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PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE PROPER ORTHOGONAL MODES USING THE SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITI

PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE PROPER ORTHOGONAL MODES USING THE SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITI
PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE PROPER ORTHOGONAL MODES USING THE SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITI

Journal of Sound and

doi:10.1006/jsvi.2001.3930,available online at https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e812844890.html, on

PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE PROPER ORTHOGONAL MODES USING THE SINGULAR VALUE

DECOMPOSITION

G.K ERSCHEN AND J.C.G OLINVAL

?1AS-

(Received12November2000,and in,nal form6April2001)

Proper orthogonal decomposition is a statistical pattern analysis technique for"nding the dominant structures,called the proper orthogonal modes,in an ensemble of spatially distributed data.While the proper orthogonal modes are obtained through a statistical formulation,they can be physically interpreted in the"eld of structural dynamics.The purpose of this paper is thus to provide some insights into the physical interpretation of the proper orthogonal modes using the singular value decomposition

2002Academic Press

1.INTRODUCTION

Proper orthogonal decomposition(POD)is a procedure for extracting a basis for a modal decomposition from an ensemble of signals.A very appealing property of the POD is its optimality.Among all possible decompositions of a random"eld,the POD is the most e$cient in the sense that for a given number of modes,the projection on the subspace used for modelling the random"eld will on average contain the most energy possible.Although POD has been regularly applied to non-linear problems,it is essential to underline that it is a linear technique and that it is optimal only with respect to other linear representations. The applications of this procedure are extensive in modelling of turbulence[1,2]and image processing[3],and POD is now emerging as a useful tool in the"eld of structural dynamics.For instance,it has been applied to estimate the dimensionality of a system[4], to build reduced order models[5,6],and to the identi"cation and updating of non-linear systems[7}9].

The purpose of this paper is to determine whether a physical interpretation can be attributed to the modes obtained from the decomposition,i.e.,the proper orthogonal modes (POMs).Particularly,it is inquired when the POMs are related to the vibration eigenmodes.This work is closely related to the paper of Feeny and Kappagantu[10]. However,in the present paper,the emphasis is shifted towards the singular value decomposition of the displacement matrix rather than the eigenvalue problem of the covariance matrix.Furthermore,the case of linear systems under harmonic and white noise excitations is discussed in greater detail.

The paper is organized as follows.In Section2,the POD is brie#y introduced.Section 3gives a brief review of the singular value decomposition and its properties that are relevant in the context of this paper.Sections4,5and6study the physical interpretation of the POMs of discrete linear systems,respectively,for the free response in the undamped and damped cases,and for the harmonic response.Section7o!ers a geometric approach to the

comparison between vibration eigenmodes and POMs.It also investigates the relationship between non-linear normal modes (NNMs)and POMs.Finally,the discussion of the stationary random response of a linear system to a white noise excitation is included in Appendix A.

2.PROPER ORTHOGONAL DECOMPOSITION

Proper orthogonal decomposition,also known as Karhunen }Loeve transform,was introduced by Kosambi [11].It is also worth pointing out that POD is closely related to principal component analysis (PCA)introduced by Hotelling [12].For a detailed historical review of POD or PCA,the reader is referred to references [10,13].

Let v (x ,t )be a zero mean random "eld on a domain .In practice,the "eld is sampled at a "nite number of points in time.Then,at time t G ,the system displays a snapshot v G (x )which is a continuous function of x in .The aim of the POD is to "nd the most persistent structure (x )among the ensemble of n snapshots.This is equivalent to minimizing the objective function :

Minimize "L G

( (x )!v G (x )) ?x 3 .(1)Equation (1)can also be written in terms of a maximization problem [6]:

Maximize "(1/N ) ,L ( (x )v L (x )d ) (x ) (x )d ?x 3 .(2)

Finally,the optimization problem can be reduced to the following integral eigenvalue problem [6]:

K (x ,x ) (x )d x " (x ),

(3)

where K is the two-point correlation function

K (x ,x )"1n L G v G (x )v G (x ).(4)

