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Architectural Consideration in Predictable Component Assembly A Service-Oriented Perspectiv

Architectural Considerations in Predictable Component Assembly: A Service-Oriented Perspective Cobus Smit1,2, John Muller1,2, Jay van Zyl2 and Judith Bishop1

1 Computer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002

{csmit,jmuller,jbishop}@cs.up.ac.za

2 SystemicLogic Innovation Center 222 Grosvenor Road

Bryanston 2194, Johannesburg, South Africa

jay@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e814772945.html,

1Abstract Software components are deployed in tightly coupled environments

within the context of a component model. Techniques such as Prediction-

Enabled Component Technology (PECT) [4] combine component technologies

with analysis models to address the issue of consumer trust in the quality of as-

semblies. Service-oriented thinking and challenges surrounding distributed envi-

ronments are not new, yet they raise certain prominent issues that need to be

addressed when crossing organizational and deployment boundaries. This pa-

per describes a common architecture for enterprise application assembly where

the focus lies with components and service-assemblies. We consider the as-

pects surrounding predictability using a service-oriented perspective. Contem-

porary industry technologies such as .NET and J2EE are used to present a case

study of predictable assembly in a broader service-oriented architectural scope.

Additional aspects are identified when considering a service-oriented perspec-

tive.

1 Introduction

Themes such as electronic business and business process management (BPM) vastly contribute to the increasing effort to connect computer systems [6]. As joint business opportunities present themselves (e.g. Bank-Assurance – Banking and Insurance), enterprises find it necessary to adapt or build applications requiring the use of or inte-gration of new ‘foreign’ software capabilities. COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) related problems and solutions to requirements and acquisitions [7] also come into play. Cross-organizational communication concepts are not new at all. Concepts such as 1This work was supported by THRIP Grant No. 2788 from the Department of Trade and Industry.

federated system-level components [2] address information processing needs of mu l-tiple end users who may belong to different organizations. Some considerable invest-ment has also been placed into realizing m essage-oriented middleware and technolo-gies such as CORBA, ultimately connecting these companies. EAI (enterprise archi-tecture integration) solutions prove to be expensive, proprietary and complex in nature [8].

Several independent organizations have their own set of systems ranging from leg-acy to more modern component-based systems. Successful component technologies, supported by solid business cases [5], are deployed in tightly-coupled environments within the context of a component model and its related business domain. A major challenge in software component technology adoption however, lies with the lack of consumer trust in the quality of assemblies [1]. Foreign software is even less trustwor-thy when companies consider selecting components. Prediction Enabled Component Technologies (PECT) [1] is an implementation of Predictable Assembly from Certifiable Components (PACC) [4] and combines component technologies with analytic models to address issues relating to consumer trust.

Service-oriented approaches present a different view on component deployment. Component assembly is unlikely outside of its own technical infrastructure [3]. Soft-ware-as-services can be viewed as an alternative way of realizing software systems, making the need for software deployment to specific infrastructures unnecessary.

This paper considers predictable assembly from a service-oriented, common archi-tectural perspective. We highlight contemporary enterprise technologies such as J2EE? (Java? 2 Enterprise Edition) and https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e814772945.html,? in the context of the pre-sented common architecture.

2 Predictable Assembly

Interfaces and contracts are not well equipped to express extra-functional properties [9]. Several techniques exist to describe extra-functional properties (e.g. manners and analytic models).

2.1Prediction-enabled Component Technology (PECT)

PECT [4], illustrated in Fig 1, combines a comp onent technology with analytic mo dels. The component technology consists of a component model with one or more runtime environments. The model itself describes allowable component types, interaction mechanisms, runtime environment services and constraints among them. Different runtime environments for the same component technologies enforce the same comp o-nent model, but may differ in terms of quality attributes [3]. An abstract component technology that models one or more actual component technologies and related tools, and supporting construction activities, constitutes the construction framework. The construction framework is linked to one or more reasoning frameworks by means of an

interpretation that translates the notations between the construction and reasoning frameworks. Reasoning frameworks support prediction by encapsulating property theories and associated reasoning procedures. Finally, the property theory is a proxy for some computational theory.

Fig 1. Logical Structure of Prediction-Enabled Component Technology (taken from [4]).

