英语国家概况考试复习要点

英语国家概况复习要点

Part One UK

The Country

1.Different Names for Britain and its Parts

Name：England Britain Great Britain (GB/G.B.) British Isles

British Empire The Commonwealth The United Kingdom(The UK)

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Parts：England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland

2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Geographically, the British Isles includes Great Britain, the whole of Ireland, and all the offshore islands

Politically, the British Isles is made up of U.K. and Republic of Ireland.

3. the highest mountain in Britain：Ben Nevis(本尼维斯山)

the largest mountain range in Britain：the Grampians（格兰扁山脉）

4.the longest river：The Severn River (塞文河)

The most important river in Britain and the second longest river:

Thames（泰晤士河）

5. the largest lake in Britain：Lough Neagh（内伊湖）( Northern Ireland)

6. Backbone of England：the Pennies（奔宁山脉）

The people

7.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.

人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人。

8.Basis of Modern English race?

The earlist people known in Britain were nomads（游牧者）from mainland Europe in the Old Stone Age（旧石器时代）,followed by Neolithic（新石器时代）Iberians （伊比利亚人) and the Beaker Folk(比克人）in the Bronze Age（青铜器时代）

9.the contributions made by Anglo-Saxons to the English state?

①.established 'Old English'

②.laid the foundations of the English state

③. divided the country into shires

④. created the 'Witan' to advise the King(the basis of the Cabinet)

10.different invaders?

First invasion—In 55 BC, Julius Caesar

Second—Caesar's second raid in 54 BC

Third and final—In 43 AD, Emperor Claudius, final and successful Roman invasion of Britain (recorded)

Left—In 410, Germanic barbarian attack Rome, forcing Roman troops to leave Britain, and thus ending its occupation of the island

History

9.Who is known as “ the father of the British navy” ? Sir Francis Drake

10. The Norman Conquest and its consequences

The Norman Conquest (1066-1071)

Fuse: Edward ruled for 24 years and died in January, 1066. Harold was chosen to

be king. William, Duke of Normandy, heard the news of Harold’s coronation, he got very angry and claimed that he had the sole right to be king of England because Edward had promised the crown to him and that Harold had promised to help him become king of England. Duke William led army and landed on the coast. The two armies met at Hastings.

Consequences：

It increased the process of feudalism.

William established a strong monarchy in England.

He introduced new ideas in laws.

It brought changes in the church.

The French language came along with the Normans.

11.When was the feudal system established in England?（封建制度）

Under William, the feudal system was completely established.

Medieval Britain (1066-1485)

12. Who signed Great Charter? King John （签署大宪章）

13. Great Charter (time, contents, nature)

Time: Magna Carta 1215

Contents:（内容）

A. the king was not to exact payments from the feudal vassals without their consent;

B. the laws were not to be modified by the arbitrary action of the king;

C. should the king attempt to free himself from law, the vassals had the right to force the king to obey it, by civil war or by otherwise.

Nature: a feudal document

14.The Hundred Years’ War

①. Time: intermittently from 1337 to 1453

②. Countries: France and Britain

③. Factors: partly territorial and partly economic

The English kings wanted to get back the lost land in France.

The economic interests of England and France clashed in Flanders.

New national consciousness of England

④. Fuse: French throne succession——Edward III claimed the French Crown. The French refused to recognize the claim.

⑤.Three outstanding stages of the war

A. At first the English were brilliantly successful.

B. Henry V renewed the war in 1415 and he was recognized to the French throne in 1420.

C. After Henry V’s death in 1422, the French, encouraged by Joan of Arc, their national heroine, drove the English out of France.

⑥. Two decisive reasons for French to win:

effective use of guns &“Joan of Arc”

⑦.Significance:

The war was very expensive and it cost the English great deal of death, wealth and property, thus the feudal rule was weakened in the war.

⑧.Effects of the war:

After this war, the ruling Normans began to:

A. regard England as their home.

B. regard themselves as belongings to the English nation.

C. reestablish English (language) as their official language.

D. make effort to try to develop their industry

(The expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries; the superior size and wealth of France would have hindered the development of separate English national identity, while French national identity was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.)

15.The War of Roses (1455--1485)

①. Rival groups：the House of Lancaster & the House of York

②. The name of the war：The Lancastrians wore the badge of the red rose and the Yorkists wore the badge of the white rose, so the war got such a name.