Equation (3)has a "nite number of orthogonal solutions G (x ),called the proper orthogonal modes (POMs)with corresponding real and positive eigenvalues G .In practice,the snapshots are available at discrete measurement points x I where k "1,2,m and the integral eigenvalue problem (3)reduces to "nd the eigensolution of an (m ;m )space correlation tensor

G "K (x ,x )2K (x ,x K )222K (x K ,x )2K (x K ,x K ).(5)

2G.KERSCHEN AND J.C.GOLINVAL

To summarize,if the responses(e.g.,the displacements)q I(t)of a discrete dynamical system with m degrees of freedom(d.o.f.)are sampled n times and if the(m;n)matrix

Q"q (t )2q (t L)

222

q K(t )2q K(t L)

"[q(t

)2q(t K)](6)

is formed,then the POMs are merely the eigenvectors of G"(1/n)QQ2and the corresponding eigenvalues are the proper orthogonal values(POVs).A POV measures the relative energy of the system dynamics contained in the associated POM.

3.SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION

The objective of this section is to review the singular value decomposition(SVD)and its features that are relevant in the context of POD.Particularly,it is pointed out that the POMs are optimal with respect to energy content.For a detailed description of SVD and its several possible applications in structural dynamics,the reader is referred to references [14,15].Since the matrices considered throughout the paper are built from system responses,e.g.,displacements,the discussion is restricted to real matrices only.

For any real(m;n)matrix A,there exists a real factorization

A"U V2,(7) where U is an(m;m)orthonormal matrix.Its columns form the left singular vectors. is an (m;n)pseudo-diagonal and semi-positive-de"nite matrix with diagonal entries containing the singular values G.V is an(n;n)orthonormal matrix.Its columns form the right singular vectors.

3.1.GEOMETRIC INTERPRETATION

The SVD of a matrix,seen as a collection of column vectors,provides important insight into the oriented energy distribution of this set of vectors.It is worth recalling that

1.the energy of a vector sequence a I building an(m;n)matrix A is de"ned via the

Frobenius norm

E(A)"#A# $"K

G

L

H

a GH"

N

I

I where p"min(m,n),(8)

so that the energy of a vector sequence is equal to the energy in its singular spectrum;

2.the oriented energy of a vector sequence in some direction p with unit vector e N of the

m-dimensional column space is the sum of squared projections of the vectors on to direction p

E N(A)"L

I (e2N a I) .(9)

PROPER ORTHOGONAL MODE DECOMPOSITION3

One essential property of SVD is that extrema in this oriented energy distribution occur at each left singular direction[15].The oriented energy measured in the direction of the i th left singular vector is equal to the i th singular value squared.Since the POMs are directly related to the left singular vectors,it can be stated that they are optimal with respect to energy content in a least-square sense,i.e.,they capture more energy per mode than any other set of basis functions.

3.2.RELATION WITH THE EIGENVALUE PROBLEM

The SVD of a matrix can be calculated by means of solving two eigenvalue problems,or even one if only the left or the right singular vectors are required.Indeed,

AA2"U U2A2A"V V2.(10) Consequently,the singular values of A are found to be the square roots of the eigenvalues of AA2or A2A.The left and right singular vectors of A are the eigenvectors of AA2and A2A respectively.Applying this reasoning to POD,it is now clear that the POMs,de"ned as the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix G"(1/n)AA2,are the left singular vectors of A.The POVs,de"ned as the eigenvalues of the covariance matrix,are the square of the singular values divided by the number of samples n.In conclusion,POD can be carried out directly by means of an SVD of matrix A.

An interesting interpretation of the eigenvalue problem is that if a matrix is real, symmetric and positive de"nite,then the eigenvectors of the matrix are the principal axes of the associated quadratic form which is an n-dimensional ellipsoid centered at the origin of the Euclidean space[16].Since AA2is real,symmetric and positive de"nite,the POMs as eigenvectors of the covariance matrix are the principal axes of the family of ellipsoids de"ned by y2Gy"c where y is a real non-zero vector and c is a positive constant.

