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考研英语基础复习资料

Ｅ－ｍａｉｌ：ｋａｏｙａｎｒｅｎ＠ｍｓｎ．ｃｏｍ真理越辩越明，欢迎来信讨论本讲义的任何问题！　

基础复习阶段（ｕｎｉｔ１－４）

Comprehensive Exercises(综合练习)

Unit One

A语言基础知识练习

1）重点句型与结构操练：Translate the following sentences into Chinese, paying attention to the underlined parts.

1．Vitamins are different in that their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin performs one or more specific functions in the body.

解析：(译文)维生素各不相同因为他们的元素排列不同，并且每一种维生素在人体里起到了一种或一种以上的特定的功能。　

（ｉｄｍ　习语）　ｉｎ　ｔｈａｔ　/ In TEt /　（不可重读）　ｆｏｒ　ｔｈｅ　ｒｅａｓｏｎ　ｔｈａｔ；　ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ　基于．．．的理由；　因为：　Ｐｒｉｖａｔｉｚａｔｉｏｎ　ｉｓ　ｔｈｏｕｇｈｔ　ｔｏ　ｂｅ　ｂｅｎｅｆｉｃｉａｌ　ｉｎ　ｔｈａｔ　ｉｔ　ｐｒｏｍｏｔｅｓ　ｃｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｉｏｎ．　私营化的优点在于能促进相互竞争．　（固定搭配）perform/fulfil(US fulfill) /(play×) functions

注意：　

1）for all that (=although),例如：They are good people, for all that their ways are not the same as ours.

ways 处事态度

for `all（that）：despite; in spite of 尽管; 虽然: He has great power and wealth, but is still unhappy for all that. 他有钱有势, 可尽管如此却并不快乐. 2）now that(=since),例如：Now that you have come, you may as well stay here for a couple of days.

now conj ~ (that)... because of the fact (that)... 由于...; 既然...: Now (that) you mention it, I do remember the incident. 经你一提, 我想起那件事了. * Now you've passed your test you can drive on your own. 你驾驶考试既已合格, 就可以独自开车了.

may/might/could(just) as well＝had better不妨，最好

2．If you intend to have friends to dinner, you plan the menu, make a shopping list and decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of to be served.

解析：（译文）如果你要请明天吃饭，那么你要列一张菜单，开一张购物单，决定先做什么菜，这样的安排是你请客吃饭所必不可少的。

“for any type of to be served”:带逻辑主语的动词不定式在句中做状语

3．Vincent Van Gogh killed himsel f when he was only 37, but he left behind him more than 2000 paintings and drawings, which established his reputation in a way he would never have considered possible had he been alive.

解析：（译文）他自杀时才37岁,但是他留下来2000多幅油画和素描。如果他活着，他绝不会想到这些作品会为他带来如此大的名望

注意划线部分的汉语表达 kill himself＝commit suicide.

which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面两个并列的名词；paintings and drawings（而非仅drawings）；可译为这些油画和素描（或灵活地译为这些作品）。“he would never have considered possible had he been alive”是省略了关系代词的定语从句，在从句中省略的关系代词作宾语。“had he been alive”

是部分倒装的条件虚拟语气，原句应为“if he had been alive”Expressionist and Symbolist schools印象派

4．The suspended trade talk between the two superpowers is reported in the local newspapers to have been resumed in Washington two days ago.

译：据地方报纸报道，这两个超级大国之间中断的贸易谈判两天前在华盛顿重新开始。

suspend： 3 [Tn] (a) prevent (sth) from being in effect for a time; stop (sth) temporarily 暂不实行（某事物）; 使（某事物）暂停: suspend a rule 暂不实行一项规定 * Rail services are suspended indefinitely because of the strike. 铁路运输因罢工而无限期停运. (b) postpone (sth); delay 推迟（某事物）; 延缓: suspend introduction of the new scheme 延缓实施新方案 * suspend judgement 暂不决断 * give a criminal a suspended sentence, 给一罪犯缓刑.

In effect (a) for practical purposes; in fact 实际上; 事实上: T he two systems are, in effect, identical. 这两种制度实际上一模一样. (b) (of a rule, law, etc) in use （指规则、法律等）有效: Some ancient laws are still in effect. 有些古时的法律现在仍然有效.

of/to no ef`fect not having the result intended or hoped for 没有预期的或希望的结果; 无效: My warning was of no effect. 我的警告无济於事. * We warned them, but to no effect. 我们警告过他们, 但完全没用.

resume（重点词汇）：重新开始，恢复

“to have been resumed”－动词不定式的完成时作主语“he suspended trade talk”补语。例：He was said to have come here yestaday.

不定式的完成式用于下列两种情况：

（1）　seem（似乎）、appear（显得）、be supposed（被认为）、be said（听说）等动词后面，表示发生在更早的事件或先于某一个事件发生。Many of the world’s great novels are reported to have been made films last year. （2）　在wish（愿望）、hope（希望）、desire（欲望）、intend(打算)、mean(意指)等动作的过去式后，表示过去的目的、企图、愿望、计划等没有实现。eg.I intended to have come.我本来打算要来的。（事实上没有来）I wished to have helped you，but I had no money then.

用法（2）等同于上述动词的非不定式的过去完成式例如上一句可以改为： I had

intended to come. *I had wished to help you，but I had no money then. 5．Good news sometimes was released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.