③. Nature of the war：feudal civil war, for power and wealth, for the possession of the Crown

④.Reason：

In the Hundred Years’ War, the loss was great. So the war-like nobles wanted to recoup for the loss, thus they all wanted to get power. The English nobles began to be divided and began to support different groups, in such a situation, the war broke out. At that time, the House of Lancaster was in power and Henry VI(1422-1461) was the king and the House of York wanted to displace the House of Lancaster.

⑤.Result:

The Yorkist got complete victory, House of York 约克王朝(1461-1485) but a third House, the House of Tudor got the power. Henry VII became the king. So a new important Dynasty began in English history.

⑥. Consequence：Henry Tudor won (descendant of Duke of Lancaster)

Although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for 30 years, ordinary people were little affected. From these wars feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited. The king’s power no w became supreme. This war shook off much of the feudal burden, so it paved way for the development of capitalism.

16. The English Reformation

①. Reasons

A. The church of the Middle Ages had not been only a religious body, but also a political and legal power as well. The greed and laziness of the church hindered the social and political progress of England.

B. Henry VIII had trouble in his divorce. He realized that foreign interference in England must be stopped.

②. Course

A. By a special act by parliament , Henry divorced and broke with the Pope.

B. In 1534, Act of Supremacy: Henry became the head of the English Church.

③.Effects

A.English Church became independent of Rome. The Roman Catholic church was international, the English Church was strictly national.

B. The new landlords formed a new class--- a new nobility.

C. Those who want to change any part of the faith were called Protestants.

D. Henry’s trust in Parliament allowed the House of Commons to develop rapidly.

④.Nature

The struggle between the English Church & Catholicism was essentially a struggle between the new “nobility” of money & bourgeoisie on the one hand and the remnants of feudalism on the other.

⑤.People involved

A. Edward VI(1547-1553): king after Henry Ⅷ’s death

B. “Bloody” Mary(1553-1558):daughter of Catherine, reestablished Catholicism and burnt three hundred Protestants.

C. Elizabeth I (1558-1603): Queen after Mary, restored Anglican Church.

17. Renassaince in England is largely literary. Important repersentatives? Distinguished Representatives：

A. Sir Thomas More, the greatest English humanist, “Utopia”

B.William Shakespeare(1564-1616)greatest dramatist , 37 comedies, tragedies and histories

C. poetry----Spenser, Sidney, Shakespeare & Donne

D. John Milton’s Paradise Lost, 1667

E. English materialism---Francis Bacon(1561-1626)also a statesman& an essayist

18.Civil War (1642-1649)（内战）

①.Background of the war（战争的背景）

The absolutist rule of Charles I aroused the resistance of the people and the bourgeoisie, Charles took counteraction, the war broke out.

②. Groups of the war

A. Roundheads--supporters of Parliament

free farmers; tradesmen; craftsmen

B. Cavaliers/Royalists--King’s supporters

Catholics; feudal lord

③.Consequence

1649, Charles’army was defeated, he was beheaded; in May 1649, England was declared a Commonwealth（共和政府时期）.

In 1653, Cromwell was made Lord Protector（护国公）for life and started his military dictatorship openly. The Commonwealth became the Protectorate（摄政时期）and Parliament was dissolved. He became a“king”in all but name.

19.The Glorious Revolution of 1688（1688年的光荣革命）

After three years’ struggle, the Whig and Tory leaders at last united against James II. Being afraid of another revolution, the leaders of the two parties planned a coup Detat. In June 1688, the leaders of Parliament invited William of Holland to come and take the throne. William landed with army and he was so welcomed that James II ran away to France. William and Mary were then crowned as joint rulers. This was known in history as The Glorious Revolution.

20. Whigs and Tories（辉格党和保守党）

The Roundheads—The Whigs—The Liberal Party

The Cavaliers—The Tories—The Conservative Party

21. The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)（工业革命）

①.Definition （定义）

During the latter half of the eighteenth century, a rapid series of extensive changes began, especially in the field of manufacturing. There were so many new inventions that the whole series of changes is often described as the “Industrial Revolution”.

②. Inventions（发明）

A. In 1750s iron smelting was revolutionized.

B. In 1769, the steam engine was created by James Watt.

C. In 1785, the power loom the application of power to machinery

D. The use of iron and coal

E. In 1764, the Spinning Jenny was invented

G. In 1814, the first successful steam locomotive

③. Consequences of the Industrial Revolution（工业革命的后果）

A. The Industrial Revolution was not only a technological revolution but also a great social upheaval. It exerted a great influence on both British society and the world.

B. The Industrial Revolution promoted the development of production. It began to produce large quantity of low- priced goods in a more efficient manner.