It is worth pointing out that Feeny and Kappagantu showed that if each data has unit mass,then the POMs are the principal axes of inertia[10].

4.UNDAMPED AND UNFORCED LINEAR SYSTEMS

The aim of this section is to"nd the existing relationships between the POMs and the eigenmodes of an undamped and unforced linear system with m.d.o.f.The equation of motion may be written as follows:

Mq#Kq"0,(11) where M and K are the mass and sti!ness matrices,respectively,and q is the vector of displacement co-ordinates.

The system response due to initial conditions may be expressed as

q(t)"K

G (A G cos G t#B G sin G t)x G "

K

G

e G(t)x G ,(12)

4G.KERSCHEN AND J.C.GOLINVAL

where G,x G are the natural frequencies(in rad/s)and eigenmodes of the system;A G and B G are constants depending on the initial conditions;and e G(t)"A G cos G t#B G sin G t represents the time modulation of mode x G .

The time discretization of the system response leads to n sampled values of the time functions which form an(m;n)matrix whose columns are the members of the data ensemble

Q"[q(t )2q(t L)]

" K G e G(t )x G 2K G e G(t L)x G ,(13) which can also be written as

Q"[x 2x K ]e (t )2e (t L) 22

e K(t )2e K(t L)

"[x

2x K ]e2 2

e2K

"[x

2x K ][e 2e K]2

"XE2

"X[I Z][E R]2,(14)

where X is the(m;m)modal matrix whose columns are the eigenmodes of the system;E is an(n;m)matrix whose columns are the functions e G(t)at times t ,2,t L;I is an(m;m) identity matrix;Z is an(m;(n!m))matrix full of zeros;R is an(n;(n!m))matrix;and e G"[e G(t )2e G(t L)]2.

Attention should be paid to the fact that R does not in#uence Q since it is multiplied by a matrix full of zeros.Equation(14)can be expressed in a more familiar form as

Q"[X][I Z][E R]2"U V2.(15)

GHI GHI GHI

U V2

Accordingly,the above decomposition of Q may be thought of as the SVD of this matrix. However,this decomposition requires matrices U and V to be orthonormal as mentioned in Section3.The aim now is to"nd the conditions when the columns of U(,X)and V(,[E R])are orthogonal.

1.The columns of U are formed by the eigenmodes of the structure.The eigenmodes are

orthogonal to each other in the metrics of the mass and sti!ness matrices.If the mass matrix is proportional to the identity matrix,it turns out that x2 G x H " GH.

Consequently,X is orthogonal if the mass matrix is proportional to the identity matrix.

PROPER ORTHOGONAL MODE DECOMPOSITION5

2.It remains to determine when the columns of V are orthogonal.For this purpose,

equation(14)may be rewritten as follows:

Q"X[I Z][E R]2(16)

"X[diag(#e

G#)Z][E diag(#e G#\ )R]2

"[x

2x K ]#e #020020

0#e #20020

2222222

002#e K#020

e e 2e K K R 2.

If the natural frequencies G are distinct,it can be easily argued that the columns of E diag(#e G#\ )are orthogonal if we consider an in"nite set of sampled values,i.e.,

e G G e H

H

P0if n P R,i O j.(17)

Since R does not have an in#uence on Q,its columns can be computed in order that they are orthogonal to those of E diag(#e G#\ ).As can also be seen from equation(16),POD is a bi-orthogonal decomposition that uncouples the spatial and temporal information contained in the data.

To summarize,if the mass matrix is proportional to the identity matrix and if the number of samples is in"nite,the singular value decomposition of Q is such that

(1)the columns of U are the eigenmodes;

(2)the"rst n columns of V are the normalized time modulations of the modes.

