化学专业英语常用词汇
《专业英语》☆Elements of 1-36
☆常用：ppm: parts per million
ppb: parts per billion
pH: potential of hydrogen
1. 化合物的命名：规则：金属(或某些非金属)元素+阴离子名称
(1)MgCl2 magnesium [m?ɡ’ni:zj?m] chloride
(2)NaNO2 sodium nitrite[‘naitrait]
(3)KNO3 potassium[p?’t?si?m] nitrate [‘n aitreit]
(4)硝酸 nitric acid
(5)NaHCO3 sodium hydrogen carbonate
练习：
?FeBr2
?(NH4)2SO4
?NH4H2PO4
?KMnO4
?亚硫酸
?sulfurous acid
?H2S
?NO
2 有机物命名
?Hydrocarbon
?{Aliphatic hydrocarbon; Aromatic Hydrocarbon}
?Aliphatic hydrocarbon (脂肪烃)
?{Alkane (烷); Alkene(烯); Alkyne(炔)}
?Alcohol 醇
?Aldehyde 醛
?Ketone [‘k i:t?un] 酮
?Carboxylic acid 羧酸
?Aromatic hydrocarbon(芳香烃)
?{benzene (苯) hydroxybenzene(酚) quinone(醌)
无机物中关于数字的写法
mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca-
一，二，三，四，五，六，七，八，九，十
有机物中关于数字的写法
meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent-, hex-,
甲乙丙丁戊已
hept-, oct-, non-, dec-, cyclo-, poly-
庚辛壬葵环聚
练习
?甲烷乙炔
?丙酮丁醇
?戊烷己烯
?庚醛辛烷
?2-甲基壬酸 3,5-二乙基癸醇
Lithium [‘liθi?m] n.锂
Beryllium [b?’rilj?m] n.铍(Be)
Sodium [‘s?udi?m] n.钠
Potassium [p?’t?si?m] 钾
Rubidium [ru:’bidi?m] 铷
Caesium [‘si:zi?m] 铯
Nucleus[‘nju:kli s] 原子核，是nuclear的复数
Halogen[‘h?l?d??n] 卤素
general chemistry 普通化学
positive[‘p?z?tiv] ion 阳离子
orbital electron 轨道电子
effective nuclear charge 有效核电荷
atomic radius 原子半径，raddi的复数
ionic radius 离子半径
negative ion 阴离子
electron cloud 电子云
Van der Waals non-bounded radius
单质分子晶体中相邻分子间两个非键合原子核间距离的一半称为范德华半径
metallic [mi’t?lik] character[‘k?rikt?] 金属特性
electropositive [I’lektr?u’p?z?tiv] a.带正电的
Ionization [‘ai?nai’zei??n] energy 电离能
carbon 碳 germanium[d??:’meini?m] 锗
tin [tin] 锡 lead [led] 铅
sodium[‘s?udi?m] 钠 magnesium[m?ɡ’ni:zj?m] 镁silicon [‘silik?n] 硅 chlorine [’kl?:ri:n] 氯
nonmetallic [‘n?nmi’t?lik]adj.n.非金属的，非金属
Electronegativity 电负性
Metallic oxide 金属氧化物
Metallic hydroxide [hai’dr?ksaid] 金属氢氧化物
Hydroxyl [hai‘dr?ksil] ions 氢氧根离子
insoluble[in’s?ljubl] 不溶解的
Ionic [ai‘?nik] adj. 离子的
Transition element 过渡元素
Basicity [b?’sisiti] n. 碱性，碱度
Oxyacid [,?ksi’?sid] 含氧酸
Carbonate [‘kɑ:b?neit] 碳酸盐
Nitrate [‘naitreit] 硝酸盐
Sulphate [‘s?lfeit] 硫酸盐 = sulfate
Amphoteric [,?mf?’terik] adj.两性的
Acid [‘?sid] n. ad j.
alkali [‘?lk?lai] n.adj.
Hydration [hai’drei??n] 水合作用
Hydrolyze [‘haidr?laiz] vi. 水解
Oxysalt [‘?ksis?:lt] 含氧酸盐
Complex 络合物，复合物
句子理解
1) Metals are electropositive and have a tendency to loss electrons, if supplied
with energy: M M+ + e. 金属是电正性的，如果供给能量，有失去电子的趋势。
2) The stronger this tendency, the more electropositive and more metallic an
element is. （元素失电子）趋势越强，其电正性和金属性越强。
3) Thus sodium and magnesium are more metallic than silicon, which in turn, is
more metallic than chlorine. 因此，钠和镁的金属性比硅强，以此类推，硅的金属性比氯强。Which 引导非限定定语从句，修饰Silicon
4) Oxides, which are insoluble in water, are regarded as basic if they react with
acids to form salts. 不溶于水的氧化物，如果和酸能够反应生成盐，则认为是碱性的。
5) Weakly electropositive elements are unaffected by water and are much less
readily attacked by acids. 弱电正性的金属不与水反应，且不易与酸反应
6) Salts of strongly electropositive metals have little tendency to
form oxysalts. 强电正性的金属盐水解形成含氧酸盐的趋势很小。
It is + adj.+ to：It is advantageous to work at lower temperature It is possible to do sth.
?It seems advantageous to do sth.
?It appears useful to do sth.
?It proves correct to do sth.
?It becomes obvious to do sth.
?It is important to do sth.
?It is clear to do sth. （明显的）
?It is apparent to do sth.（显而易见的）
?It is necessary (for us) to know how to convert energy from one form into another.
It is + adj. + that
?It is apparent that the difference between elements is in the structure of their atoms.
?It is important that the polymerization proceeds under nitrogen atmosphere
It is + 过去分词+ that
It is + believed + that
（accepted、mentioned、proposed、found、supposed、recommended、known）
e.g. It is found that oxygen plays an important role in the reaction
It is + 名词（动名词）+ that
(1) It is worth noting (mentioning) that ……值得一提的是……
e.g. It is worth noting that the polymer is highly soluble inorganic solvents.
(2) It is no use that
(3) It is a fact that ……事实上
It +不及物动词+ tha
1) It turns out that……（seems、appears）
2) It follows that……由此可见…..
3) It goes without saying that…... 毫无疑问……
e.g. It goes without saying that the material does not have good stability in air.
It +系动词+ that （被动句型，See P29)
?It is considered that ……….
（understood、supposed、suggested 、noticed、preferred ）
?It is generally recognized that ……
?It can be foreseen that ……
?It must be stressed that……
It has been shown that ……
Vocabulary
Galvanize [‘ɡ?lv?naiz]vt.通电流于；电镀;镀锌于
iron[‘ai?n] 铁 Zinc [zi?k] 锌
rusting [r?sti?] n 生锈
anodic [?’n?dik] adj. 阳极的
Scratch [skr?t?] vt. & vi.擦伤，刮伤
Sacrifice [‘s?krifais] n. vt. & vi.牺牲, 舍身
Magnesium [m?ɡ’ni:zj?m] n.镁
Pipeline [’paiplain] n.管道, 管线
hull [h?l] n.船体, 船身
Consolidate [k?n’s?lideit] vt. & vi.(使)巩固; (使)加强;合并，统一
hydrogen[‘haidr?d??n] 氢
Copper [‘k?p?] 铜
Disproportionate [‘dispr?’p?:??nit] adj. 不相称的, 不成比例的, 不均匀的;歧化
需掌握的词汇
氧化还原反应
iron[‘ai?n] 铁 Zinc [zi?k] 锌
Forward reaction 正向反应
spontaneous [sp?n’teini?s] reaction自发反应
anodic protection 阳极保护
Magnesium [m?ɡ’ni:zj?m] n.镁
Reduction potential 还原电势
Strong oxidizing、reducing agent 强氧化/还原剂
Standard electrode potential 标准电极电势
hydrogen[‘haidr?d??n] 氢
Thermodynamic functions 热力学函数
Free energy吉布斯自由能
Copper [‘k?p?] 铜
Disproportionate [‘dispr?’p?:??nit] adj. 不相称的, 不成比例的, 不均匀的;歧化
Self-oxidizing/reducing agent 自氧化（还原）剂
Ferrous 亚铁
Ferric 三价铁
句子理解
1)Oxidation is the removal of electrons from, and reduction is the addition of
electrons to an atom.氧化反应是原子失去电子，而还原反应是原子得到电子。
2)Consider the galvanizing of iron, that is coating from with zinc to prevent
rusting.（关于）铁的电镀，是用锌作镀层来防止铁锈生成。
3)If the galvanized steel （镀锌钢材）is scratched, allowing the air to oxidize
some iron, the Fe2+ produced is immediately reduced to iron by the zinc, and rusting does not occur.如果镀锌钢材被刮伤，部分铁被空气氧化，生成的Fe2+（可以）立即被锌还原成铁，这样避免了锈蚀。
4)This information is consolidated into a single diagram, in which the highest
oxidation state is written at the left, and the lowest state at the right.