解析：（译文）好消息有时被过早发布，英国收复港口的消息在守卫者实际投降半天前就被宣布了。

premature/ 5premEtjUE(r); ?@ 9pri:mE5tUEr; 9primE`tJr/：happening before the proper or expected time提前的，过早的，未到期的

recapture/ 9ri:5kAptFE(r); ri`kAptFL/ v [Tn] 1 capture again (a person or an animal that has escaped, or sth taken by an enemy) 重新捕获（逃跑的人或动物）; 夺回（敌人夺走的事物）: recapture escaped prisoners, bears 重新捕获逃脱的犯人、熊 * The town was recaptured from the enemy. 该城已从敌人手中收复. 2(fig 比喻) experience again or reproduce (past emotions, etc) 再次经历、体验或产生（往日的情感等）: recapture the joys of youth 重新体验年轻时的欢乐 * recapture a period atmosphere, eg in a play, film, etc 再现某历史时期的气氛（如在戏剧、电影等中）.

重点在于with结构

注意：“with＋名词＋分词”构成独立主格，译时当单独句子处理

例如：With the guide leading the way ,the tourists started off into the dark night.

（81年研考）导游领路，旅游者开始向深夜进发。

6．On account of the uncertainty of the market at your end, we have suffered some loss by the business with you in the past few years.

at your end（贵方） on account of（由于）

由于贵方的市场不稳定，在于你们近几年的生意中，我们已经蒙受了一些损失。7．All matter as it is normally encountered either consists of elements or combinations of elements called compounds.

as引导的特殊的状语从句，译时当定语从句处理（英译汉考过2次）正常情况下所遇到的所有物质，要么由元素组成，要么由被称作化合物的元素的组合所构成8．Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

解析：（译文）虽然宇宙膨胀论虽然听起来似乎奇特，但是它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家最近7，8年来一直相信宇宙膨胀说是正确的。

让步状语从句的倒装：连接词放在句子中间，句子表语提前，而非主谓倒装；odd 是表语，sound是半系动词，though改为as也可以。“it”指“cosmic inflation”

副词的位置：

1）修饰vi.放在其后The birds song merrily in the woods.

2)修饰vt.放其前或宾语后，不能放vt.和宾语中；若宾语有后置定语修饰，adv.可放vt.和宾语中。

The teacher pronounced slowly the words that the students asked for .

The teacher noisily entered the room.(The children entered the room noisily).

3）频率副词放在主要动词前，系动词后；有时可放在句首

she is always changing her mind. I sometimes go to the library.(=Sometimes I go to the library)

4）adv.可修饰adv.,adj.,分词，介词，连词，放在这些词前；只有enough例外－做adj时放在被修饰词后面，做adj时放在被修饰词前。（adj.不能修饰adj.）

试译下句：These theories are relative precisely because they are drawn by inference.

inflate/ In5fleIt; In`flet/ v 1 (a) [Tn, Tn.pr] ~ sth (with sth) fill (a tyre, balloon, etc) with air or gas 使（轮胎、气球等）充气、膨胀: a fully inflated tyre 气充得很足的轮胎. (b) [I] become filled with air or gas; swell 充满气体; 膨胀; 胀大: With a supply of compressed air the large balloon inflated in a matter of seconds. 大气球注入压缩空气后, 几秒钟就充足了气. 2 [Tn] (fig 比喻) cause (sb's self-opinion) to become too great 使某人自视甚高; 骄傲; 得意: flattery that would inflate the most modest person's ego 把最谦虚的人也能吹捧得趾高气扬的恭维. 3 [I, Tn] (finance 财) take action to increase the amount of money in circulation in (an economy) so that prices rise 物价上涨; 使通货膨胀. Cf 参看 deflate, reflate.

> inflatable / -Ebl/ adj that can be or must be inflated 可充气的; 必须充气的;

可膨胀的: an inflatable dinghy 充气筏.

inflation / In5fleIFn; In`fleFEn/ n [U] 1 process of inflating (inflate 1a); being inflated 充气; 膨胀. 2 rise in prices resulting from an increase in the supply of money, credit, etc 通货膨胀; 物价上涨: control/curbinflation 控制[遏制]通货膨胀 * galloping (ie severe andrapid) inflation 失控通胀.

inflationary/ In5fleIFnrI; ?@ -nerI; In`fleFEn9ZrI/ adj of, caused by or causing financial inflation 通货膨胀的; 由通货膨胀引起的; 引起通货膨胀的: the inflationary spiral, ie economic situation in which prices and wages rise in turn as the supply of money is increased 恶性通货膨胀（因流通货币增加导致工资与物价交互上涨的现象） * inflationary wage claims 通货膨胀引起的增加工资的要求.

consequence/ 5kCnsIkwEns; ?@ -kwens; `kBnsE9kwZns/ n 1 [C usu pl 通常作复数] thing that is a result or an effect of sth else 结果; 后果; 影响: Her investment had disastrous consequences: she lost everything she owned. 她的投资结果很惨, 血本无归. * be ready to take/suffer/bear the consequences of one's actions, ie accept the bad things which happen

as a result 准备承担自己行动的后果 * recent developments which could have far-reaching consequences for the country's economy 最近的事态变化, 能够对国家的经济产生深远影响. 2 [U] (fml 文) importance 重要性: It is of no consequence. 这无关紧要. * He may be a man of consequence (ie an important man or man of high rank) in his own country, but he's nobody here. 他在自己的国家中尽管举足轻重, 但在此地却毫不显眼. 3 (idm 习语) in consequence (of sth) (infml 口) as a result (of sth) 由於（某事物）的缘故; 因而: She was found guilty, and lost her job in consequence (of it). 她被判有罪, 因而失去了工作.

plausible（重点词汇）：/ 5plR:zEbl; `plRzEbl/ adj (of a statement, an excuse, etc) seeming to be right or reasonable; believable （指陈述、藉口等）似乎正确的, 似有道理的, 可信的

respected：公认的

respect1 / rI5spekt/ n 1 [U] ~ (for sb/sth) admiration felt or shown for a person or thing that has good qualities or achievements; regard 尊敬;

敬重; 钦敬: a mark, token, etc of respect 尊敬的标志、表示等 * have a deep, sincere, etc respect for sb 深深地、由衷地...敬重某人 * I have the greatest respect for you/hold you in the greatest respect. 我非常尊敬您.