According to [4] the component model imposes constructive constraints on com-ponents through the use of APIs (application programmer’s interface), concurrency and memory management conventions, etc., as well as analytical constraints, which if satisfied will ultimately result in predictable components. The complementary roles of constructive and analytical constraints are illustrated in Fig 2.

interpretation

Fig 2. Complementary roles of constructive and analytic constraints (taken from [4]).

Fig 3 informally illustrates the concept of co-refinement. When a component model is expanded, design weaknesses and implementation restrictions are removed, increas-ing the number of assemblies. Restriction has the opposite effect. The weakening of

analysis models leads to the removal or weakening of assumptions of property theo-ries – the opposite action increases the scope of the property theories to include more assemblies with some associated tradeoffs (loss of precision and reliability of predic-tions). PECT 1, PECT 2 and PECT 3 simply show three different co-refinements. Co-refinement becomes important when different frameworks are applied to the same as-sembly.

Assembly Model Property Model

Original Component Model Original Analysis Model

Fig 3. Integration by Co-refinement (taken from [1]).

Weakening analysis models leads to the removal or weakening of assumptions of property theories – the opposite action increases the scope of the property theories to include more assemblies with some associated tradeoffs (loss of precision and reliabil-ity of predictions). PECT 1, PECT 2 and PECT 3 simply show three different co-refinements. Additional aspects are introduced when necessary in subsequent sec-tions.

3 Common Architecture and Separation of Concerns

We now define a common architecture for abstraction, supporting the understanding of the implications of assembly and deployment of services in the service-based archi-tectural context. To more accurately describe ‘service-based architectural’, it is neces-sary to describe the Separation Continuum. The Separation Continuum [12] in Fig 4 combines the concept of vertical and horizontal separations.

Implementation Layers

Fig 4. The Separation Continuum and product line realization.

Horizontal separation concerns dependencies relating to user interface and (for exam-ple) connection technologies. Vertical separation refers to the layering required to separate platform e lements from higher levels of abstraction needed at application levels. Section 3.1 and 3.2 gives an overview of the dimensions involved. Fig 4 de-scribes bottom-up (existing reusable software assets) and top-down (build a system based on the business vision) approaches for constructing application portfolios. We

will use the Separation Continuum and continuum as interchangeable concepts.

3.1 Vertical Continuum

The vertical implementation layers related to this work can be defined as follows:

1.Applications Portfolio – Applications are necessary to automate required business

systems.

2.Services Architecture – This architecture is concerned with the breadth of func-

tionality needed to implement the business systems via the applications portfolio.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e814772945.html,ponent Architecture – The component architecture view presents a complete

view of the business components that can be exposed as services. Components are typically course-grained software elements that satisfy a particular requirement.

4.Object Architecture – Components are created from object or other technologies

and exposed as business components. Objects are the finest granularity of func-tionality in a typical system.

3.2The Horizontal Continuum

The horizontal dimensions (functioning on the implementation layer only) include:

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e814772945.html,er interface: the interface that is presented to the user of the system that might

include a multitude of devices including web browsers, personal devices, etc.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e814772945.html,er interface controller: this controller is needed to manage the behaviour of the

interfaces (for example, web pages) that connect to the business logic layer.

3.Services and business logic layer: the ability to have a cluster of business and/or

technical services exposed to the user interface.

4.Connection or middleware layer: the ability of the user interface to connect to a

server that directs the way in which the interface is used.

5.Data provision layer: the ability to store in a reliable fashion that may be used by

the services layer to deal with transactional, system and meta-data definitions. Different assemblies can now be constructed to fit the purpose of each of the dimen-sions described. Wiring those services together in an application portfolio is executed on the service level of abstraction.

3.3 Service Level Abstraction

We now bridge the gap between different assemblies by considering a standards-based message-oriented middleware approach. The vertical and horizontal dimensions described form the basis for the discussion surrounding service levels of abstractions. When moving to the service architecture level, the term service needs to be defined. Services and the service concept are not new. CORBA-based standards have a clearly defined means of using software-as-services (e.g. persis tence, transactions, security etc.)[11]. Services in our discussion are analogous to yellow pages where service requestors find an appropriate service in a service directory and then connect to that service via a broker. Service providers register their services with a broker. Current day examples such as UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery and Integration) apply. The presence of a consumer, broker and service provider constitutes a service-based architecture.