这一知识（可以）统一为专门的图示，即高氧化态写在左边，低氧化态写在右边。
5)M aterials which are generally accepted as oxidizing agents have E0 values above
+0.8 Volts, those such as Fe3+→Fe2+ of about 0.8volts are stable (equally oxidizing and reducing), and those below 0.8 volts becoming increasingly reducing.通常作为氧化剂的材料其（还原电势）E0大于0.8V，以及那些如Fe3+→Fe2+等于0.8V的材料是稳定的（氧化和还原反应趋势相等），而那些还原电势低于0.8V的材料还原性增加。
6)Since the zinc reaction in the forward reaction produces a larger negative
potential, that is liberates more energy, the spontaneous reaction is……
由于锌的正向反应产生较大的负电势，也即释放较多能量，则自发反应是……
Vocabulary
Petroleum [pi’tr?uli?m] 石油
Geologic[d?i?’l?d?ik] adj.地质(学)的
Prohibitive[pr?’hibitiv] adj.禁止的，抑制的
Homologous [h?’m?l?ɡ?s]adj.相应的，类似的，同源的
Ingenuity[‘?nd?i’njuiti] n.机灵, 独创性, 精巧, 灵活性
Terminology[‘t?:mi’n?l?d?i] n.术语学
Acquisition [‘?kwi’zi??n]n.获得，获得物
Nomenclature [n?u’me?kl?t??] n.命名法，术语
Systematize[‘sistim?taiz] v. 系统化
Procurement [pr?’kju?ment]n.获得，取得
Lubricant [‘lju:brik?nt]n.润滑剂
Aliphatic [‘?li’f?tik] adj. 脂肪族的
Aromatic [‘?r?u’m?tik] adj. 芳香物族的
benzene[‘benzi:n] n.苯
biological [‘bai?’l?d?ik?l] adj.生物学的
isolation[‘ais?’lei??n] n.隔绝, 孤立, 离析
Elaborate [I’l?b?reit] adj. 精心制作的, 详细阐述的, 精细 vt.精心制作, 详细阐述v.详细描述
Painstaking [‘peinz’teiki?] n.苦干, 辛苦 adj.辛苦的, 辛勤的, 艰苦的
criteria n.标准
empirical [em’pirik?l] adj.完全根据经验的, 经验主义的, [化]实验式
molecular [m?u’lekjul?] adj.分子的, 由分子组成的
coincide [‘k?uin’said] with vi. 一致, 符合
assignment [?’sainm?nt] n. 分配, 委派, 任务, 作业
unambiguous [,?n?m’biɡju?s] adj.不含糊的, 明确的
Standpoint [‘st?ndp?int] n.立场，观点
需要掌握的词和短语
有机化学
organic compound 有机化合物
homologous series of compounds同系物
aliphatic compounds 脂族化合物
aromatic compounds芳香族化合物
benzene derivative 苯衍生物
empirical formula 实验式，经验式
molecular formula 分子式
structural formula 结构式
molecular weight 分子量
qualitative analysis 定性分析
quantitative analysis定量分析
常用短语
●be formed through
●be derived from
●be described as
●be defined as
●be entitled
●be divided into
●In summary
句子理解
1) Once the structural relationships of certain typical members of a particular group or family of compounds are understood, these structural features are understood for any one of the many members of the family, even though some may not be known compounds.
一旦了解了某一特定类或族中典型化合物的结构关系，则可以推断这一族中任一化合物的结构特点，（包括）那些（即使）未知化合物的结构特点。
2) Another important phase of the study of organic chemistry is communication, or exchange of information, among organic chemists.
Study 此处为研究Phase 方面
3) This science of nomenclature [n?u’me?kl?t??] has received considerable attention during the development of organic chemistry, and it will constitute a second important topic for consideration in connection with each homologous
series of compounds to be studied.
这种命名法在有机化学的发展过程中受到相当重视，它将构成研究每一同系物时要考虑的第二个重要主题
4) A third important topic for consideration in connection with each homologous series of compounds is procurement [pr?’kju?ment] .
与各种同系物相关的第三个主题是（如何）制取（该类物质）。
5) Many as pointed out earlier, are naturally occurring. It is more often used, however, to mean the chemical process of changing or converting an available compound into the desired compound, either in the laboratory or on a larger scale, as in a manufacturing plant.
合成一词是指由较小的单元构筑某种分子。然而更常用的是指在实验室或生产规模的，由已知物质转化成所要求的某种物质的化学过程。
6) In order that the above conversion of one compound to another may be accomplished, the chemical properties of each compound must be understood.
为使上述转化（由一种物质转化成另一种物质）能够实现，
7) Again, the solution of this problem would be impossible were it not for the fact that the chemical properties of a family of compounds are documented, thus making it possible to predict the chemical properties of any member of the family, even though a particular member may not be a known compound.
再者，如果不是（因为）已经明确同系物的化学性质，使得预测同系物中任一物质、甚至未知物的化学性质成为可能（这一事实），则不可能有解决该问题的方法。
8) Isolation procedures are usually followed by the application of certain criteria of purity to the compound isolated.
分离过程中通常将特定的纯度标准应用于分离出的化合物。
9) The chemist must establish that the isolation procedure has resulted in the elimination of essentially all of the “foreign”molecules from the compound, and that he is dealing with a single molecular species. 化学家必须确定分离过程使大部分异质分子从该化合物中去除，而研究的只是单一分子组成的物质。
10) Extensive chemical and physical methods for establishing the order in which atoms are linked together have been worked out.