* The new officer soon won/earned the respect of his men. 那新来的军官很快博得了士兵的钦敬. 2 [U] ~ (for sb/sth) politeness or consideration arising from admiration or regard 尊敬之表示; 尊重之情: Children should show respect for their teachers. 学生要尊敬老师. * Out of respect, he took off his hat. 他脱帽以示敬意. * have some, little, no, etc respect for sb's feelings 相当、不太、毫不...尊重某人的感情 * With (all due) respect, sir, I disagree. 先生, 恕我直言, 我不能同意. 3 [U] ~ (for sb/sth) protection or recognition 维护; 承认; 尊重: very little respect for human rights 极不尊重人权. 4 [C] particular aspect or detail 方面; 著眼点: in this one respect 在这一点上 * in some/all/many/several/few respects 在某些[各个/许多/几个/极少]方面 * In what respect do you think the film is biased? 你认为影片在哪一方面失之偏颇? 5 (idm 习语) in respect of sth (fml or commerce 文或商) as regards sth; with s pecial reference to sth 关于某事物; 就某方面而言: The book is admirable in respect of style. 这本书风格极佳. * price rises in respect of gas and water costs 煤气费和水费涨价. with respect to sth (fml or commerce 文或商) concerning sth 涉及、提到或关于某事物: This is true with respect to English but not to French. 这一点在英语属实而在法语则不同. * With respect to your enquiry, I enclose an explanatory leaflet. 关于你的询问, 兹附上有关说明资料.

? respects n [pl] (fml 文) 1 polite greetings 敬意; 问候: Give/send/offer him my respects. 代我向他致意. 2 (idm 习语) pay one's respects => pay2.

respect2v 1 [Tn, Tn.pr] ~ sb/sth (for sth) admire or have a high opinion of sb/sth (because of sth) （因某事物）尊敬或敬重某人[某事物]: I respect you for your honesty. 由於你为人正直, 我对你十分敬重. 2 [Tn] show consideration for (sb/sth) 重视、考虑或尊重（某人[某事物]）: respect sb's wishes, opinions, feelings, etc 尊重某人的意愿、意见、感情等 * respect the environment, eg by protecting it 重视环境问题（如保护环境） * People won't respect my (desire for) privacy. 大家都不顾及我（希望享有的）个人自由. 3 [Tn, Cn.n/a] ~ sth (as sth) avoid interfering with or harming sth; agree to recognize 不干预或不损害某事物; 承认某事物: respect sb's rights, privileges, etc 承认某人的权利、特权等 * respect a treaty, contract, etc 遵守条约、合同等 * respect diplomatic immunity (eg of foreign embassy staff to British law) as valid 承认外交豁免权有效. 4 [Tn] ~ oneself have proper respect for one's own character and behaviour 自重; 自尊: If you don't respect yourself, how can you expect others to respect you? 自己不自重, 又怎能受到别人尊重呢? > respecter n (idm 习语) be no/not be any respecter of `persons treat everyone in the same way, without being influenced by their importance, wealth, etc 不问贫富贵贱, 一视同仁: Death is no respecter of persons. 死神不区分贫富贵贱.

respecting prep (fml 文) relating to (sth); concerning 关于, 至於（某事物）: laws respecting property 关于财产的法律 * information respecting the child's whereabouts 关于那孩子的下落的消息.

表达“关于”之义的短词归纳如下：

the better part of a decade 7，8年

(idm 习语) the best part of sth most of sth (esp a period of time) （某事物的）绝大部分（尤指一段时间）: I spent the best part of an hour trying to find my car keys. 我花了近一个小时找汽车钥匙. * You must have drunk the best part of a bottle of wine last night. 你昨天晚上喝了准有一瓶葡萄酒. the better part of sth more than half of sth （某事物的）大半, 多半: We've lived here for the better part of a year. 我们在这里住了多半年了. 9．In natural science, more than in any other human institution, it is necessary to search out the past in order to understand the present.

自然科学比任何人文科学更需要研究过去以便认识未来。more than译时移后面。

这几年考题中常出现的词组：

注意：1）nothing more than 只不过是：The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is nothing more than an anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.

“invariably＝always”，个别的电视观众总是感觉到他只不过是巨大的形形色色的观众群体中默默无名的，在统计数字中微不足的一员。

2)nothing b ut 仅仅只不过：The method of scientific investigation is

nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind.（95年英译汉）

科学研究的方法只不是表现人类思维活动的必要表达方式。

3)anything but 完全不（ｎｏｔ　ａｔ　ａｌｌ）The solution is anything but satisfactory. 这个解决办法完全不能令人满意。

10．Very few will doubt that it is science that has at once quickened the demand for general education in modern times and made the education itself effective.