As stated in section3.2,the POD basis vectors are just the columns of the matrix U in the singular value decomposition of the displacement matrix.Therefore,it can be concluded that the POMs converge to the eigenmodes of an undamped and unforced linear system whose mass matrix is proportional to identity if a su.cient number of samples is considered. Feeny and Kappagantu[10]previously obtained the same conclusion by a di!erent way. They based their demonstration on the fact that the POMs are the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix.

In the case of a mass matrix not proportional to identity,the POMs no longer converge to the eigenmodes since the former are orthogonal to each other while the latter are orthogonal with respect to the mass matrix.However,knowing the mass matrix,it is still possible to retrieve the eigenmodes from the POMs.Equation(11)has to be rewritten through the co-ordinate transformation q"M\ p as

p#M\ KM\ p"0.(18)

In equation(18),the system matrices are still symmetric while the e!ective mass matrix is equal to the identity.Thus,the left singular vectors of P"[p(t )2p(t L)],i.e.,the POMs, converge to the eigenmodes y G of this system.It is a simple matter to demonstrate that the eigenmodes x G of system(11)are related to those of system(18)by the following relationship:

x G "M\ y G .(19) 6G.KERSCHEN AND J.C.GOLINVAL

This section has investigated the discrete case.A detailed study of distributed systems can be found in reference [17].This paper underlines that the conclusions are still valid if the distributed system is uniformly discretized.

5.DAMPED AND UNFORCED LINEAR SYSTEMS

Consider now a damped but still unforced linear system with m .d.o.f.for which the equation of motion is given as follows:

Mq #Cq #Kq "0.(20)

If the structure is lightly damped or with the assumption of modal damping,the system response can be readily written as

q (t )"K G

A G exp \C G S G R cos((1! G G t # G )x G "K G e G (t )x G .(21)Using the same procedure as in the previous section yields

Q "[q (t )2q (t L

)]" K G e G (t )x G 2K G

e G (t L )x G "[x 2x K ]e 2 2e 2K (22)"XE 2

"X [I Z ][E R ]2

"X [diag(#e G #)Z ][E diag(#e G

#\ )R ]2"[x 2x K ]#e #0200200#e #20020222

22220

02#e K #020 e #e #e #e #2e K #e K #R

2."U V 2,

where e G "[A G exp \C G S G R cos((1! G G t # G )2A G exp \C G S G R cos((1! G G t L # G )]2.Again,the columns of U (,X )are orthogonal if the mass matrix is proportional to the identity matrix.The main di !erence with the undamped case is that the time modulations e G (t )P 0if t P R since the system returns to the equilibrium position in a "nite time.Consequently,it can no longer be a $rmed that #e G #P R if n P R and that the columns of E diag(#e G #\ )are orthogonal to each other.This causes a set of POMs di !erent from the PROPER ORTHOGONAL MODE DECOMPOSITION 7

8G.KERSCHEN AND J.C.GOLINVAL

eigenmodes to be obtained.However,if the damping is low and if a su$cient number of points are considered,E diag(#e G#\ )is almost orthogonal.In conclusion,the POMs of a lightly damped and unforced linear system are a very good approximation of the eigenmodes of this system.This is in accordance with the result obtained in reference[10] using the eigensolution perspective.

6.HARMONIC AND FORCED HARMONIC RESPONSES OF A LINEAR SYSTEM This section is divided into two parts.Firstly,the harmonic response of a linear system is considered.By harmonic response,we mean the combination of the free and forced responses.Secondly,attention is focused only on the forced response of the linear system.