已采取大量的物理、化学方法来确定（分子中）原子之间的连接方式。
Vocabulary
‘haibridaiz] v. (使)杂交,杂化
Alkanes [’?lkein] n. 链烷,烷烃
Flora [‘fl?:r?] n.(某地区或某时期的)植物群
Fauna [‘f?:n?] n. 动物群,动物区系,动物志
Phyla [‘fail?] n. (生物分类学上的)门,语群(比语系关系松散的一种语言)(phylum 的复数)
Assimilation [?,simi’lei??n]n.(被)吸收或同化的过程
Segment [‘seɡm?nt] n. 部分, 片段
paraffin[‘p?r?fin]n.煤油,石蜡,链烷烃
divergent [dai’v?:d??nt] adj. 有分歧的; 叉开的
novice[‘n?vis] n. 新手, 初学者
Exasperate[iɡ’zɑ:sp?reit] vt. 激怒, 触怒
charm[t?ɑ:m] n. 魅力, 吸引力魔力, 咒语 vt. 使高兴, 使着迷; 吸引
entrench[in’trent?]vt.牢固地确立…
Suffix [‘s?fiks] n. 后缀, 词尾 vt. 加后缀
Derivative [di’riv?tiv] n. 派生物, 引出物
adj. 模仿他人的; 衍生的; 派生的
Prefix [‘pri:fiks] n. 前缀 vt. 在…前加上
Alkyl [‘?lkil] n. 烷基,烃基 adj. 烷基的
Secondary-butyl 仲丁基
tertiary (tert-)[‘t?:??ri] adj. 第三的, 第三级的
Pentyl [‘pentil] n. 戊(烷)基
Isopentyl [,ais?’pentil] n.异戊基
Neopentyl [,ni:?u’pentil] n. 新戊(烷)基
应掌握的词汇和术语
Alkane[‘?lkein] n.链烷,烷烃
alkene[‘?lki:n] n. 烯烃,链烯
Alkyne[‘?lkain] n.炔
Hybridize [‘haibridaiz] v. (使)杂交,杂化
Derivative [di’riv?tiv] n. 派生物, 引出物
Alkyl [‘?lkil] n. 烷基,烃基 adj. 烷基的
Secondary-butyl 仲丁基
tertiary (tert-)[‘t?:??ri] adj. 第三的, 第三级的
Pentyl [‘pentil] n. 戊(烷)基
Isopentyl [,ais?’pentil] n.异戊基
Neopentyl [,ni:?u’pentil] n. 新戊(烷)基
Saturated hydrocarbons 饱和烃
Homologous series同系物
Side chains 侧链，支链
句子理解
1)The classification of compounds into families, in which the members possess
similar structures and similar chemical properties, provides one of the important generalizing principles of organic chemistry.
(有机)化合物分成族的分类方法为有机化学提供了一个重要的普遍法则，(每一族)的所
有成员具有相似的结构和化学性质。
2)The first of these families (classes) to be discussed is called the alkanes or
paraffin hydrocarbons, the term paraffin having been chosen because of the general chemical inertness of these compounds (Latin, parum affinis, “slight affinity”).
praffin [‘p?r?fin]n.煤油,石蜡,链烷烃 inertness 惰性
affinis [?‘finis]近缘的 affinity [?’finiti] 密切关系, 亲合力
3)Similarly, the members of any particular class of organic compounds do not show
identical physical or chemical behavior, although, in general, the similarities are striking.
类似地，尽管任何一族有机化合物的成员其物理化学性质不完全一致，但通常它们的相似性是惊人的。
4)By means of : 用，以，依靠
To weld (焊接) metals is possible by means of heat produced by a current. 利用电流产生的热可以焊接金属。
5)by all means的意思是“一定”、“无论如何”、“用一切手段”。
例：You must bring him here by all means．
This project must be realized by all means．
by all means亦可用于回答，表示有礼貌的同意，作“好的”、“当然可以”。
May I have one？—Yes，by all means．我可以拿一个吗？——当然可以。
6)By no means的意思是“决不”，相当于not at all.
She is by no means bright．她一点儿也不聪明。
I will by no means consent．我决不同意。
请注意下列三点：
●by all means和by no means的 means永远用
复数形式。
●by all means与by all manner of means通用；
by no means 可与 by no manner of means换
用，但后者只作特别强调，不如前者普遍。
●by any means的意思是“总之”；
by some means （or other）的意思是“用某
种方式（或方法）”。
7)Locate the longest continuous chain of atoms in the formula for the compound. 找出化合物分子式中最长链的原子
8)Name the compound as a derivative of the hydrocarbon, which corresponds to this
longest continuous chain of carbon atoms.
derivative [di’riv?tiv] adj.引出的 n.派生物, 派生词
命名该化合物为与最长链碳原子数相符的烃衍生物。
9)Locate all side chains by number so that the sum of number has the lowest possible
value.用数字确定所有支链位置，使（支链位置的）数字尽可能有最小值。
10)Name all side chains as prefixes by dropping “ane” from the name of the
hydrocarbon having the same number of carbon atoms as the side chain, and adding “yl”. 把所有支链作为前缀，通过将具有相同碳原子数烃的名字中的-ane去掉后加上-yl来命名该支链。Example: 2,4-dimethyl-3-ethylhexane
生词和词组
meθein] n. [化]甲烷, 沼气
Bond angles 键角
parent 父母，根源
fades into 减弱
brethren[‘breer?n] n 弟兄们, 同胞.
Primeval [prai’mi:v?l] adj. 原始的
broth [br?(:) θ] n. 肉汤
M orphine [m?:fi:n] n. 吗啡
peptide [‘peptaid] n. 缩氨酸
symmetrical [si’metrik?l] adj. 对称的, 均匀的
tetrahedral [‘tetr?’hedr?l] adv. 有四面的, 四面体的
depict [di’pikt] vt.描述, 描写
Symmetry [‘simitri] n. 对称, 匀称
Representation [‘reprizen’tei??n] n. 表示法, 表现, 陈述, 请求, 扮演, 画像, 继承, 代表
Fashion [‘f???n] n. 样子, 方式, 流行,vt. 形成, 造, 作, 把...塑造成, 使适应, 使适合, 改变
ideality [‘aidi’?liti] n. 理想
ethane [‘eθein] n. [化]乙烷
Conformational Isomerism 构象异构化
[‘k?nf?:`mei??n?l] adj. [化]构象的
Isomerism [ai’s?m?rizm] n. 异性
three-quarters view 侧视
head-on view 正视
eclipse [I’klips] n. 食, 日蚀, 月蚀, 蒙蔽, 衰落
vt. 引起日蚀, 引起月蚀, 超越, 使黯然失色
stagger [‘st?g?] v. 摇晃, 交错, 摇摆 adj. 交错的
Isomer [‘ais?um?] n. 异构体
subtle [‘sΛtl] adj. 狡猾的, 敏感的, 微妙的, 精细的, 稀薄的
twisting [‘twistiη] 扭曲
Conformers 顺式异构体
Rotamers 旋转异构体
eclipsed conformation 重叠构象
staggered conformation 交叉构象
intuitively 直觉得
interference [’int?‘fi?r?ns] n. 冲突, 干涉
Intramolecular [’intr?m?‘lekjul?] 作用[存在、发生]于分子内的
nonbonded interference 非成键干扰
nonbonded strain 非成键张力
ordinary room temperature 普通室温
interconversion互换现象
conformations构型
interconversion of the conformations 构型互换
需要掌握的词和词组
Methane 甲烷
bond angles键角
molecular formula 分子式
sp3-hybridized carbon atom
symmetrical molecule 对称的分子
tetrahedral symmetry 四面体对称
Ethane乙烷
three-dimensional molecule三维分子
molecular weight 分子量
Isomers 异构体
absolute zero 绝度零度
ordinary room temperatue 普通室温
thermal energy 热能
句子理解
1)It is the smallest stable organic molecule, and its size fades into
insignificance when compared with some of its larger brethren.