C. New cities came into being; population increased; the home market was enlarged.

D. British goods almost achieved a monopoly situation in the world market. It laid a foundation for the “ factory of the world”.

E. A factory system was established. Workers were employed and managers became capitalists.

F. Two conflicting classes were born .

G．A series of important inventions in the textile industry marked the beginning of Industrial Revolution: （工业革命）

?Spinning Jenny 珍妮纺纱机

?Spinning mule 走锭细纱机

?Power loom 动力纺纱机

?Steam engine 蒸汽机

H．Means of transportation（交通方式）

?canals were dug to ship goods

?the locomotive invented in 1814

?the first railway completed in 1825

?large merchant fleet

I．By the middle of 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain

J．Its influence：Britain changed in many ways

（1）dramatically increased industrial productivity

（2）the process of urbanization

（3）changes in class structure

（4）The conflict between the capitalists and the proletarians—the most important political issue

22. James Watt’s steam engine in 1765.

Government and Politics

23. constitutional monarchy, the head of state is a king or a queen.

君主立宪制国家,国家的首脑是国王或女王。

24.the monarch is supposed to reigns but not rule.

To reign but not to rule: perform ceremonial duties; symbolic

25.three elements of parliament（议会组成）

The Crown The House of Lords The House of Commons

26.The main functions of Parliament（议会的主要作用）

●To legislate

●To vote the taxation and expenditures of the government

●To examine government policies and administration

●To debate major current political issues

27.Where does the real power lie? Cabinet（内阁）

Cabinet：The major decision-making body in the government

28.two parties in the UK（政党）

The Labour Party: believe in the supervision of industry by the government, distribution of wealth and equal opportunity for everyone

The Conservative Party: support private enterprise and minimal state regulation; accept the mixed economy; believe in a governing class with a natural right and special privileges

Judiciary（司法）

29. There is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor the Home Secretary and the Attorney General.

30. The jury composed of 12 members. 陪审团有12个成员。

31. Scotland Yard(伦敦警察厅）: headquarter of the Metropolitan Police Education

32.the compulsory education（义务教育）

Primary and secondary education in the UK is compulsory. Children between 5 --16 years old are obliged to attend school.

33.two education system

private schools 私立学校public schools公学

34. the oldest university：Oxford

Others

35.The largest religious festival：Christmas

36. The oldest newspaper：The Times

37. most famous broadcasting company：the British Broadcasting Corporation（the BBC）

The most desirable home: a detached house 最理想的家:独立式住宅

Part Two USA

The country

1. 50 states (the largest, the smallest, the purchased ones)（50个州）

Alaska—the largest （阿拉斯加州）

Rhode Island—the smallest （罗德岛州）

Texas—the largest on the mainland（德克萨斯州）

Alaska—the purchased ones（购买）

2. 13 colonies（13个殖民地）

Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America

Delaware 特拉华Pennsylvania 宾夕法尼亚New Jersey 新泽西

Georgia 乔治亚Connecticut康涅狄格Massachusetts 麻萨诸塞

Maryland 马里兰South Carolina 南卡罗来纳

New Hampshire 新罕布什尔Virginia 弗吉尼亚New York 纽约

North Carolina 北卡罗来纳Rhode Island 罗德岛

3. 5 great lakes, the longest river?

Lake Michigan; Lake Superior; Lake Huron; Lake Erie; Lake Ontario

the longest river：the Mississippi River（密西西比河）

4.who discovered the new continent?

In 1492, Christopher Columbus, found America, a new continent instead of India. History

4.Independence war

1775, 13 colonies began rebellion

1776, proclamation of independence

1777, victory at Saratoga, the turning point of American revolution

1781, surrender of Britain

1783, Treaty of Paris represented the formal acknowledgement of the US as an independent nation

Causes:

growing intense conflicts between the British government and the American people: The British government:

?to bring the development of the colonies under control

?to collect more taxes.

?practiced unfair price policies

?put into effect many taxes:

The Stamp Act: (印花税法令）

an act passed by the British parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial

documents opposition by the colonies resulted in the repeal of the act in 1766

the Townshend Acts(唐森德条令)

All goods imported into the colonies must be taxed. They were appealed in 1770. The 13 colonies:

?wanted more power to determine their own business

?opposed the unfair treatment and all these policies.

?The Boston Massacre（波士顿大屠杀）(1770)

?Some British solders fired at the people, killed four and wounded many. The event made the people indignant.

?The Boston Tea Party(波士顿倾茶事件）

?demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor organized as a protest against taxes on tea

?an example of the conflicts between the British

?government and the American people.

