icon”的研究都有着异常深刻的传统。但是,这些探索研究多以形上思辨为主。本文以中英语境中的具体诗歌语篇为材料支撑,分析象似性及其文体功能。本文长度所限,对语言所有层次进行分析难免影响论文深度。语音和视觉形式是诗歌语篇最为明显的特征,故本文选取语音象似性和视觉象似性两个层面展开详细分析。

本论文首先在阅读大量诗歌,特别是现代派和意象派诗歌的基础上,找出其中符合语音象似和视觉https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ef3777800.html,象似的典型诗篇加以细读。然后以这些具体诗篇为依据,分别分析其语言形式如何在语音和视觉两个层面上与其主题或内容保持默契一致。同时阐述这种一致性,或曰象似性,与文体选择以及文体表达力的相互关系。

本文将象似性理论运用于具体诗歌分析,再次证明象似性的确是文学语言的重要特征。经过本文分析,可以明确阐述这样的观点,即诗歌语言的语音和视觉形式既模仿现实世界和自然中的具体事物,又模仿人的经验、情感和思想世界,从而实现诗歌形意合一、形意和谐的艺术追求。这为研究和欣赏诗歌提供了一个新的视角。本文题为象似性及其文体功能,因此最为重要的是,通过本文分析,可以得出这样一个初步理论发现:象似性原则是作者进行文体形式选择的标准之一,同时它对于文本表达力的实现有着重要的促进作用。

译文

The discussion about iconicity has a long history. The archetypes of iconicity in signs and iconicity in literature can be traced back respectively far into the record of Cang Jie’s creation of characters in ancient China and the famous literary theory of mimesis in Greek Antiquity. Iconicity theory was proposed against the principle of arbitrariness. The latter was raised by Saussure, the founding father of modern linguistics, who held that there is no natural bond between signifier and signified, and this was deemed by him as the first principle in linguistics. Contrary to him, Peirce, the famous American philosopher and semiotician, differentiated three sorts of signs: symbol, index, and icon, which are different from each other according to their degree of iconicness. He termed the natural connection between signifier and signified as iconicity and further classified icon into iconic image and iconic diagram.

Ever since 1960s, more and more linguists have realized the relation between signifier and signified can never be oversimplified as arbitrariness, and much discussion was conducted on linguistic iconicity. By now, with the progress of cognitive linguistics, great achievements have already been attained, and the study on iconicity has also permeated into various aspects of linguistics. All these have laid the solid theoretic basis for the interdisciplinary research between iconicity and other fields.

Based on iconicity theory of signs, scholars tend to hold that literature is iconic, and it mirrors reality in this way or that. In literature, many crafts are deliberately used, in order to keep the form of literature staying as close as possible to the physical reality described or the mental experience expressed. In other words, they are used to make the form “like” the content to the widest extent. The “likeness” or affinity makes the form and the content as a whole, and renders readers’ aesthetic process a more facilitated and art-bounded experience. Although there are still heated disagreements between arbitrariness and iconicity in natural language, as far as concerned literary language, especially language in poetic context, the ubiquity of iconicity has already proved an undoubted fact.

As a matter of fact, the study of iconicity in literature is not modern. It has extraordinarily deep traditions in both the explorations of xiang in China and the studies of image or icon in the West. However, most of the explorations and studies are metaphysical speculation in nature. Unlike them, this thesis takes concrete Chinese and English poems as supporting material to discuss iconicity and its stylistic functions. Limited by the space, it is impossible to conduct an iconic study of poetry on every hierarchy of language, which may also impair the depth of the thesis. This thesis carries out a detailed study on the levels of sound iconicity and visual iconicity, because sound pattern and visual form are the most obvious surface features of poetry.

To conduct the study, first of all, after the scanning of many poems, especially those from modernist and imagist school, the ones typical of sound iconicity and visual iconicity are selected out for close reading. Based on these

concrete poetic texts, analysis is conducted as to how their sound pattern and visual form respectively correspond with their themes or contents in a tacit way. Expatiation is also made as to the relation between the form-content correspondence or iconicity on the one hand and stylistic choice and stylistic expressivity on the other.

By the analysis of iconicity in concrete poems, it is again proved that iconicity is an important feature of literary language. After the analysis of this thesis, we can come to the conclusion that the sound and visual forms of poetry imitate both the physical reality and the psychological experience, and that it is by means of the imitation that the artistic pursuit of form-meaning affinity is accomplished. This may provide a new perspective for the study and appreciation of poetry. As the title suggests, this thesis is a study of iconicity and its stylistic functions. Therefore, most important of all, after the analysis of the thesis, we get a theoretic discovery though preliminarily: the iconicity theory on sound and visual levels is one of the important bases or links between the choice of form and the choice of meaning in literature, and that it can be helpfully contributive to the realization of expressivity in texts.

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