6.1.HARMONIC RESPONSE

The equation of motion of a linear system with m.d.o.f.excited by an harmonic force with a constant amplitude is

Mq#Kq"f sin C t.(23)

Equation(23)may be transformed by considering a new variable s"sin C t that accounts for the harmonic force

Mq#Kq"f s

with s(0)"0,s(0)" C,(24)

s# C s"0

which yields

M*K*

CFDFE CFFDFFE

q s " 00 .(25)

M001 q s # K!f0

C

For the sake of clarity,note( G,x G )the eigensolutions of the initial system(23)and ( * G,x* G )the eigensolutions of the transformed system(24).This latter system may be viewed as an unforced system with m#1d.o.f.(25).If the mass matrix is proportional to identity and if the number of samples is large enough,section4allows us to conclude that the POMs of the transformed system response converge to the eigenmodes of that system. Let us now compute the eigenmodes of the transformed system.These are the solution of

(K*! * G M*)x* G "0(26) if * G is a root of the algebraic equation

det(K*! M*"det K!f0 C ! M001 "0.(27)

This equation becomes

det K ! M

!f 0 C ! "( C ! )det (K ! M )"0.(28)

As can be seen from equation (28),the transformed system has m #1eigenvalues.m eigenvalues are equal to those of the initial system (23)

* G " G with i "1,2,m (29)

and the additional eigenvalue is equal to the square of the excitation frequency (in rad/s)

* K> " C .(30)

The eigenmodes corresponding to these eigenvalues may now be calculated.As illustrated in equation (26),the eigenmodes are the solution of

(K *! * G M *)x * G " K ! * G M !f 0 C ! * G x * G "0.(31)

For * G " G

,an obvious solution of system (31)is x * G " x G 0 .(32)

Accordingly,the eigenmodes of the transformed system corresponding to G have the "rst m components equal to the eigenmodes of the initial system.The last component is equal to 0.

It remains to evaluate the eigenmode corresponding to C ,i.e.,x * K> .With this aim,"nding the eigensolutions of the transformed system is also equivalent to "nding the

eigensolutions of matrix

M *\ K *"

M \ 001 K !f 0 C " M \ K !M \ f 0 C (33)

and

M \ K !M \ f 0 C [x * 2x * K x * K> ]"[x * 2x * K x * K> ] diag( * G ,2, * K )00 * K> (34) M \ K

0 !M \ f C X 0 x * K> :K x * K> K> " X

0 x * K> :K x * K> K> 0 0 C ,(35)

PROPER ORTHOGONAL MODE DECOMPOSITION 9

where X"[x 2x K ]and "diag( ,2, K)are the eigensolutions of the initial system.It follows from equation(35)that

M\ KX"X ,(36) M\ Kx* K> :K!M\ f x* K> K> "x* K> :K C,(37)

0"0,(38)

C x* K> K> "x* K> K> C.(39) Equation(37)allows us to calculate the"rst m components of the last eigenmode x* K> : x* K> :K"[M\ K! C I]\ M\ f x* K> K> "[K! C M]\ f x* K> K> .(40) [K! C M]\ is the dynamic in#uence coe$cient matrix and its spectral expansion is[18]

[K! C M]\ "K

G

x G x2 G

( G! C) G

.(41)

Let us now introduce the spectral expansion(41)in equation(40)

x* K> :K" K G x G x2 G

( G! C) G f x* K> K> .(42) Since an eigenmode is de"ned as a scale factor and since x* K> K> is a scalar,the"nal expression for the eigenmode corresponding to C is

x* K> :K" K G x G x2 G

( G! C) G f.(43) To summarize,consider a matrix which contains the response of the transformed system (24),i.e.,its"rst m rows contain the response of the initial system(23)and its(m#1)th row is the applied force

Q*" q(t )2q(t L)

s(t )2s(t L) .(44) This matrix has m#1POMs that have m#1components.The dominant POM is related to the forced harmonic response of the system and its"rst m components are given by equation(43).Furthermore,if the mass matrix is proportional to density,the"rst m components of the remaining POMs are merely the eigenmodes of the linear system.This perspective should be useful in the context of modal analysis.