它是最小的稳定的有机分子，与其他较大的同系物比较，它的大小显得重要。
fade into 变暗淡，渐渐退去
2)On the basis of abundant experimental evidence, methane is now recognized to
be a symmetrical [si’metrik?l] molecule in which the four hydrogens are attached to the central carbon by tetrahedrally [‘tetr?’hedr?li] directed bonds of equal length.以大量的实验证据为基础，现在认为甲烷是对称分子，其中四个氢原子以相等的长度按照四面体定向连接在中心碳原子上。
3)The hydrogens are said to be equivalent, for each one is related to the remainder
of the molecule in precisely the same fashion.这些氢原子是等价的，因为分子中的每一个氢原子都精确地按照同样的方式与其余原子相联系。
be said to be 被说成是 have to be said 不得不说
4)Two of the bonds in the molecule have slightly more p character than a sp3 hybrid
orbital provides, and two of the bonds have slightly less.分子中的两个键比sp3杂化轨道提供的键具有稍强的P轨道特性，而另外两个键则有稍弱的P轨道特性。
5)Fortunately, the departure from strict tetrahedral geometry is usually no more than a few degrees in most compounds containing sp3-type-hybridized carbon atoms.幸运地是，在大多数包含sp3杂化碳原子的化合物中，偏离严格意义的四面体几何结构通常不过几度。
not less……than＝不如……不（指不如 less 后形容词的反面）
no less……than＝和……一样（肯定两者）
例：You are more careful than he is. 你比他仔细。
You are not more careful than he is. 你不如他仔细。
You are no more careful than he is. 你和他一样不仔细。
You are less careful than he is. 你不如他仔细（你比他粗心）。
You are not less careful than he is. 你比他仔细（你不如他粗心）。
You are no less careful than he is. 你和他一样仔细。
6)Consequently, the general statements containing the structure and chemistry of these compounds need not be significantly modified by these small departures from ideality.
因此，在一般的论述这些化合物的结构和化学（性质）时无需特意修正这种小偏差。
7)The two-carbon called ethane has the molecular formula C2H6 and contains two sp3-hybridized carbons.
含有两个C（的烷烃）称为乙烷，它的分子式为C2H6，含有两个sp3杂化碳原子。
8)Let us, for the moment, concentrate our attention on just one of the
possibilities, specifically the one shown in Fig. 1, in which the hydrogen of CH3 groups as close to each other as possible. 现在，让我们注意其中一种可能的情况，特别是图1中的那种，甲基中的氢原子都是尽可能地互相靠近。
9)This structure can be represented [?repri?zentid] by a “three-quarters
view” or by a “head-on view”, in which the viewer looks directly down the axis of the carbon-carbon bond (often referred to Newman projection).这种结构可以由3/4视图或正视图来表示，正视图是指观察者直接沿着碳-碳键轴观察（通常指纽曼投影图）
10)Quite clearly, the hydrogens on the “front” CH3 group are directly in front
of the hygrogens on the “back” CH3 group, eclipsing them.
很清楚，前面甲基中的碳原子直接位于后面甲基中碳原子的前面，遮住了它们。
11)A more subtle kind of isomerism is illustrated by the eclipsed and staggered forms of ethane.一种更微妙的异构现象是乙烷（表现出）的重叠构象和交叉构象。
12)They are said to be conformational isomers (also called conformers or rotamers);
any particular twist form is called conformation. 它们被称为构象异构体（也叫顺式异构或旋转异构）；任何特定的扭曲形式都称为构象。
13)The idea that the staggered conformation is at a lower energy level than the eclipsed conformation is intuitively appealing, for the greater distance between the hydrogens in the staggered conformation produces less interference between the hydrogens than in the eclipsed conformation. 交叉构象比重叠构象能量低这一观点是直观的，因为交叉构象中原子之间的较大距离产生的干扰比重叠构象的干扰小。
主语idea，系词is 表语 appealing令人感兴趣的
that 从句做后置定语修饰idea
For引导原因状语从句
原因状语从句中the great distance 做主语
Produces做谓语
14)Intramolecular encounter of this sort is often called “nonbonded” interference,
indicating that the interacting groups (e.g., the hydrogens in the case of ethane) are not directly bonded: the strain arising from this encounter is called “nonbonded strain”.这种分子内的相互作用通常被称为非成键干扰，表明相互作用的基团不是直接成键的：由这种（分子内的）相互作用引起的应力称为非键合应力。
15)The staggered conformation, lower in energy, will always be more heavily populated than the eclipsed conformation, but the lifetime of any particular molecule in any particular conformation will be short (<10-6 sec). 交叉构象，（由于）能量较低，将总是比重叠构象更占优势，但是任何构象的寿命都很短（小于10-6秒）。
生词：
?kr?u’m?likju:l] 高分子
polymer [‘p?lim?] 聚合物(体)
molecular [m?u’lekjul?] adj.分子的
dimer [‘daim?] n.二聚物
trimer [‘traim?] 三聚体，三聚物
tetramer [‘tetr?m?] n.四聚物
synthetic [sin’θetik] adj. 合成的, 人造的
ellulose [‘seljul?us] n.纤维素
Protein [‘pr?uti:n] n. 蛋白质
hypothesis [hai’p?θisis]n.假说, 假设, 前提
Laureate [‘l?:riit] n.资金[荣誉]获得者
Fiber [‘faib?] 纤维
Fabric [‘f?brik] 织物, 布
Vulcanization [v?lk?nai’zei??n] n(橡胶)硫化
Merit [‘merit]n.长处, 优点
Polysaccharide [p?li’s?k?raid]n.多醣,聚糖, solubility [,s?lju’biliti] 可溶解性;
Fusibility 可熔性
Graphite [‘ɡr?fait] n. 石墨
Configuration [k?n,fiɡju’rei??n] n.形状, 外貌
Asymmetric [?si’metrik]adj.不均匀,不对称的
Enantiomer [I’n?nti?um?]n.对映(结构)体
Isotactic [,ais?u’t?ktik]adj.全规的,全同立构的
Syndiotactic [,sindi?u’t?ktik]adj.间规(立构)的
Atactic [?’t?ktik]adj.不规则的,不合语法的
Steric [,sti?rik,,sterik] n.(原子)空间(排列)的
Amorphous [?’m?:f?s] adj.无固定形状的,非结晶的
应掌握的词汇和术语
macromolecule [,m?kr?u’m?likju:l] n.高分子
natural polymers 天然聚合物
Plastic [‘plɑ:stik] 塑料; Rubber [‘r?b?] n.(合成)橡胶
synthetic fiber人造纤维 Cellulose [‘seljul?us]纤维素
protein [‘pr?uti:n] n. 蛋白质 Fiber [‘faib?] 纤维
Molecular weight 分子量 Addition polymer 加聚物
Condensation polymer 缩聚物
Chain reaction 连锁反应
需掌握的词汇
?u’l?riti] n. 摩尔浓度
Normality [n?:’m?liti] n. 当量浓度
Equivalent weight n.当量
Mole 摩尔
Molar concentration 摩尔浓度
Millimole 毫摩尔
Milliliter 毫升
Sodium chloride 氯化钠
Standard solution 标准溶液
Primary standard 基准物
Sodium bicarbonate 碳酸氢钠
Sodium carbonate 碳酸钠
Hydrochloric acid 盐酸
生词
accessible [?k’ses?bl] adj. 容易取得的, 容易达到的
Spectrum [‘spektr?m] n. 光谱, 来自拉丁语原意：外貌，像，牛顿1671年专用来指光谱。
Spectra是spectrum的复数
类似：
Datum 数据，资料；data 是datum的复数
Erratum 印刷或书写的错误，勘误表，errata (Pl.)
memorandum 备忘录 memoranda (Pl.)
