雅思写作基础教材——图表作文部分小结
雅思写作基础教材——图表作文部分小结
Pie chart
1、对题目的改写
部分as a percentage of 整体
The pie chart gives information in percentage terms about…
Over the same range of
2、Overall, In general, …（饼图中的比例最大的部分）
3、“占”了多少百分比
Make up
Account for
Represent
Contribute
Comprise
Occupy
4、对百分比的描述
A small percentage
A significant percentage
A substantial proportion
One-third (one over three)
Two-thirds
More than/ over/ just over
Less than/ under/ just under/ almost
A quarter
Three quarters
5、对整体的描述
Of the pie chart/ the chart/ the total/ the total preferences/ the total participation/ the total production
6、最高级、比较级（使用较生动的语言来描述图表）
The most popular
The second most popular
The least popular
The second least popular
Be more/ less popular than
7、主语多样化→句式多样化
图例types of fast food→hamburgers, pizza
Teenagers
Percentage of teenagers→only 3% of teenagers
The least popular fast food
或
Riola had a substantial proportion of its agricultural production in wool, at 87%.
Wool made up a substantial proportion of Riola’s agricultural production, at 87%
A substantial proportion of Riola’s agricultu ral production was in wool, at 87%.
8、紧跟其后的是…（句式多样化）
This is/was followed by…
Remotely/Closely following is/ are /was/ were…
9、相等
Share equal popularity/ output/ percentage
10、引用数据的多种方法
, at 30%.
, with 30% of students involved in/ choosing this activity.
, with 30% participation.
, with a 30% participation rate.
, which was/ represented 30% of the pie chart.
, being/ equaling/ making up/ accounting for/ representing/ contributing/ comprising 30% of the total.
Make up/ account for/ represent/ contribute/ comprise/ occupy 30%
Only 3% of teenagers choose this kind of food.
Bar chart
1、对题目的改写
In relation to/ in terms of
The bar chart/graph shows four different types of advertising in relation to/ in terms of the respective amounts of money, measured in thousands of dollars, spent on them by two companies.
Show/give information about/reveal/illustrate/demonstrate/indicate/describe/outline
2、Overall, In general, …
（单色有趋势的柱状图）
随着B的下降，A在上升：
A increases as
B decreases.
With age
Over time as time passed by
（双色孤立的柱状图）
比较两种颜色柱子的相对高度e.g. Overall, A spent more on advertising than B.
3、主体段写法
（单色有趋势的柱状图）
由于柱子和柱子之间呈现规律性的变化，因此挑选最有特征的一些柱子进行描述（如最大、最小、相等、有倍数关系的柱子），对于特征不是很明显的柱子可以忽略不写，或一笔带过简略地写。
The next/ second highest score is approximately 79, which is for students who average two hours of television viewing.
This is followed by the second highest score of approximately 79, which is for students who average two hours of television viewing.
Closely following is the second highest score of approximately 79, which is for students who average two hours of television viewing.
Students who watch no television and students who watch about 3 hours of television per day share equal score of about 76.
（双色孤立的柱状图）
孤立的柱状图柱子和柱子之间没有关联，是相互独立的项目，因此每一个项目都必须在文章中提到，并且在写作时要注意两个层面的比较——项目和项目之间的比较（如两个公司都在TV这个项目上花钱最多，都在Billboard这个项目上花钱最少）；项目内部的比较（如在TV 这个项目上A公司比B公司花钱多，而在Internet这个项目上B公司花的钱是A公司的两倍）
注意：若孤立的项目很多（如有7种做广告的方式），则可以按照不同颜色柱子的相对高度进行分类/分段，然后写作（如黄柱子＞蓝柱子的项目写一段，黄柱子＜蓝柱子的项目写另一段）。
4、倍数表达法
Twice as many as
Three times as much as
5、spend用法
Spend some time/ money (in) doing sth.
Spend some time/ money on sth. (n.)
Line graph
1、对题目的改写
时间：In three-yearly intervals
In decade intervals
In yearly intervals
单位：measured in thousands of dollars, in millions per year
2、Overall, In general, …
描述曲线从起点到终点是什么变化趋势（涨跌平波），不需要看中间具体的变化，只看从起点到终点的相对高度即可。
3、描述四大变化趋势的多样化词汇
上升/增加Increase：There was a gradual/dramatic/sharp increase in computer use in all categories.
动词：increase, climb, grow, rise, go up
急剧上升：jump, shoot up (shot up), soar, surge, rocket
名词：increase, climb, growth, rise, jump
短语：show an upward trend, be on the rise
下降Decrease：The number of male smokers decreased from 21% in 1960 to 17% in 2000.