6.2.FORCED HARMONIC RESPONSE

The forced response is de"ned as the part of the response synchronous to the excitation

q(t)"q D sin C t.(45) 10G.KERSCHEN AND J.C.GOLINVAL

The forced response amplitude is described by the following expression[18]:

q D"" K G x G x2 G

( G! C) G f(46) and

q(t)" K G x G x2 G

( G! C) G f sin C t.(47) The displacement matrix Q becomes

Q"[q(t )2q(t L)]

" K G x G x2 G

( G! C) G f sin C t 2 K G x G x2 G

( G! C) G f sin C t L .(48) Equation(48)may be expressed in the form

Q" K G x G x2 G

( G! C) G f sin C t

2

sin C t

2

"q

D e2

"[q

D S]1020020

00$$

$\$$ 0220020

[e R]2

" q D#q D#S #q D##e#020020

00$$

$\$$

0220020

e#e#R 2

" q D#q D#S [I ] e#e#R 2(49) GFHFI GHI GFHFI,

U V2

where S is an(m;(m!1))matrix,I is an(m;n)matrix containing only one non-zero element#q D##e#,and R is an(n;(n!1))matrix.

Matrices S and R do not in#uence equation(49)since they are both multiplied by zero elements.If S and R are chosen in order that U and V are unitary matrices,then equation (49)is the singular value decomposition of the matrix Q.

PROPER ORTHOGONAL MODE DECOMPOSITION11

In conclusion,the following points may be noted.

1.Since there is only one non-zero singular value,the forced harmonic response of

a linear system is captured by a single POM whatever the number of d.o.f.is.

Nevertheless,all the eigenmodes are necessary to reconstruct the response.This property is independent of the mass distribution and underlines the optimality of the POMs described in section3.1.

2.An analytical expression of the POM is obtained:

POM"+ K

G

x G x2 G /( G! C) G,f

#+ K

G x G x2 G /( G! C) G,f#

.(50)

Knowing the structural matrices and the spatial discretization of the excitation,the POM may be calculated without"rst simulating the system response as required in the de"nition of the POMs.

3.The expression of the POM(50)is equal,to the norm,to the last eigenmode of the

transformed system for the harmonic response(43).This last eigenmode is thus related to the forced harmonic response.

4.The convergence of the dominant POM to an eigenmode is no longer guaranteed.The

POM appears now as a combination of all the eigenmodes.However,if the excitation frequency C tends to a resonant frequency of the system, H for instance,then the denominator H! C of the j th term of combination(50)tends to zero.It is thus observed that this term has a much larger amplitude than the others:

POM"+ K

G

x G x2 G /( G! C) G,f

#+ K

G x G x2 G /( G! C) G,f#

K

x H x2 H /( H! C) H f

#x H x2 H /( H! C) H f#

" x

H if C P H.(51)

Since x2 H f represents a scalar product,the POM has the same direction as the eigenmode x H which means that the POM is equal to the resonating mode shape.This is consistent with that obtained in reference[10]using the eigensolution perspective.It is worth pointing out that the non-resonating mode shapes should not be revealed by POD.

7.LINEAR NORMAL MODES,NON-LINEAR NORMAL MODES AND PROPER

ORTHOGONAL MODES:A GEOMETRIC APPROACH

For the sake of clarity,the eigenmodes of a linear system are called here linear normal modes(LNMs).The determination of LNMs is reduced to the equivalent problem of computing the eigensolutions of linear transformations.Obviously,such an approach as well as the superposition principle is inadmissible for non-linear systems.The concept of synchronous non-linear normal mode(NNM)for discrete conservative oscillators was introduced for non-linear systems by Rosenberg[19]:&&A nonlinear system vibrates in normal modes when all masses execute periodic motions of the same period,when all of them pass through the equilibrium position at the same instant,and when,at any time t,the position of all the masses is uniquely de"ned by the position of any one of them.''

The objective of this section is to examine the geometric interpretation of LNMs,NNMs and POMs.