Miscellaneous method [‘misi’leinj?s] 其它方法
Polarimetry [‘p?ul?’rimitri] n.偏振法,旋光测定
需掌握的词汇：
化学动力学
Thermodynamic [,θ?:m?udai’n?mik] equillibrium
热力学平衡
Pressure 压力
As a function of 作为…的函数
nitrogen(V) oxides五氧化二磷
Gas phase 气相
Spectroscopy [spek’tr?sk?pi] n. 光谱学,波谱学
Bromine [‘br?umi:n] n. 溴
HBr = hydrogen bromide
Electrochemical method 电化学方法
Conductivity 电导率
Electrode 电极
Titration [tai’trei??n] 滴定
M ass spectrometry [spek‘tr?mitri] 质谱
Gas chromatography [‘kr?um?’t?ɡr?fi] 气相色谱分析
M agnetic resonance [‘rez?n?ns] 磁共振
N M R = nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振
Analytical techniques 分析技术
Real time analysis 实时分析
Quenching method 骤（停）熄法
Flow method 流动法
The rates of chemical reactions 化学反应速率
Catalyst 催化剂
Mechanisms of reactions 反应机理
elementary reaction 基元反应，单元反应
Reactive collision活性碰撞
Reactive encounter 活性碰撞
Stoichiometry [,st?iki’?mitri] n. 化学计算(法);化学计量学
Overall reaction 总包反应
Rate law 速率定律
Rate constant / rate coefficient 速率常数
The rate law of the reaction 反应速率定律
The order of a reaction 反应级数
The overall order of a reaction反应总级数
Nitrogen (II) oxide NO2
Logarithm [‘l?ɡ?riθm] n. 对数
数学表达式
5乘3等于15。 Five times three is fifteen./ 5 multiplied by 3 is 15.
2的6次方是64. The six power of two is 64./ 64 is two to the power of six.
应用化学专业英语
英译汉： 1.First, electrons are added one at a time moving from left to right across a period……首先，从左向右横跨一个周期时每次增加一个电子。当这种情况发生时，最外层电子将受到逐渐增强的核引力，所以电子将更接近原子核而受到其更紧密的束缚力。其次，在周期表中从上向下移动一列，最外层电子受到核的束缚力将变弱。这是因为主能级数（屏蔽最外层电子受到核的吸引）在每族向下移动时增加。这些趋势解释了通过观察元素的原子半径、电离能、电子亲和力和电负性而得到的元素性质的周期性规律。 2.It is important to note that at equilibrium the rates of reaction,rate r and rate f are equilibrium mixture are usually not equal……值得注意的是，在化学平衡时的反应速率，正反应速率和你反应速率相等但反应物和生成物的摩尔浓度在平衡混合态时一般不相等。但是，事实上每种反应物和生成物在平衡时其浓度为定值，因为每种物质在一个反应中的消耗速率与其在相应你反应正的生成速率相等。在化学平衡提出之前，这种系统被称为动力学平衡状态。 3.This is a mathematical expression of the law of chemical equilibrium which may be stated as follows: When a reversible…………这是化学平衡定律的数学表达式，它可以通过如下所述：当一个可逆反应在给定温度下达到平衡时，在方程式中箭头右边物质的摩尔浓度的积除以左边物质摩尔浓度的积（每种物质浓度的幂等于反应方程式中每种物质的分子数）为定值， 4.Analytical chemistry,or the art of recognizing different substances and determining their constituents, takes a prominent position among 分析化学或鉴定不同物质并测定其成分的技术，因为可以解决每当化学过程被用于科学的或技术性的目的是产生的问题，而在科学应用领域中占显著地位。其极其高的重要性便得它在化学历史上的一个非常早的时期已经被辛勤耕耘了，其记载包含了分布在整个科学领域定量分析工作的一大部分。定量分析的测量也在许多研究领域：化学、生物化学、地质学和其它科学中发挥重要作用。 5.The interaction of UV and visible radiation with matter can provide qualitative identification of molecules and polyatomic……………紫外可见光与物质相互作用时可以提供包含离子和复合物的分子和多原子的物种的定性鉴定。分子和多原子物种，特别是有机分子的结构信息可以得到。这种定性信息通常是通过研究紫外可见光谱获得（紫外可见过的吸收作为穿过分子的波长的函数）紫外可见光的吸收带的形状和强度与吸收物质的电子的结构有关。分子通常是被溶解在溶剂中来获得光谱。 6.One of the most important features of fine chemicals manufacture is the great variety of ………………… 随着新产品持续不断地出现，精细化学品生产制造的一个最重要特征是产品的多样化。 因此，许多化学品都存在需求上的重大波动，如果每种产品都通过专用于某特定工序的车间来生产，投资和劳工费用将是巨大的。结合需要的不断改变和假设机器设备一般在它们设定的最大容量一下正常运行，这将使制造业的花费很高。因此，只有多产量的精细化学品或通过特殊的产法或纯度要求极高的化合物才可以用专门的车间来生产。然后，大多数精细化学品都是在多目标的或多产品的生产线（车间）生产制造。 汉译英：
应用化学专业英语词汇
Toxic chemicals：有毒化学品 Chemical pollution：化学污染 Physical property ：物性 Natural changes: 自然变化 Scientific fields：科学领域 Isolate：分离 Determine：测定 Synthesize：合成 Fundamental principles：基本原理 Investigation：研究 Utilize：利用 化学式书写的基本规则 如何写化学式 命名化合物 二元化合物：氧化物，盐，酸 （1）阴离子元素加后缀–ide （2）多价态元素加前缀：mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa- （3）低价氧化态后缀–ous，高价氧化态后缀–ic 氧化物 盐 酸：基础元素（前缀hydro-, 后缀-ic）+ acid 氢氧化物（碱）： 金属元素（价态）+ hydroxide 含氧酸及其盐 （1）基本元素仅有一种氧化态 酸：基础元素加后缀-ic + acid 盐：阳离子元素+基础元素加后缀-ate （2）基本元素有二种氧化态 酸：基础元素加后缀（-ous低价态，-ic高价态）+ acid 盐：阳离子元素+ 基础元素加后缀（-ite低价态, -ate高价态）（3）基本元素有多种氧化态 酸：最低氧化态基础元素（前缀hypo-, 后缀-ous）+ acid 较低氧化态基础元素加后缀-ous+ acid 较高氧化态基础元素加后缀-ic + acid 最高氧化态基础元素（前缀per-, 后缀-ic）+ acid 盐：最低氧化态阳离子元素+ 基础元素（前缀hypo-, 后缀-ite）较低氧化态阳离子元素+ 基础元素加后缀-ite 较高氧化态阳离子元素+ 基础元素加后缀-ate 最高氧化态阳离子元素+ 基础元素（前缀per-, 后缀-ate） 不同水分子含量的酸 较低水含量前缀meta- 较高水含量前缀ortho-
保险专业英语例句与词汇
Insurance English A.常用句子 1、I’m looking for insurance from your company. 我是到贵公司来投保的。 2、Mr. Zhang met Mr. William in the office of the People’ Insurance Company of China.张先生在中国人民保险公司的办公室接待了威廉先生。 3、After loading the goods on board the ship, I go to the insurance company to have them insured. 装船后，我到保险公司去投保。 4、When should I go and have the tea insured? 我什么时候将这批茶叶投保？ 5、All center. Let’s leave insurance now. 好吧，保险问题就谈到这里。 6、I have come to explain that unfortunate affair about the insurance. 我是来解释这件保险的不幸事件的。 7、I must say that you’ve corrected my ideas about the insurance. 我该说你们已经纠正了我对保险的看法。 8、This information office provides clients with information on cargo insurance. 这个问讯处为顾客提供大量关于货物投保方面的信息。 9、The underwriters are responsible for the claim as far as it is within the scope of cover. 只要是在保险责任范围内，保险公司就应负责赔偿。 10、The loss in question was beyond the coverage granted by us. 损失不包括在我方承保的范围内。 11、The extent of insurance is stipulated in the basic policy form and in the various risk clause. 保险的范围写在基本保险单和各种险别的条款里。 12、Please fill in the application form. 请填写一下投保单。 13、What risks is the People’s Insurance Company of China able to cover? 中国人民保险公司承保的险别有哪些？ 14、What risks should be covered?