很少有人怀疑正是科学既加速使得人们迫切需要去接受现代的一般的普及教育，又使得教育本身能产生预想的结果。

（it is science that…强调句型）at once.....and...既...又...

2)重点词汇与成语操练：Choose the best one to complete the following

sentences.

11．It’s usually the case that people seldom behave in a way when in a furious state.

A. optional

B. rational

C. sophisticated

D. credible

A optional 可选择的～ /required（compulsory） sujectcts 选修课/必修课

B.rational 有理性的，合理的

C. sophisticated 先进的，尖端的，复杂的；（人）老于世故的

D. credible 可以相信的incredible：难以置信的

give sb credit for sth：因为sth而肯定sb的功劳place credit in sth：相信sth

12．How large a proportion of the sales of stores in or near resort areas（旅游胜地）can be to tourist spending?

A. attributed

B. contributed C subjected D. submitted

A. Attributed attribute A to B把A归因于B

B. contributed vt.捐献，贡献出；投稿；vi.～to（褒贬皆可）有助于，促进

例：汽车加剧了空气污染 Cars contribute to air pollution.

C subjected subject A to B：使A受到B

例：使空气受到污染 subject the air to pollution

D.submitted submit A to B

a：使A顺从于B He submits himself to his parent.(他对他父母百依百顺) b：递交He submitted the report to the committee.

c：作vt. 屈服于 submit to outside pressure(屈服于外在压来)

13．All experts agree that the most important consideration with diet drugs is carefully

the risks against the benefits.

A. weighing

B. valuing

C. evaluation

D. distinguishing

A. weighing weigh....against...权衡A和B

B. valuing value vt.珍惜，重视 ~time/friendship/good views(opinion) etc.

C. evaluation evaluate vt.评价

D. distinguishing distinguish 区别 distinct :不同的 distinction：区别

14．At first the designers differed in their opinions, but on second thoughts （经再三考虑）all of them agreed to the plans to the new

specifications（规定；说明书）.

A. confirm

B. confront

C. confine

D. conform

A. confirm 使...更坚固；证实...,确认

B. confront 面临 ~difficulties we are confront with many difficulties

C. confine confine A to B把A限制在B范围

D. conform vt.vi.conform A to B使A符合B 选D

（方法：词义相近看搭配，搭配相同看词义）

15．I a letter to an Internet service that distributes journalists’questions to more than 750 institutions.

A. assigned

B. detached

C. attached

D. dispatched

A. assigned assign sb to do sth分配sb做sth OR assign sb sth给sb布置sth

B. detached detach A from B把A与B分开/分离

C. attached attach A to B把A吸到B上补充：attach importance to重视

be attached to依恋于 He is attached to his parents.

D. dispatched dispatch A to B把A发送到B

16．A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can no longer be satisfactorily .

A. diminished

B. relaxed

C. alleviated

D. abolished

A. diminished v.减少

B. relaxed 放松

C. alleviated 减轻，缓解 alleviate the Asian financial crisis 缓解亚洲金融危机

D. abolished 废除 do away with abolish slavery 废除奴隶制度

17．Statistics show that many women have their lives to teaching careers, yet relatively few have become principals or headmasters.

A. obliged

B. committed

C. engaged

D. resolved

A. obliged ablige sb to do sth 迫使sb 做sth be abliged to sb for sth 因某事而非常感谢某人

B对. committed commit A to B把A付诸于B，使A从事于B

C. engaged engage vt.聘用 engage a teacher(注意词汇的多义性)

D. resolved 解决be resolved to do sth下定决心做某事

18．The U.S. senator alleged断言in his speech that a nuclear war the human race would be ruined completely.

A. in the event of

B. with reference to

C. in relation to

D. in

the case of

A. in the event of 万一

B. with reference to 至于，关于

C. in relation to 至于，关于

D. in the case of 就...而论in case of万一

19．We are confronted with a host of (种种，许许多多）difficulties, so we should have some other plans to if this one fails.

A. fall back on

B. lean back against

C. look back over

D. go back on

A. fall back on 求助于

B. lean back against 往后靠着...

C. look back over回顾

D. go back on 违背，违反 go back on one's promise 20．Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item .

A. at large

B. in question

C. by nature

D. from scratch

A. at large

(a)(of a criminal, animal, etc) free; not confined （指罪犯、动物等）自由

的, 未关管的, 未缚住的: The escaped prisoner is still at large. 越狱犯依然逍遥法外.

(b) at full length; thoroughly and in great detail 详细地; 充分地; 透彻地:

The question is discussed at large in my report. 我在报告中对该问题作了详细的探讨.

地: the opinion of students, voters, society, etc at large 学生、选民、社会等总的意见.

largely adv to a great extent; chiefly 在很大程度上; 主要地: His success was largely due to luck. 他的成功主要靠运气.

# `large-scale adj [尤作定语] 1 extensive 大规模的: a large-scale police search 警方的大规模搜查.

B. in question

a.跟在名词后作定语:所讨论的，所谈到的 this is the matter in question　

b.作表语：表示有疑问 his opinion is in question

C. by nature 本质上

D. from scratch 白手起家，从头开始　Ｈe started from scratch.

B．英语知识运用：Use of English (Cloze Tests )

I（2002年真题完型填空，暂不解析）

Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the

20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 21 . As was discussed before, it was not 22 the

19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic 23 , following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 24 of

the periodical. It was d uring the same time that the communications revolution 25 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading

26 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures

27 the 20th-century world of the motor car and the airplane. Not everyone sees that process in 28 . It is important to do so.