5.Continental congress

The First Continental Congress1774 (第一次大陆会议）

?held in Philadelphia in September, 1774 before the war.

?encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods.

?Colonial militia units were organized and weapons and ammunition were collected and stored since then.

Beginning of the War

?The shots at Lexington started the Independence War on April 19, 1775.

The Second Continental Congress (第二次大陆会议）

?held in Philadelphia in May, 1775 three weeks after the battles of Lexington and Concord.

?The Congress founded a Continental Army and Navy under the command of George Washington, a Virginia militia commander.

The Declaration of Independence July4, 1776 （独立宣言）

?drafted by Thomas Jefferson

?adopted by the Congress on July4, 1776

?declared the independence of the 13 colonies

6. Civil war（内战1861-1865）

The Situation Before the War:

Two economic systems in the North and the South

North Capitalist Economy

South Plantation

The Growth of the working class

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

free and slave states (1860)

Abraham Lincoln was elected president and opposed the expansion of slavery.

Some southern states formed the Confederate States of America in 1861.

a war to abolish slavery

Union army Vs. Confederate army

Surpasses all other wars for the tragedy and destructiveness.

Effect: put an end to the salve system in America

Aftermath of the war:

In south: KKK(Ku Klux Klan)

In north: building an enterprising way of life

In west: cowboy

7.Great depression (1930’s)（经济危机）

The stock market crash in 1929

Massive unemployment, factory and mill closings, and mortgage foreclosures

A breakdown of the nation’s entire economy

8.New Deal

Franklin D. Roosevelt: “New Deal” （罗斯福新政）

The aim was to save American democracy and the capitalist system

The programs and policies to promote economic recovery and social reform American Identity

9.melting pot/ “a nation of immigrants”（熔炉/“移民国家”）

Reasons:

①.Country was settled, built, and developed by generations of immigrants

②. America continues to take in more immigrants than any other country.

③. The most heterogeneous(多种多样的) societies

Influence:America exercising far greater influence on Europe than Europe on America.

10.Indian Reservations（印第安保留地）

Indians’struggle and sufferings:

①. first driven out of their familiar land

②. either wholly or partially destroyed

③. lose their land to white invaders

④. lose their peaceful family & community life

⑤.“Indian Reservations”

Today’s Indians:

①. the poorest

②. lower incomes

③. the highest unemployment, school dropout, and suicide rates

④. malnutrition & mental illness & short life expectancy

⑤. call of pan-Indianism

Political Institutions

11.Checks and balances （分权制衡）

12.Congress（国会）

The legislative branch of the federal government.

Congress：Senate (参议院):2年选1/3,6年

House of Representatives (众议院):2年全选，2年

表格对比：

Congress Members Be elected Terms of office represent

Senators 100 1/3 every 2 years 6 years All of the people in a state & their interests

Representatives 435 every 2 years 2 years Population of “congressional districts”

Congress makes all laws.

Each state has two Senators, regardless of population, and, since there are 50 states, then there are 100 senators.

13.General election（大选）

Is elected every 4 years

4-year term of office

No more than 2 full terms allowed

He must convince Congressmen, the Representatives & the Senators.

14.two parties（两党）

the American political system is dominated by two political parties:

the Democratic Party（民主党donkey）

the Republican Party（共和党elephant）

The Democratic Party is sometimes represented as a donkey, while the Republican Party is sometimes featured as an elephant.

15.The Supreme Court is the highest court of the U.S and is the only organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution

最高法院唯一有权解释宪法

Education

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e37836958.html,pulsory education（义务教育）

Elementary（初等）and secondary（中等）education—the basis of public education, free and compulsory, 12 grades

One academic year—from September through June

Different divisions of school systems:

elementary school—one through eight

high school—next four years

elementary school—one through six

junior high school—seven through nine

senior high school—ten through twelve

Higher education of the U.S began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. （高等教育始于哈佛学院的建立）

The beginning of higher education—the founding of Harvard College in 1636

17.list some famous universites in America, are they public or private? The oldest one is ?

Ivy League—including eight universities (Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth,Harvard, Pennsylvania, Princeton, and Yale)

MIT—Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）

Harvard is the oldest one.

Others

18.the typical American festival is ?

New Year’s Day（新年）Epiphany（显现节，主显节）

Lent（四旬斋）Candlemas Day圣烛节、土拨鼠日

St. Valentine's Day（情人节）Easter复活节Thanksgiving

Halloween万圣节Washington's Birthday（华盛顿诞辰日）

Lincoln's Birthday（林肯纪念日）President's Day（总统纪念日）

19.Independence Day （美国独立纪念日）

Independence Day is the most important patriotic holiday.