关于摄影的英语词汇
关于摄影的英语词汇 摄影 photo， photograph 照片，像片 snapshot， snap 快照 photographer， cameraman 摄影师 backlighting 逆光 backlighting photography 逆光照 luminosity 亮度 to load 装胶卷 focus 焦点 to focus， focusing 调焦 focal length 焦距 depth of field， depth of focus 景深 exposure 曝光 time of exposure 曝光时间 automatic exposure 自动曝光 to frame 取景 framing 取景 slide， transparency 幻灯片，透明片 microfilm 微型胶卷 photocopy 影印 photocopier 影印机 duplicate， copy 拷贝，副本 reproduction 复制 photogenic 易上镜头的 overexposure 曝光过度 underexposure 曝光不足 projector 放映机 器材 still camera 照相机 cinecamera 电影摄影机（美作：movie camera）television camera 电视摄像机
box camera 箱式照相机 folding camera 风箱式照相机 lens 镜头 aperture 光圈 wide-angle lens 广角镜头diaphragm 光圈 telephoto lens 远摄镜头，长焦镜头zoom lens 变焦头，可变焦距的镜头eyepiece 目镜 filter 滤光镜 shutter 快门 shutter release 快门线 viewfinder 取景器 telemeter， range finder 测距器photometer， exposure meter 曝光表photoelectric cell 光电管 mask 遮光黑纸 sunshade 遮光罩 tripod 三角架 flash， flashlight 闪光灯 guide number 闪光指数 magazine （相机中的）软片盒cartridge 一卷胶卷 spool 片轴 film 胶片，胶卷 plate 感光片 latitude 宽容度 plateholder 胶片夹 spotlight， floodlight 聚光灯 显影 darkroom 暗室 to develop 显影 developer 显影剂
应用化学专业英语介绍
应用化学专业 报告 学院：理学院 专业：应用化学 学号：20100153022 姓名：浦仕瑞
Applied chemistry speciality One、applied chemistry speciality-main courses: Training target：This specialized raise has the chemical basic theory, basic knowledge in strong experimental skills,can in scientific research institutions,colleges and universities and enterprises and institutions, engaged in scientific research,teaching and management work of the senior specialized talents. Training requirements：Students of this specialty mainly study the basic knowledge of chemistry,the basic theory,basic skills and related engineering knowledge,is the basic research and applied basic research of scientific thought and scientific experiment training,has good scientific literacy,have use knowledge and experimental skills in applied research,technology development and technology management of the basic skills. Main courses: Main subject:chemical Main course:Inorganic chemistry、,analytical chemistry(including instrument analysis),organic chemistry,physical chemistry(including structural chemistry,chemical engineering foundation and chemical mapping. The main practice teaching links include production practice,graduation thesis,general arrangement and a week of twenty. Length of schooling:four years awarded degree：physical or Bachelor's Similar professional:chemical applied chemistry chemical biology molecular science and engineering chemical engineering and technology Two、Four chemistry： （Inorganic chemistry,analytical chemistry,organic chemistry,physical chemistry） Inorganic chemistry：Inorganic chemistry relative to organic chemistry, the non carbon.However,some carbon compounds,such as carbon monoxide,carbon dioxide,carbon disulfide,carbonic acid compounds,
应用化学专业英语Unit5-万有志
The Periodic Table As our picture of the atom becomes more detailed, we find ourselves in a dilemma.当我们对原子了解的越来越详细时，我们发现我们其中处在两难之中己。With more than 100 elements to deal with, how can we keep all this information straight?由于超过100种元素要处理，我们怎样能理顺所有的信息？One way is by using the periodic table of the elements.一个方法是使用元素周期表。The periodic table neatly tabulates information about atoms. 周期表整齐地列出了原子信息的表格。It records how many protons and electrons the atoms of a particular element contain. 它记录了一个具体的元素的原子包含多少质子和电子。It permits us to calculate the number of neutrons in the most common isotope for most elements. 它允许我们为大多数元素计算最常见的同位素中的中子的数量。It even stores information about how electrons are arranged in the atoms of each element. 它甚至储存了每个元素的原子周围是如何安排电子的信息。The most extraordinary thing about the periodic table is that it was largely developed before anyone knew there were protons or neutrons or electrons in atoms. 关于周期表的最杰出的事情是在任何人知道在原子周围有质子、中子或者电子之前被提出来。 In 1869, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, published his periodic table of the elements. 在1869年，Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev，一位俄罗斯化学家，出版了他的元素周期表。Mendeleev prepared his table by taking into account both the atomic weights and the periodicity of certain properties of the elements. Mendeleev综合考虑元素的原子量和性质的相似性制成了他的元素周期表。The elements were arranged primarily in order of increasing atomic weight. 元素主要按照原子量增加的顺序排列。In a few cases, Mendeleev placed a slightly heavier element with similar chemical properties in the same row. 在一些情况里，Mendeleev把稍微重一点且性质相似的（元素）放在一列中。For example, he placed tellurium (atomic weight = 128) ahead of iodine (atomic weight = 127) because tellurium resembled sulfur and selenium in its properties, whereas iodine was similar to chlorine and bromine. 例如，他把碲(原子量= 128)排在碘(原子量= 127)前面，因为碲在它的特性方面类似硫和硒，而碘类似于氯和溴。 Mendeleev left a number of gaps in his table. Mendeleev在他的元素周期表中留下了许多空格。Instead of looking upon those blank spaces as defects, he boldly predicted the existence of elements as yet undiscovered. 他没有认为这些空格的出现是周期表的缺陷，而是大胆的预言还有未被发现的元素的存在。Furthermore, he even predicted the properties of some of these missing elements. 而且，他甚至预言一些这些未发现的元素的特性。In succeeding years, many of the gaps were filled in by the discovery of new elements. 在以后的许多年中，许多空格被发现的新元素填入。The properties were often quite close to those Mendeleev had predicted. 性质经常十分接近于Mendeleev已经预言的那些性质。The predictive value of this great innovation led to the wide acceptance of Mendeleev's table. 这个伟大革新的预言价值是Mendeleev的元素周期表被广泛接受。 