It is generally recognized, 29 , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 30 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 31

its impact on the media was not immediately 32 . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as 33 , with display becoming sharper and storage 34 increasing. They were thought of, like people, 35 generations, with the distance between generations much 36 .

It was within the computer age that the term " information society " began to be widely used to describe the 37 within which we now live.

The communications revolution has 38 both work and lei-sure and

how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been

39 views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. "Benefits" have been weighed 40 "harmful" outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult. (278 words)

21. a. between b. before c. since d. later

22. a. after b. by c. during d. until

23. a. means b. method c. medium d. measure

24. a. process b. company c. light d. form

25. a. gathered b. speeded c. worked d. picked

26. a. on b. out c. over d. off

27. a. of b. for c. beyond d. into

28. a. concept b. dimension c. effect d. perspective

29. a. indeed b. hence c. however d. therefore

30. a. brought b. followed c. stimulated d. characterized

31. a. unless b. since c. lest d. although

32. a. apparent b. desirable c. negative d. plausible

33. a. institutional b. universal c. fundamental d. instrumental

34. a. ability b. capability c. capacity d. faculty

35. a. by means of b. in terms of c. with regard to d. in line with

36. a. deeper b. fewer c. nearer d. smaller

37. a. context b. range c. scope d. territory

38. a. regarded b. impressed c. influenced d. effected

39. a. competitive b. controversial c. distracting d. irrational

40. a. above b. upon c. against d. with

America is changing its eating habits（主题信号词）,---41---medical evidence mounts升高，上升，增加that we are ---42---热潮we eat, consuming a

healthier diet has become almost a national ---43--- in the United Stated. The food -for - fitness phenomenon began in the 1970s ---44--- a U.S.

Senate Committee ---45---the conclusion that six out of ten leading causes of death -- such as heart disease and cancer might be linked to (与…有关)diet. The government issued vt发布；n重大问题--46---Americans to eat a ---47--- of food, maintain proper weight, and limit intake摄入at, salt and

sugar.

For most Americans, ---48--- to eat is a matter of personal choice, ---49--- than one of supply. An excellent nationwide food distribution system ensures that fresh produce is readily ---50---in all parts of the country, ---51---of the season. Taking ---52--- of this abundance, many people are giving up traditional meal-and-potatoes fare(饮食) in ---53--- of lighter meals of salads, fruits and vegetables.

One of the most significant ---54--- in the American way of eating is the healthful change in restaurant food. One of very two meals in the United States is eaten ---55--- the home. Restaurants are making special efforts to provide low-fat, low-salt, and low-calorie items. (216 words)

41. a. If b. As c. Though d. For

42. a. that b. what c. where d. when

43. a. passion b. emotion c. consideration d. concept

44. a. that b. while c. then d. when

45. a. took b. reached c. made d. obtained

46. a. suggesting b. demanding c. advising d. proposing

47. a. number b. variety c. sum d. series

48. a. how b. when c. where d. what

49. a. more b. other c. rather d. better

50. a. desirable b. available c. acceptable d. preferable

51. a. in　spite b. instead c. in the case d. regardless

52. a. profit b. benefit c. advantage d. use

53. a. favor b. search c. place d. opposition

54. a. tasks b. trends c. alternatives d. ambitions

55. a. in b. outside c. at d. inside

45.reach /come to/arrive at /draw a conclusion

46.词意相近看搭配 propose＋doing/n.

49.other than除…以外，与…不同

produce / 5prCdju:s; ?@ -du:s; `prBdus/ n [U] things that have been produced (produce 1), esp by farming 产品; （尤指）农产品: fresh produce 新鲜的农产品 * agricultural, farm, garden produce 农业的、农场的、园圃的产品 * It

says on the bottle `Produce of France'. 瓶上标有‘法国制造’的字样.

53.in search of 寻找 in place of 代替 be in opposition to 与…相对立making special efforts to do sth :做出专门努力做某事

Ｃ．Reading Comprehension:

Text 1(朱老师课上末讲，留后解析)

Air travel is such an everyday experience these days that we are not surprised when we read about a politician having talked with the Japanese Prime Minister one day, having to attend a conference in Australia the following morning and having to be off at midday to sign a trade agreement in Bangkok. But frequent long distance flying can be so tiring that the traveler begins to feel his brain is in one country, his digestion in another and his powers of concentration nowhere --- in short, he hardly knows where he is .

The fatigue we normally experience after a long journey is accentuated when we fly from east to west or vice versa because we cross time zones. Air travel is so quick nowadays that we can leave London after breakfast and be in New York in eight hours. Yet what really disturbs us is that when we arrive it is only lunch time, but we have already had lunch on the plane and are expecting dinner.

　Doctors say that since air travelers are in no condition to work after crossing a number of time zones, they should go straight to bed on arrival. Airline pilots, in fact, whose experience is so obviously relevant that it ought to serve as a guide, often live by their own watches, ignoring local time, and have breakfast at midnight if necessary. They have far less reason to worry about their health than executives because they are used to flying and are physically fit.