动词：decrease, decline, reduce, fall, drop, sink, slide
急剧下降：collapse, plummet, plunge
名词：decrease, decline, reduction, fall, drop
短语：show a downward trend, be on the decline
保持不变Steadiness：The numbers remained steady throughout the twenty-year period.
名词：a period of stability/steadiness
系动词：stay, keep, remain, maintain
level off, level out, stabilise
形容词：constant, the same, unchanged, stable, steady
短语：remain relatively stable /constant /steady, keep mostly unchanged
波动Fluctuation：There was a minor fluctuation between 1980 and 1950 in India.
动词：fluctuate/vary (vi.) between A and B, fluctuate upward/downward from A to B
名词：a fluctuation [C, U], a variation [C, U]
短语：have a fluctuation between 900 units and 1,000 units, show some fluctuation/ variation
描述极值
最大值：a peak, a summit, the highest point
最小值：a bottom, a nadir, the lowest point
动词：peak, summit, bottom out (at +数据)
短语：reach a peak of, touch the bottom
修饰趋势程度（adj.）
速度慢：gradual, steady, gentle, slow
幅度小：slight, minor, marginal
适中：modest适度的, moderate中等的→a relatively moderate rise
速度快：sharp, dramatic, drastic, fast, speedy, rapid, steep, swift
幅度大：great, marked, substantial, significant, considerable, surprising, amazing
4、描述趋势变化的基本句式
描述变化的三个基本句型
In 1991, the price increased suddenly. (v. + adv.)
In 1991, there was a sudden increase in price. (adj. + n.)
In 1991, a sudden increase was seen/ witnessed in price.
This was followed by a sudden increase in price in 1991.
主语多样化→句式多样化
In 1991, the price increased suddenly in China.
The year 1991/ The three-year period saw/ witnessed/ experienced a sudden increase in price in China.
China saw/ witnessed/ experienced a sudden increase in price in 1991.
There was a trend of a gradual decrease in the number of birds since 1995.
A trend of a gradual decrease was witnessed/ seen in the number of birds since 1995.
This was followed by (a trend of) a gradual decrease in the number of birds since 1995.
It then rose significantly to about 105 million in 1989. → There was a significant rise to about 105 million in 1989. → A significant rise was witnessed/ seen to about 105 million in 1989.
It fell sharply over the next three years to about 95 million in 1992. → There was a sharp fall/ drop/ decrease/ reduction/ decline/ sink over the next three years to about 95 million in 1992.
5、多条曲线的写法
按照变化趋势进行分类/分段，再进行描述
Share similar growth pattern
Have opposite growth patterns
Opposite trends
6、曲线的交点
be equal to
be equivalent to
Overtake →overtook →overtaken
Outnumber→ be outnumbered by…
7、与时间连用的介词
between…and/ from…to/ from…until
in
for/ during/ over
与数据连用的介词
from…to
at
of / by
变化的幅度（涨幅）
2 million → 7 million
There was an increase of 5 million.
It increased by 5 million.
(7-2) / 2 = 250%
It increased by 250%.
8、对未来变化趋势的预测
Predict it is predicted that…
Forecast it is forecast/forecasted that…
It is predicted that there will be a rise until 2010.
Predict→predicted→predicted
Forecast→ Forecast→ Forecast
Forecast→ Forecasted→ Forecasted
在预测未来变化时，用will，不能使用might, could, may等词
(noun → use this structure in your introduction)
The chart includes a forecast/prediction for the next twenty years.
The chart shows oil prices in dollars per barrel from 1995 with forecasts/predictions to 2015. / in two-yearly intervals starting from 1995, and future predictions to 2015.
(passive verbs → use this structure when describing data in the chart)
It is forecasted that this rise will continue for the next ten years. / It is predicted that oil prices will continue to rise to 2014.
It is forecast that there will be a rise in the future. / until 2013
9、好的表达
Oil prices dropped for two years, before rising again in/after 2000.
, in particular from 2006 to 2009
Table
1、对题目的改写
只要是动态的图表就可以使用changes一词，如：The table shows the changes in ethnic
population groups in Atlantis City over a twenty-year period./ The line graph illustrates the changes in birds population in Europe from 1977 to 2007.