12G.KERSCHEN AND J.C.GOLINVAL

G \ m G \ ! G m G !k G> m G G> m G> ! G m G where m "m L> ,R .(53)

The transformed equations of motion (53)may be regarded as those of a unit mass which moves in an n -dimensional space.The right-hand side of equation (53)derives from a potential function

G "*;* G ,with ;"!L> G k G 2 G \ m G \ ! G m G .(54)

If no external force is present and if the motion is due to an initial displacement,the system occupies at time t "0a position of maximum potential ;"!; .This latter equation de "nes an ellipsoid which is symmetric with respect to the origin.This ellipsoid is called the bounding ellipsoid because all solutions must lie in this domain.

In its de "nition of a normal mode for a linear system,Rosenberg [19]stated that it is a straight line in the ( ,2, L )space which passes through the origin of that space and which intersects the bounding ellipsoid orthogonally.It follows from the de "nition that the LNMs are the principal axes of the bounding ellipsoid in the ( ,2, L )space.This result can also be obtained with the interpretation of the eigenvalue problem (section 3.2).Further discussion is given in Appendix B.

If the mass matrix is proportional to identity,the LNMs are also the principal axes of the bounding ellipsoid in the (q ,2,q L

)space whose expression is ; "L> G k G 2(q G \ !q G ) "12q 2Kq .(55)

PROPER ORTHOGONAL MODE DECOMPOSITION 13

Figure 2.LNMs and POMs.Principal axes of similar and similarly placed ellipsoids:}},K;)))));G ;**,POM;?,LNM.

As far as the POMs are concerned,they are the principal axes of the ellipsoid c "q 2Gq where G is the covariance matrix (cf.Section 3.2).Since for an unforced system with a mass matrix proportional to identity,the POMs and the LNMs coincide,it can be concluded that ; " q 2Kq and c "q 2Gq are similar and similarly placed ellipsoids.This is illustrated in Figure 2(two d.o.f.system with an initial displacement).

7.2.NON-LINEAR SYSTEMS

If an LNM is a straight line in the co-ordinate space,an NNM is represented by a line,straight (similar NNM)or curved (non-similar NNM).But generally,NNMs are non-similar and the POMs,characterized by straight lines in the co-ordinate space,cannot be merged with NNMs.However,due to their optimality property if the motion is a single,synchronous NNM,the resonant POM minimizes the square of the distance with the NNM under the constraint that it passes through the origin of the co-ordinate system and as stated in reference [10],the POM can be considered as the best linear representation of the NNM.It is also worth pointing out that the LNMs are the tangent space to the NNMs [20].

8.CONCLUSION

This paper has presented a new way,based on the singular value decomposition,of interpreting the POMs in the "eld of structural dynamics.This work has underlined some features of POD which might be useful in the future.Since the POMs are related to the vibration eigenmodes in some cases,POD should be an alternative way of modal analysis for extracting the mode shapes of a structure.POMs could also be used to reconstruct a signal using a minimum number of modes.

14G.KERSCHEN AND J.C.GOLINVAL

PROPER ORTHOGONAL MODE DECOMPOSITION15

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Mr Kerschen is supported by a grant from the Belgian National Fund for Scienti"c Research which is gratefully acknowledged.This work presents research results of the Belgian programme on Inter-University Poles of Attraction initiated by the Belgian state, Prime Minister's o$ce,Science Policy Programming.The scienti"c responsibility for this paper is assumed by its authors.

REFERENCES

1.P.H OLMES,J.L.L UMLEY and G.B ERKOOZ19961urbulence,Coherent Structures,Dynamical

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APPENDIX A:STATIONARY RANDOM RESPONSE OF A LINEAR SYSTEM TO A WHITE

NOISE EXCITATION

This study concerns linear systems subjected to white noise sequences.With this aim,the equation of motion is recast in the state variable from

r"Ar#Bw,q"Dr,(A1,A2) where

A" Z M\ K I M\ C

is the system matrix,B is the input matrix,D is the output matrix,and w(t)is a vector white noise process such that

E[w(t)]"0and E[w(t)w( )2]" (t! ).