　Businessmen who go on long-distance flights, however, are usually out for promotion and flattered to have been chosen because it adds to their status and prestige in the firm. They are lucky if the company is enlightened enough to insist on their taking the doctor’s advice and resting f or a day before working. Sometimes the managing director is such an energetic character that he expects everyone to be as he is. As he has never felt any ill effects after flying himself, the schedule he lays down is so exacting(=making great demands, severe, strict) that the employee is too exhausted to carry it out satisfactorily. He must either go straight to an important meeting as soon as his plane touches down or else return as soon as the meeting is over to report to his boss. Dynamic managers of this type often do not realize how disastrous this policy may

be for the man’s health and the company’s reputation. (411 words)

56. According to the second paragraph, which of the following statements is true?

a. We experience fatigue on flights only when we cross time zones.

b. We experience fatigue on a long flight when we fly to wards the west.

c. Crossing time zones increases the fatigue we experience on a long flight.

d. Air travel is so quick nowadays that we experience fatigue on a flight.

57. According to the passage, after long-distance flights, pilots .

a. always go straight to bed

b. find it wisest to take no notice of local time

c. have breakfast

d. worry about their health

　58. It can be learned from the passage that if a managing director is energetic he

frequently .

a. expects too much of his employees

b. makes his employees attend classes　to keep fit

b. refuses to allow his employees to lie down

c. d. has an important meeting with his employees on a light

59. In the last paragraph, it is implied but not directly said that the employees who go on long-distance flights .

a. are obviously unkindly treated

b. are not given time to make friends on meetings abroad

c.may make serious mistakes because of tiredness

d.may send in their resignations

60. The title which best expresses the main idea of the passage would be .

a. Importance of Air Travel in Modern Society

b. Crossing Time Zones-Main

　Reason for the Fatigue

c. Businessmen’s View on Long-distance Flights

d. Air Travel and Its Effect

on a Person’s Health

Text 2（朱老师课上末讲，留后解析）

Opinion polls are now beginning to show reluctant consensus that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employment more widely.

But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future of work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many other ways for self-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work?

The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people’s work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reserved. This seems a discouraging thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom.

Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people’s homes. Later, as transport improved, first by rail and then by road, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people’s work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they lives.

　Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In pre-industrial times, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife. Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today, and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes.

It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form of work, young people and old people were excluded--- a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives.

All this may have to change. The time has certainly come to switch some efforts and resources away from the utopian goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full-time jobs. (449 words)

61. Research carried out in recent opinion polls shows that

a. available employment should be restricted to a small percentage of the population

b. new jobs must be created in order to rectify high unemployment figures

c. available employment must be more widely distributed among the unemployed

d. the present high unemployment figures are a fact of life

62.The article suggests that we should now re-examine our thinking about

the future

　of work and

a. be prepared to admit that being employed is not the only king of work

b. create more factories in order to increase our productivity

c. set up smaller private enterprises so that we in turn can employ others

d. be prepared to fill in time at home by taking up hobbies and leisure

activities

63.The arrival of the industrial age in our historical evolution meant that .

a. universal employment virtually guaranteed prosperity

b. economic freedom came within everyone’s grasp

c. patterns of work were fundamentally changed

d. people’s attitudes to work had to be reversed

64. The enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries meant that .

a. people were no longer legally entitled to own land

b. many people were forced to look elsewhere for means of supporting

themselves

c. people were not adequately compensate for the loss of their land

d. people were badly paid for the work they managed to find

65. The article concludes that .

a. the creation of jobs for all is out of the question

b. our efforts and resources in terms of tackling unemployment are

insufficient

c. people should start to support themselves by learning a practical skill

d. we should help those whose jobs are only part-tim

Text 3

　Recently a mathematics paper taken by all 15-year-olds in Osaka Province,　Japan, in 1984, was set to British 15-year-olds at grammar

school,reckoned被认为to be among the brightest 10 per cent. Yet only 5 超过There is no doubt at all that if we set the Osaka test to all British 15-year-olds, they would score much

lower than their Japanese counterparts. But this does not prove that the Japanese are cleverer or better taught. It does强调 suggest some fundamental differences in our respective views on the nature of the human mind and the process of education itself.（段落的结论句，题目往往出在核心句中） The one really striking feature显著特点 of the test is that the Japanese set it to all 15-yaer-olds. You only set all pupils the same test if you believe they can all do it or, in other words, that all pupils are capable of

the same level of achievement.（英语的习惯是把only放动词前，译时把only放if前，叫强调转移。只有你相信所有的人都能做这张考卷，你才能对所有的孩子都出这张试卷）This may or may not be true, but

the simple fact is that it is not a view widely held in Britain. Here, the view is that different people have different potential levels of achievement. That is why most of our math teaching above the first year of secondary school is done in sets o r bands and why we teach different sorts of mathematics to pupils of differing abilities .And there would be loud protests from parents were schools to suggest a move to mixed-ability math teaching right up to the fifth year.（省略的虚拟条件句倒装）

　Yet this is exactly how the Japanese organize their classes for math. They believe that under-achievement is the result not of inability but of laziness or inattention on the part of the pupil, or poor teaching. So in Japan they have a single syllabus, taught to all pupils in unsettled classes, with a single exam. Which system is better? Before you answer that question, you must first make decisions about your view of human intellectual capacity and about the aims of education. The test does not even prove that Japanese pupils are better mathematicians. It is difficult to judge from one example but, with its evident bias towards(偏爱于) traditional geometry, it seems that many areas of the British curriculum are excluded. Graphs, statistics, trigonometry/ 9trIgE5nCmEtrI/三角学 and social arithmetic are among the missing topics. The Japanese questions are also curiously反常impractical. (384 words)

biased:有偏见的

66. In the opinion of the writer, the lower marks in mathematics obtained by British pupils indicate that .

a. Japanese pupils receive better tuition

b. they are not so clever as their Japanese counterparts

c. the views on key issues of the two nations differ basically

d. the process of education itself is at fault

67. Setting the same test to all members of a particular age group implies

that .