The national day—the 4th of July On this day in 1776, the Continental Congress adopted The Declaration of Independence.

4th July: The Fourth of July is a very important holiday in the U.S. We celebrate the signing of the Declaration of Independence by representatives of the thirteen American Colonies.

On July 4, 1776, John Hancock, Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin, well-known patriots, declared the independence of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain. This holiday is considered the `birthday of the United States of America.' It is the greatest non-religious holiday on the U.S. We celebrate this day with fireworks and parades.

英语国家概况的复习资料

英语国家概况考试题型如下： 1.选择题（30 X 1’） 2.填空题（20 X 1’） 3.简答（10 X 2’）--必须回答完整的句子 4.分析题（6 X 5’）-- 必须回答完整的句子 总分100 分 主要内容包括： 一．U.S. Geography 1.Full name of U.S.. 2.Number of States: 50 states. 3.After President Jefferson brought the Louisiana territory from France there was a desire for territorial expansion among many frontier men. 4.The U.S. has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometers. The fourth largest countries. 5.Taxas is the largest mainland state of the U.S.. Alaska is the largest state of the U.S.. 6.Hawaii is in the Pacific Ocean. 7.America’s movies are mostly made in Hollywood near the city of Los Angeles in south California. 二．U.S. People 1.The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the US is the Blacks (Afriican-Americans). 2.The “first Americans” were the Indians. 3.The Asian-Americans are the fastest-growing racial and ethnic group in the United States. 4.The first permanent settlement in North America was established in today’s V erginia in the year of 1607. 5.The “Three Faiths” in the U.S. refer to: ?Protestan ?Catholic ?Jewish 6.The majority of the Catholics in the U.S. are descendants of immigrants from Ireland, Italy and Poland. 7.American society is a stratified one in which power, wealth and pestige are unequally distributed among the population. 8.WASP stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant.

英语国家概况_习题集(含答案)

《英语国家概况》课程习题集西南科技大学成人、网络教育学院版权所有 习题 【说明】：本课程《英语国家概况》（编号为12010）共有单选题,名词解释题,简答题,填空题2等多种试题类型，其中，本习题集中有[简答题]等试题类型未进入。 一、单选题 1. Celts were different groups of ancient people who came originally from________ A. France B. Denmark C. Ireland D. Germany 2. Who invaded and conquered Britain for the first time in 55 BC? A. Emperor Claudius B. Julius Caesar C. King Alfred D. King Ethelred 3. Who is the author of Murder in the Cathedral? A. Christopher Marlowe B. T. S. Eliot C. Ben Johnson D. Thomas Becket 4.When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658, and was succeeded by his son, ______, the regime began immediately to collapse. A. Henry B. Hamilton C. Richard D. Charles 5. The 18th century saw selective breeding of cattle, sheep and houses by _________. A. Jethro Tull B. Thomas Coke C. George III D. Robert Bakewell 6. Which of the following is not one of the members of the Lords Temporal? A. all hereditary peers and peeresses of the England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom (but not peers of Ireland) B. lire peers created to assist the House in its judicial duties C. senior bishops of the Church of England D. all other life peers 7. Two years after the ending of the Hundred Years’ War with France, England was thrown into another series of civil wars, ________. A. the War of the Celts

【优质】英语国家概况试卷1及答案

I. Choose the correct answer from the options given: （20 points, 1 point each） 1. Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of London ? A. The cultural centre. B. The business centre. C. The financial centre. D. The sports centre. 2. Which of the following is NOT true about the characteristics of Britain ? A. Economic differences between north and south. B. Differences of social systems between Scotland and Wales. C. Class differences between a white-collar worker and a blue-collar worker. D. Cultural differences between immigrants and the British. 3. In 1969, the first British soldiers were seen on Northern Ireland Street They came first _______. A. to maintain traffic order in Northern Ireland B. to protect the Catholic people C. to protect the Protestant people D. to replace the Royal Ulster Constabulary since they were unable to keep social Order 4. In the early 1970s, the IRA _________. A. killed many Protestants and Catholics B. burned down the houses of Catholics’ C. murdered individuals at random D. carried out a series of bombing and shooting and attacked the security forces as their main target 5. Why did the British government decide to replace the Power-Sharing policy with “direct-rule” from London ? A. The Power-Sharing policy was not accepted by the majority of Protestants. B. The Northern Irish Parliament could not govern the province effectively. C. The Power-Sharing policy couldn’t be carried out. D. All the above.

英语国家概况试卷

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