It is assumed that the system is stable and time invariant,and that all processes are Gaussian.In this context,it can be shown[21]that the covariance matrix of the steady state response G P"E[r(t)r(t)2]satis"es the Lyapunov equation

AG P#G P A2#B B2"0.(A3) It is worth pointing out that G P also corresponds to the constant in the de"nition of the controllability grammian W A of the system.

If only the displacements are considered,then the covariance matrix of the system response becomes

G O"E[q(t)q(t)2]"DG P D2.(A4) Equation(59)means that the POMs may be evaluated without"rst simulating the system. Indeed,if the structural matrices are assumed to be known,the Lyapunov equation(58) may be solved in order to compute the covariance matrix G P and consequently G O.The POMs are then the eigenvectors of G O.The analytical relationship between the POMs and the eigenmodes is now obscured.

If all states(displacement and velocity)are measured,the POMs are merely the eigenvectors of the controllability grammian W A.

If the white noise excitation is Gaussian,then the POMs may be geometrically interpreted.In that case,the response of the linear system is also Gaussian and is characterized at each d.o.f.by a probability density function equal to

(q)"1

(

exp \ O\I N ,(A5)

where "E[q]is the mean and "E[(q! ) ]is the standard deviation.The joint probability density function reads

(q ,2,q K)"1

(2 )K 2 K exp \ K G O G\I G N G .(A6)

16G.KERSCHEN AND J.C.GOLINVAL

PROPER ORTHOGONAL MODE DECOMPOSITION17 It can be demonstrated[22]that the contours of (q ,2,q K)consist of m-dimensional

ellipsoids and that the POMs are the principal axes of these ellipsoids.

APPENDIX B:LNM s AND PRINCIPAL AXES OF THE BOUNDINGELLIPSOID The LNMs are the eigenvectors of the matrix M\ K.In order that the LNMs be the principal axes of the ellipsoid q2M\ Kq"1,the matrix M\ K must be real,positive de"nite and symmetric[16].This is the case if the mass matrix is proportional to identity, i.e.,M" I.Accordingly,the LNMs are the principal axes of the ellipsoid(1/ )q2Kq"1. This latter expression is to a constant,the expression of the potential energy in the (q ,2,q L)space.Since it is assumed that the mass matrix is proportional to identity,this is also the expression,to a constant,of the potential energy in the( ,2, L)space.This is another way to demonstrate that the LNMs are the principal axes of the bounding ellipsoid in the( ,2, L)space.

AUTHOR QUERY FORM

HARCOURT

PUBLISHERS

JOURNAL TITLE:JSVI DATE:22/11/2001 ARTICLE NO.:20013930

Queries and/or remarks

Manuscript Details required Author's response Page/line

16Please provide page

numbers to[19].

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每当人们不尊重我们时,我们总被深深激怒。然而在内心深处,没有一个人十分尊重自己。———马克·吐温 忍辱偷生的人,绝不会受人尊重。———高乃依 敬人者,人恒敬之。———《孟子》 人必自敬,然后人敬之;人必自侮,然后人侮之。———扬雄 不知自爱反是自害。———郑善夫 仁者必敬人。———《荀子》 君子贵人而贱己,先人而后己。———《礼记》 尊严是人类灵魂中不可糟蹋的东西。———古斯曼 对一个人的尊重要达到他所希望的程度,那是困难的。———沃夫格纳 经典素材 1元和200元 (尊重劳动成果) 香港大富豪李嘉诚在下车时不慎将一元钱掉入车下,随即屈身去拾,旁边一服务生看到了,上前帮他拾起了一元钱。李嘉诚收起一元钱后,给了服务生200元酬金。 这里面其实包含了钱以外的价值观念。李嘉诚虽然巨富,但生活俭朴,从不挥霍浪费。他深知亿万资产,都是一元一元挣来的。钱币在他眼中已抽象为一种劳动,而劳动已成为他最重要的生存方式,他的所有财富,都是靠每天20小时以上的劳动堆积起来的。200元酬金,实际上是对劳动的尊重和报答,是不能用金钱衡量的。 富兰克林借书解怨 (尊重别人赢得朋友)

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