a. they have different levels of achievement

b. the teaching has been of a very high standard

c. they can without exception tackle it successfully

d. the curriculum followed is standardized

68. In Britain setting and banding are used in math teaching because .（因果问题要注意选深层次原因）

a. it is believed that there is a wide range of ability among pupils (文章讲，原因的原因)

b. parents would protest against mixed-ability teaching（文章讲，非深层次原因）

c .different groups of students prefer different sorts of math

d. pupils are all capable of the same level of achievement

69. The Japanese believe that under-achievement成绩差 in math is due to .（细节归纳题型）（命题技巧：文章里是细节的罗列，到问题里就成了抽象概括）

a. the shortcomings of teachers and pupils

b. the way classes are organized

c. the inherent lack of ability in some pupils

d. the pressure of examinations

70. According to the passage, the Japanese test .

a. gives poor（改no对） coverage of some areas（干扰项）

b. excludes many of the topics which the British study

c. pays little attention to traditional geometry / dVI5CmEtrI /几何学

d. includes some impractical questions about social arithmetic, graphs, statistics, etc.

reckon（重点单词）

/ 5rekEn / v 1 [Tn.pr, Tf, Cn.a, Cn.n, Cn.n/a, Cn.t 尤用於被动语态] ~ sb/sth among sth; ~ sb/sth as sth (infml 口) (not used in the continuous tenses 不用於进行时态) be of the opinion or consider that sb/sth is as specified 认为某人[某事物]是...: We reckon her among our best reporters. 我们认为她是我们最好的记者. * I reckon (that) he is too old for the job. 我认为他年龄太大, 不适於做这工作. * The price was reckoned high. 价钱未免太高了. * She is reckoned (to be) the cleverest pupil in the class. 她是班上最聪明的学生. * One quarter of the country is reckoned as unproductive. 全国四分之一的土地是不毛之地. 2 (a) [Tf no passive 不用於被动语态] (infml 口) assume; think 假定; 想; 思忖; 认为: I reckon we'll go next week. 我想我们下星期去. * The news won't worry her, I reckon. 我看这消息不会使她不安. * What do you reckon our chances are of arriving on time? 你认为我们有没有可能按时到达? (b) [Tf, Tt] calculate (time, price, age, etc) approximately; guess 约略地计算（时间、价格、年龄等）; 猜想: I reckon it will cost about 100. 我估计大约要100英镑. * We reckon to arrive in Delhi at noon. 我们估计正午抵达德里. 3 [Tn] find out (the quantity, number, cost, etc) by using numbers; calculate 算出（数量、数目、费用等）; 计算: reckon the total volume of imports 计算进口商品的总量 * Hire charges are reckoned from the date of delivery. 租金由货到之日起计算. 4 (phr v) reckon sth in include sth in a calculation 将某事物计算在内: When you did your expenses, did you reckon in your taxi fares? 你计算费用时, 把计程车费算进去了吗? reckon on sb/sth base one's plans on sb doing sth or on sth happening; rely on sb/sth 指望或依赖某人[某事物]: Can I reckon on you to help? 你能帮助我吗? * We're reckoning on moving house in May. 我们指望著五月份搬家. * You can't always reckon on (having) good weather. 总依赖（有）好天气是靠不住的. reckon sth up find the sum or total of sth; count sth up 计算; 结算: reckon up bills, accounts, costs, etc 结算帐单、帐目、费用等. reckon with sb/sth take sb/sth into account; consider sb/sth as

important考虑到或重视某人[某事物]: They had many difficulties to reckon with. 他们有许多困难要考虑. * a force, fact,person to be reckoned with, ie that cannot be ignored不可忽视的力量、事实、人物. reckon without sb/sth not take sb/sth into account; not consider sb/sth as important 未考虑到或未重视某人[某事物]: We wanted a quiet holiday, but we had reckoned without the children. 我们原想安安静静地度假, 却没有把孩子考虑在内.

E Writing(提纲式应用文)

Directions:

Water pollution is a serious problem threatening the survival of human beings, plants and animals. It is urgent that some strong measures be adopted to deal with the problem.

There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write a letter to the newspaper based on the following outline:

1. Present situation

2. Suggested measures to be taken

3. Future prospect

Write an essay of about 200 words within 40 minutes on the ANSWER SHEET.

尊敬的先生／女士：

我给您写信是想陈述我对水的污染问题的看法．普遍认为，水的污染是当今严重的公害．世界各国的河流正在受到垃圾及有害化学物质的污染．船舶加剧了污染，因为它们依靠河流排放废物．油和其它化学物质会杀死鱼类并使水不能饮用．总之，污染了的水对人人都是个大问题．

正如你所知道的，人们靠水生活．他们应该参与找到解决污染问题的方法．我认为，需要尽快采取某些应对措施．首先，各国政府理应制订处理污染问题的规章制度．此外，在全面处理和净化废液以前，必须禁止城乡工厂把废液排入河流．我觉得，如果这些工厂违反有关的法规或法律，则应加重罚款．当然还会有一些其它的治理方法值得采取．