2、Overall, In general, …
把表格中的total的变化趋势写上，即使表格中没有给出total这一列，我们也可以自己算出total，再进行描述
3、有两个时间点的动态表格的描述
可以按照时间进行写作
也可以按照项目进行写作（但要注意在表格中可以横向进行比较，也可以纵向进行比较 即可以在项目和项目之间进行比较，如哪个国家的留学生人数最多，也可以在项目内部进行比较，如中国的留学生人数在2000年和2006年之间发生了怎样的变化）
4、有三个及三个以上时间点的动态表格的描述
按照项目进行描述，并且在项目比较多的情况下，可以先按照变化趋势进行分类，再进行描述（类似多条曲线的写作顺序）
5、倍数表达
double, increase twofold
treble, increase threefold
quadruple, increase fourfold
注意：twofold, threefold, fourfold等词既可作adj.也可作adv.
Double, treble, quadruple三词最好使用其动词形式，不容易出错。
流程图
1、开头段总述整个流程分为几个步骤
2、主体段按照顺序逐个描述每个步骤的具体流程
3、流程图中的动作有三个表现形式（避免出现人称词）
动名词：Adding sugar to milk makes the milk sweet.
名词：The addition of the sugar makes the ice cream sweet.
动词的被动语态：Sugar is added to the milk.
注意：动名词和名词做主语时，句子的谓语动词用单数形式。
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雅思写作真题汇总修订版
雅思写作真题汇总修订 版 IBMT standardization office【IBMT5AB-IBMT08-IBMT2C-ZZT18】
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model answer: The chart shows CO2 emissions per passenger kilometre for variuos methods of transport in the European Union while the pie chart shows European Union spending on transport. Flying by air produces by far the greatest CO2 emissions, approximately three times as much as passenger cars which are the next largest producers. Very little is spent by the EU on air travel while roads make up more than half of the EU transport budget. Trains produce about three times less CO2 emissions per passenger kilometre than passenger cars and eight times less than air travel. Nearly a third of EU transport funds are spent on railways. Ships are a clean form of transport and produce about the same amount of CO2 per passenger kilometre as trains do. However, only 2 percent of EU funds are spent on ports. A further one percent is spent on inland waterways. Coaches are the cleanest form of transport. Emissions of CO2 per passenger kilometre from coaches are half those of buses. Buses emit less than half as much CO2 per passenger kilometre as cars. The European Union spends 10 percent of its transport budget on public transport, such as buses and coaches. (197 words)
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最高级和比较级 主语谓语最高级和比较级(宾语) than 英国在某方面花费的最多 Britain spent the most heavily on… 英国的花费高于其他国家 Britain spent more than other countries. 德国花的只比法国多 Germany only spent more than France. 主系表结构 意大利的花销只比法国多一点 Italy’s spending is only marginally greater than that of France. 英国的花费高于其他国家 British spending is considerably higher than that of other countries. 西班牙是最受欢迎的度假胜地。 Spain is the most popular holiday destination. 被动语态 女性失业率高于男性的。 More women are unemployed than men. 红色车的销量较高。 Far more red cars are sold. 英国在玩具上的花费高于其他国家 More money was spent on toys in Britain than in other countries. 女性的失业率最高 The highest percentage of women are unemployed. The unemployment rate for females is the highest. 位居中间maintain middle position 表示比较的连接词 By comparison = in contrast = by contrast: 对比来说, Compared with A = in contrast to A :和A对比来说, On the contrary = conversely: 相反 数字连接词修饰词 at \with\ reaching the figure of some\approximately\more or less\ just over\just under\ number or so The number of visitors to France and Germany reached 3million and 5million respectively 相等be equal to 主谓宾结构中常用动词 Spend Consume Consider mention cite prefer\favor\appeal to enjoy\have \own Suffer hoose 最the most 最不the least
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雅思大作文题目汇总
年雅思大作文题目汇总
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2013年1月10日 The most important thing of people's life is his or her work. Without a satisfying career, the life is meaningless. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 2013年1月12日 Children spend long time studying in school and after school. What are the positive or negative effects on children and the society as a whole? 2013年2月2日 Some people think watching TV every day is bad for children. Others think it is good for developing children as they grow up. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. 2013年2月14日 Some people believe young people should be free to choose his or her job, but others think they should be realistic and think about their future. Discuss and give your opinion. 2013年2月16日 Some people think all lawbreakers should be put into prison, others believe that there are better alternatives. Discuss and give your opinion. 2013年2月23日 Not enough students choose science subjects in university in many countries. What are the reasons? What are the effects on the society? 2013年3月2日 More and more people tend to accept education through the internet, and therefore, face-to-face communication is decreasing. Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages? 2013年3月9日 Some people believe that studying in a college or university is the best way for students to prepare for their future career. Others think they should leave school as soon as possible to develop their career through work experience. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. 2013年3月14日 It is more important for a building to focus on its function. Architects should not worry about its looks. Do you agree or disagree?