It is now known that properties of an element depend mainly on the number of electrons in the outermost energy level of the atoms of the element. 现在知道一种元素的性质主要取决于元素原子最外层能级的电子数目。Sodium atoms have one electron in their outermost energy level (the third). 钠原子在它们的最外层能级(第3层)里有一个电子. Lithium atoms have a single electron in their outermost level (the second). 锂原子在他们的最外层能级(第2)里有一个单电子. The chemical properties of sodium and lithium are similar. 钠和锂的化学性质是相似的。The atoms of helium and neon have filled outer electron energy levels, and both elements are inert. 氦和氖的原子充满电子能级，并且两种元素都是无活动的。That is, they do not undergo chemical reactions readily. 也就是说，他们不容易经历化学反应。Apparently, not only are similar chemical properties shared by elements whose atoms have similar electron configurations (arrangements) but also certain configurations appear to be more stable (less reactive) than others. 显然，不仅是具有相似的电子构造(安排)的原子的元素具有相似的化学性质，而且某些构造看起来比其它（构造）是更稳定(更少活性)的。
保险专业英语常用词汇
保险英语，保险词汇共享： acceptance policy 英文翻译：核保政策accounting period 英文翻译：结算期aggregate limit 英文翻译：累积限额aggregated loss 英文翻译：累积损失antiselection 英文翻译：逆选择 ART (Alternative Risk Transfer)英文翻译：新型风险转移 balance 所欠款项 barrages 堰坝 captive pools 自保组合 catastrophe risk 巨灾风险 ceiding company 分出公司 cession limit 分保限额 claim-prone 容易出险 claims assistance 理赔协助 clean cut 结清方式 coinsurance 共保 commencement and termination 起讫cover 承保 cover 责任额 deposit premium 预付保费 destroyed 毁坏 earth caves 土坏房屋 EPA event limit 事件限额 ex gratia payments 通融赔款 excess loss 超额赔款 exclusion 除外责任 exposed areas 风险承受区域 facultative reinsurance 临时分保fault zone 断层区 finite risk 有限制的风险 flash floods 骤发洪水 flooding of rivers 洪水泛滥 frame structure 框架结构 full coverage 全额承保 full insurance value 足额保险价值 full liability 全部责任 Geophysics Institute 地球物理研究所GNPI 总净保费收入 hailstorm 雹暴 heavy damage 严重破坏4保险英语词汇翻译 险种及险别 险种 health insurance 疾病保险，健康保险 sickness insurance 疾病保险 insurance during a period of illness 疾病保险insurance for medical care 医疗保险 "major medical" insurance policy 巨额医药费保险 life insurance 人寿保险 endowment insurance 养老保险 insurance on last survivor 长寿保险 social insurance 社会保险 personal property insurance 个人财产保险 insurance of contents 家庭财产保险 险别 Free from Particular Average（F.P.A.）平安险 With Particular Average （W.P.A.）水渍险 All Risks 一切险 risk of breakage 破碎险 risk of clashing 碰损险 risk of rust 生锈险 risk of hook damage 钩损险 risk of contamination (tainting) 污染险 insurance against total loss only (TLO) 全损险 risk of deterioration 变质险 risk of packing breakage 包装破裂险 risk of inherent vice 内在缺陷险 risk of normal loss (natural loss) 途耗或自然损耗险risk of spontaneous combustion 自然险 risk of contingent import duty 进口关税险 insurance against war risk 战争险 Air Transportation Cargo War Risk 航空运输战争险overland Transportation Insurance War Risk 陆上运输战争险 insurance against strike, riot and civil commotion (SRCC) 罢工，暴动，民变险 insurance against extraneous risks, insurance against additional risks 附加险 risk of theft, pilferage and nondelivery (TPND) 盗窃提货不着险 risk of fresh and/of rain water damage(wetting) 淡水雨淋险 risk of leakage 渗漏险 risk of shortage in weight/quantity 短量险
摄影专业英语词汇[资料]
摄影专业英语词汇[资料] photo, photogrph 照片，像片 snpshot, snp 快照 photogrpher, cmermn 摄影师 bcklighting 逆光 bcklighting photogrphy 逆光照 luminosity 亮度 to lod 装胶卷 ocus 焦点 to ocus, ocusing 调焦 ocl length 焦距 depth o ield, depth o ocus 景深 exposure 曝光 time o exposure 曝光时间 utomtic exposure 自动曝光 to rme 取景 rming 取景 slide, trnsprency 幻灯片，透明片 microilm 微型胶卷 photocopy 影印 photocopier 影印机 duplicte, copy 拷贝，副本 reproduction 复制 photogenic 易上镜头的 overexposure 曝光过度 underexposure 曝光不足projector 放映机 still cmer 照相机 cinecmer 电影摄影机(美作:movie cmer) television cmer 电视摄像机 box cmer 箱式照相机 olding cmer 风箱式照相机 lens 镜头 perture 光圈
wide-ngle lens 广角镜头 diphrgm 光圈 telephoto lens 远摄镜头，长焦镜头 zoom lens 变焦头，可变焦距的镜头eyepiece 目镜 ilter 滤光镜 shutter 快门 shutter relese 快门线 viewinder 取景器 telemeter, rnge inder 测距器 photometer, exposure meter 曝光表 photoelectric cell 光电管 msk 遮光黑纸 sunshde 遮光罩 tripod 三角架 lsh, lshlight 闪光灯 guide number 闪光指数 mgzine (相机中的)软片盒 crtridge 一卷胶卷 spool 片轴 ilm 胶片，胶卷 plte 感光片 spotlight, loodlight 聚光灯 drkroom 暗室 to develop 显影 developer 显影剂 bth 水洗 to ix 定影 emulsion 感光剂 drying 烘干
应用化学专业英语翻译完整篇
1 Unit5元素周期表 As our picture of the atom becomes more detailed 随着我们对原子的描述越来越详尽，我们发现我们陷入了进退两难之境。有超过100多中元素要处理，我们怎么能记的住所有的信息？有一种方法就是使用元素周期表。这个周期表包含元素的所有信息。它记录了元素中所含的质子数和电子数，它能让我们算出大多数元素的同位素的中子数。它甚至有各个元素原子的电子怎么排列。最神奇的是，周期表是在人们不知道原子中存在质子、中子和电子的情况下发明的。Not long after Dalton presented his model for atom( )在道尔顿提出他的原子模型（原子是是一个不可分割的粒子，其质量决定了它的身份）不久，化学家门开始根据原子的质量将原子列表。在制定像这些元素表时候，他们观察到在元素中的格局分布。例如，人们可以清楚的看到在具体间隔的元素有着相似的性质。在当时知道的大约60种元素中，第二个和第九个表现出相似的性质，第三个和第十个，第四个和第十一个等都具有相似的性质。 In 1869,Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev,a Russian chemist, 在1869年，Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev ,一个俄罗斯的化学家，发表了他的元素周期表。Mendeleev通过考虑原子重量和元素的某些特性的周期性准备了他的周期表。这些元素的排列顺序先是按原子质量的增加,,一些情况中, Mendeleev把稍微重写的元素放在轻的那个前面.他这样做只是为了同一列中的元素能具有相似的性质.例如,他把碲(原子质量为128)防在碘(原子质量为127)前面因为碲性质上和硫磺和硒相似, 而碘和氯和溴相似. Mendeleev left a number of gaps in his table.Instead of Mendeleev在他的周期表中留下了一些空白。他非但没有将那些空白看成是缺憾，反而大胆的预测还存在着仍未被发现的元素。更进一步，他甚至预测出那些一些缺失元素的性质出来。在接下来的几年里，随着新元素的发现，里面的许多空格都被填满。这些性质也和Mendeleev所预测的极为接近。这巨大创新的预计值导致了Mendeleev的周期表为人们所接受。 It is known that properties of an element depend mainly on the number of electrons in the outermost energy level of the atoms of the element. 我们现在所知道的元素的性质主要取决于元素原子最外层能量能级的电子数。钠原子最外层能量能级（第三层）有一个电子，锂原子最外层能量能级（第二层）有一个电子。钠和锂的化学性质相似。氦原子和氖原子外层能级上是满的，这两种都是惰性气体，也就是他们不容易进行化学反应。很明显，有着相同电子结构（电子分布）的元素的不仅有着相似的化学性质，而且某些结构也表现比其他元素稳定（不那么活泼） In Mendeleev’s table,the elements were arranged by atomic weights for 在Mendeleev的表中，元素大部分是按照原子数来排列的，这个排列揭示了化学性质的周期性。因为电子数决定元素的化学性质，电子数也应该（现在也确实）决定周期表的顺序。在现代的周期表中，元素是根据原子质量来排列的。记住，这个数字表示了在元素的中性原子中的质子数和电子数。现在的周期表是按照原子数的递增排列，Mendeleev的周期表是按照原子质量的递增排列，彼此平行是由于原子量的增加。只有在一些情况下（Mendeleev注释的那样）重量和顺序不符合。因为原子质量是质子和中子质量的加和，故原子量并不完全随原子序数的增加而增加。原子序数低的原子的中子数有可能比原子序数高的原