至于未来的前景，我相信，在这一方面　会取得良好的成果．过去一度被工业废料污染的河流将会得到清理，几年以前鱼类不能长年的河流又会重见鱼群．总之，似乎很明显，只要人人各尽其责并努力去寻找控制污染的方法，明天将会变得更美好、更光明。

如果需要对这个问题做进一步评论，　请不吝赐函。谢谢！

顺致

敬意

保尔　西安斯

Dear Sir or Madam,

I’m writing to you to state my view on the water pollution problem. It is generally accepted that(万能句型) water pollution is a serious public hazard today. Rivers all over the world are becoming polluted with garbage and dangerous chemicals. Ships contribute t o the problem because they rely on rivers for disposing of wastes. Oil and other chemicals can kill fish and make water unsafe for drinking. Because they rely on rivers for disposing of wastes. Oil and other chemicals can kill fish and make water unsafe for drinking. In a word, polluted water is a big problem to everyone.

As you know, people depend on water to live on. They should be involved in finding a solution to this problem. I think, certain counter measures need to be taken as soon as possible. To begin with, the governments of all countries are supposed to formulate rules and regulations to deal with the pollution problem. In addition, factories in before they are totally treated and purified. I feel if they violate relevant rules or laws, they should be fined heavily. Certainly, there are some other cures which are worth adopting.

As far as future prospect is concerned, I am sure that good results will be achieved in this respect. Rivers which used to be contaminated by industrial wastes will be cleaned and fish which could not live there a few years ago will be again. To conclude, it seems obvious that tomorrow will be better and brighter only if everyone does his part and tries hard to seek solutions for its control.

If any further comment on the issue is required, please don’t hesitate to write to me.

Thanks.

Yours sincerely

Paul Sears (278 words)

作业：１　认真复习本单元各节内容；

２　做下列作业：完形填空　阅读理解；

３　自学“复习指导”中语法结构和词汇练习，打好考研英语知识基础；同时在阅读中巩固这些知识，它们反过来又能促进阅读能力的提高。

赠言：　良好的开端是成功的一半。从今天起你就要全身心地投入到考研准备中去，　以便在明年的激烈竞争中立于不败之地。有得必有失。你将为此失去很多很多。但是，你得到的是，在事业的征途中又登上一个新的台阶。　

考研英语十二大基础语法体系

考研英语十二大基础语法体系对于任何英语句子，要分析其结构，这样才能找到英语语言的规律。每种语言都有它的难点，汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言，汉字很难写，而且有四种声调。其实，许多接触过多种外语的人都认为，英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单，是最容易学的。著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过，语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。因此，学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。一、英语动词的时态（一）英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异：英语的词类与汉语的不同。汉语词类形态稳定，比如“书”这个字，“一本书”、“三本书”都一样，没有词形变化。英语就不同了，book, books 仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。有人说，学好英语就是学好动词，此言甚是。同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在，表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式，这就是时态。（二）英语动词的形式：英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此，了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式：

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考研英语阅读基础班讲义主讲：张伟考研英语微信公众号：张伟爱词汇

内容说明：考研英语（包括考研英语2）的阅读真题内容，以及部分阅读中长难句句型。在我们的课程体系中，阅读分为基础和强化两个模块，基础重文章阅读能力，强化重解题能力。课程适用对象：考研（含考研英语2）英语基础阶段学习；资料来源：考研英语历年真题学习方法：理解考研英语的难度，特点，考试题型；掌握基本的考研英语阅读文章的逻辑结构；对附加的6篇真题文章分析非常熟悉，知道如何利用阅读真题。

考研英语阅读的基本情况首先我们要对阅读考试的特点有个基本了解。老张总结考研英语阅读的特点：出题有题源；题材有偏好；体裁有重点；结构有套路；文风有特点；作为阅读理解A部分，4篇文章，一般有1600词，题材来源为：经济商业、社会热点、文化教育、科普知识、法律等方面，出现率最高的是社会生活、科普和经济，其余的还包括体育、人物传记等。社会生活体裁包括文化、历史、家庭、教育、人口、交通、环境能源及其他社会现象。从国家的角度来分析，一般以欧美，特别是美国的话题为主，因为文章主要也是来源于欧美的主流报刊。考研阅读理解文章的题材多样，有议论文、说明文和应用文。希望大家注意不同体裁的文章不同考试要点：对于说明文，要注意事实和数据；对于议论文而言，要注意作者的结论和观点，作者证明观点的论据部分和逻辑结构，以及作者对其他观点的态度。近几年的真题来看，70%以上的文章都是偏议论文。这对我们写作借鉴也有意义。历年阅读题材题材类型具体分类主题年份备注经济商业时尚品牌对时尚行业的批判2013text1 经济美国中产家庭经济风险2007text3 经济美国经济衰退没有引起恐慌2004text3 网络媒体跟踪用户上网的争议2013text2 网络营销营销中的新媒介2011text3 2004text1 网络求职网络求职的个人搜索代理工具工商管理高级经理的裸辞2011text2 工商管理企业信息保护2007text4 工商管理会计准则受到压力2010text4 2015text2 法律个人隐私对智能手机的个人信息的法律保护专利保护商业专利保护受到威胁2010text2 移民问题最高法对移民法的判决2013text3 法律改革美国法律行业的改革势在必行美欧社会失业救济失业者应该获得救济金2014text1 工会阻碍公共部门改革2012text4 新英格兰的精神生活2009text4 美国社会同化现象2006text1 美国人身高停止增长2008text3 科普知识科学发现可信性的证实2012text2 智商测试2007text2