保险专业英语常用词汇
保险专业英语常用词汇
保险英语，保险词汇共享： acceptance policy 英文翻译：核保政策accounting period 英文翻译：结算期aggregate limit 英文翻译：累积限额aggregated loss 英文翻译：累积损失antiselection 英文翻译：逆选择 ART (Alternative Risk Transfer)英文翻译：新型风险转移 balance 所欠款项 barrages 堰坝 captive pools 自保组合 catastrophe risk 巨灾风险 ceiding company 分出公司 cession limit 分保限额 claim-prone 容易出险 claims assistance 理赔协助 clean cut 结清方式 coinsurance 共保 commencement and termination 起讫cover 承保 cover 责任额 deposit premium 预付保费 destroyed 毁坏 earth caves 土坏房屋 EPA event limit 事件限额 ex gratia payments 通融赔款 excess loss 超额赔款 exclusion 除外责任 exposed areas 风险承受区域facultative reinsurance 临时分保fault zone 断层区 finite risk 有限制的风险 flash floods 骤发洪水 flooding of rivers 洪水泛滥 frame structure 框架结构 full coverage 全额承保 full insurance value 足额保险价值 full liability 全部责任 Geophysics Institute 地球物理研究所GNPI 总净保费收入 hailstorm 雹暴 heavy damage 严重破坏4保险英语词汇翻译 险种及险别 险种 health insurance 疾病保险，健康保险 sickness insurance 疾病保险 insurance during a period of illness 疾病保险insurance for medical care 医疗保险 "major medical" insurance policy 巨额医药费保险 life insurance 人寿保险 endowment insurance 养老保险 insurance on last survivor 长寿保险 social insurance 社会保险 personal property insurance 个人财产保险 insurance of contents 家庭财产保险 险别 Free from Particular Average（F.P.A.）平安险 With Particular Average （W.P.A.）水渍险 All Risks 一切险 risk of breakage 破碎险 risk of clashing 碰损险 risk of rust 生锈险 risk of hook damage 钩损险 risk of contamination (tainting) 污染险 insurance against total loss only (TLO) 全损险 risk of deterioration 变质险 risk of packing breakage 包装破裂险 risk of inherent vice 内在缺陷险 risk of normal loss (natural loss) 途耗或自然损耗险risk of spontaneous combustion 自然险 risk of contingent import duty 进口关税险 insurance against war risk 战争险 Air Transportation Cargo War Risk 航空运输战争险overland Transportation Insurance War Risk 陆上运输战争险 insurance against strike, riot and civil commotion (SRCC) 罢工，暴动，民变险 insurance against extraneous risks, insurance against additional risks 附加险 risk of theft, pilferage and nondelivery (TPND) 盗窃提货不着险 risk of fresh and/of rain water damage(wetting) 淡水雨淋险 risk of leakage 渗漏险 risk of shortage in weight/quantity 短量险
摄影专业英语
Aberration 像差 Accessory 附件 Accessory Shoes 附件插座、热靴Achromatic 消色差的 Active 主动的、有源的 Acutance 锐度 Acute-matte 磨砂毛玻璃 Adapter 适配器 advance system 输片系统 AE Lock(AEL) 自动曝光锁定 AF(Autofocus) 自动聚焦 AF Illuminator AF照明器 AF spotbeam projector AF照明器Alkaline 碱性 Ambient light 环境光Amplification factor 放大倍率 Angle finder 弯角取景器 Angle of view 视角 Anti-Red-eye 防红眼 Aperture 光圈 Aperture priority 光圈优先 Aperture Indexing，光圈耦合 APO(APOchromat) 复消色差 APZ(Advanced Program zoom) 高级程序变焦 Arc 弧形 Artificial Intelligence，人工智能 ASA(American Standards Association) 美国标准协会 Astigmatism 像散 Auto bracket 自动包围
Auto composition 自动构图 Auto exposure 自动曝光 Auto exposure bracketing 自动包围曝光Auto film advance 自动进片 Auto flash 自动闪光 Auto loading 自动装片 Auto multi-program 自动多程序 Auto rewind 自动退片 Auto wind 自动卷片 Auto zoom 自动变焦 Automatic exposure(AE) 自动曝光Automation 自动化 Auxiliary 辅助的 Back 机背 Back light 逆光、背光Back light compensation 逆光补偿 Background 背景 Balance contrast 反差平衡 Bar code system 条形码系统 Barrel distortion 桶形畸变 BAse-Stored Image Sensor (BASIS) 基存储影像传感器 Battery check 电池检测 Battery holder 电池手柄 Bayonet 卡口 Bellows 皮腔 Blue filter 蓝色滤光镜 Body-integral 机身一体化 Bokeh，焦外成像 Bridge camera 桥梁相机 Brightness control 亮度控制
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译
Uｎit 1 The RｏotｓoｆCｈemisｔry Ｉ．Ｃoｍpreｈensioｎ. 1。Ｃ 2. Ｂ3．D 4. C 5. B ＩI。Ｍａｋe ａsenｔeｎｃe ｏut of ｅach ｉｔem ｂy reaｒranging ｔhe wordｓin ｂracｋets. 1.Tｈｅｐuｒiｆｉcation of aｎorganｉc compounｄis usually a matter of consｉｄerａｂlｅdｉfｆicｕｌtｙ, and iｔis nｅcｅｓsaｒy to eｍploy vａrious methoｄs fｏr thｉｓpurpｏse。 2.Science is an ｅｖeｒ－iｎcｒｅasing boｄy ofａccｕｍｕlａｔed anｄ ｓｙsｔｅmatiｚed knowledｇe ａnd iｓalsｏan activｉty bｙwｈic ｈｋnowledge iｓｇenerated。 3.Lifｅ，aftｅr all, is onｌy cｈeｍistry,in faｃｔ, a sｍall example of ｃ hｅｍistry ｏbsｅｒved oｎａsｉngle munｄane pｌａnet。 4.Peoplｅaｒe made of molｅculｅｓ; sｏmｅｏf ｔhｅmｏleculｅs in p ｅople aｒe rａｔher ｓimple whｅreas otｈerｓａｒｅhｉghly compｌex。 5.Chｅｍistry ｉｓever preseｎｔin ｏｕｒｌｉves frｏm ｂｉｒtｈ tｏｄeａthｂeｃａｕse withoｕt chｅmｉｓtrｙｔhere iｓneither life nor deａth. 6.Maｔhｅｍaｔics apｐeａｒs ｔo be almost as humaｎkiｎｄand ａｌ ｓo ｐermeaｔeｓall aspeｃts of ｈuman life, aｌthough ｍａｎｙof us are ｎｏｔfuｌly ａwａrｅoｆtｈis. III。Tｒanｓlatioｎ. 1.（a)chｅmicaｌprｏcess (b) natuｒal scienｃe（c）the teｃhｎｉ ｑｕe of distｉllaｔioｎ 2.Iｔｉs theａtｏｍs that ｍａkｅuｐｉron, waｔeｒ，oｘygen and the lｉke/anｄso on／aｎｄsｏfortｈ/aｎd otherｗiｓe. 3.Cheｍisｔｒy haｓa very long hｉｓtorｙ, ｉnｆaｃｔ，human a ｃtivity in chｅｍｉstrｙgｏes bａｃk ｔo ｐreｒecｏrｄed tｉmｅｓ/pｒedatiｎg reｃｏrded times． 4.Aｃcoｒdｉng to/Froｍthe eｖapoｒaｔion oｆwaｔeｒ，pｅople know ／reaｌized ｔｈat ｌiquidｓcａn ｔurn/bｅ/changeｉｎto gases ｕndeｒcertain conditions/circｕmsｔance／enｖironment。 5.Yoｕｍusｔknow ｔhe propｅｒtieｓｏfｔｈe materiaｌbeｆore y ｏu use it. IＶ．Ｔrａnslation 化学是三种基础自然科学之一,另外两种是物理和生物.自从宇宙大爆炸以来，化学过程持续进行,甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。人们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快，其余两步相当慢.这三步