Services in the continuum can be described as: modular, accessible, well-described, stateless, implementation-independent, standards-based and message-oriented.Properties such as ‘standards-based’ (e.g. XML based), ‘implementation independent’ and ‘message-oriented' (e.g. asynchronous communication) are all com-plexity reducing aspects supporting the concept of loose coupling. ‘Accessible’ and ‘well-described’ refer more to aspects surrounding the location of services provided by services providers.

These services essentially separate out three major concerns: interface, implementa-tion and connection technologies. Separation is accomplished by providing interfaces that provide all the necessary descriptions that not only describe component services, but also the binding required to communicate with that service. Technology and in-frastructure specific proxies can then be generated in native infrastructure code. Con-

temporary technologies such as web services implement this concept with open stan-dards like WSDL 2 as the interface and SOAP 3.

Components have well-defined interfaces within the context of the component model which forms a basis for exposing loosely coupled services into the service layer (versus fine grained class services). All component services are not necessarily ap-propriate for use in assembling an application portfolio. These services should typi-cally be course grained for purposes of application construction (e.g. applications such as Customer Relationship Management).

Loosely coupled message-oriented communication

Fig 5. Vertical and Horizontal Abstraction in Component and Service-Dimensions.

Fig 5 illustrates important differences between component-to-component and service-to-service interaction. The components still execute in their native runtime environ-ments, but are now connected by yet another layer of abstraction, using message-oriented, standards-based communication. XML messages pass data around typically invoke functions on other components RPC-style or one-way messaging style.

Now that the services are defined and exposed from components, they need to be assembled to form the application portfolio. The services layer itself does not have an infrastructure defined in the same sense as the component layer – the services layer on its own is almost reduced to interfaces and messages sent between components. It is required to now form orchestrated flow processes to essentially make up the appli-cation. Earlier research in this space includes OMG’s Process Engine. These proc-esses can be defined in each horizontal dimension (e.g. business-logic process) of the continuum and also span all dimensions. The process can now be controlled by con-tent (e.g. routing information) imbedded in messages and/or be processed by a proc-

2 Refer to the work done by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Web Service Description Group on the WSDL (Web Service Description Language) standard:

(https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e814772945.html,/2002/ws/desc/)

3 Refer to the work done by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), W3C XML Protocol Working Group on the SOAP standard: (https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e814772945.html,/2000/xp/Group/).

ess manager – contemporary message standards such as BPEL4WS4 and WSFL5 ap-ply. Given the nature of services and process characteristics it is possible to consider predictable assembly in the service-oriented context using the continuum.

4 Predictable Assembly and Architectural Considerations

With a common architecture defined using a standards-based message-oriented mid-dleware it becomes apparent that predictable assembly now has to be considered in a much broader context. Based on descriptions in section 2 it is now crucial to reassert important aspects of PECT:

1.Analysis models permit analysis and prediction of assembly level properties prior to

component composition [4]. In this paper we are interested in addressing behav-ioural composition using the service level horizontal dimensions of the continuum.

2.Assemblies of c omponents are amenable to one or more methods of predicting

emergent (assembly level) properties. The services are exposed from such comp o-nents and should also be amenable to predicting assembly level properties. Section

4.1 investigates aspects surrounding this.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e814772945.html,ponents are trusted and certified. Trust from a service-oriented perspective is

investigated.

Other aspects in our discussion include topics for future research.

4.1 Predictable Service-Assemblies

Services are exposed from components. Services in a service-assembly should also be certified and trusted. It is therefore important to show the implications of exposing components and component assemblies to the services layer. The service-assembly (application portfolio) consists of separate assemblies or single components that may each belong to different environments, each having their own associated reasoning frameworks. To determine predictability over the combined horizontal dimensions, inconsistencies across these different reasoning frameworks have to be resolved. The PECT co-refinement procedure is a useful way to explore the strengthening or weaken-ing and expanding or restricting of analytical model and component models. Horizon-tal differentiated domains generally utilize similar platforms and products presenting the opportunity to define reasoning frameworks per domain, thereby allowing for a certain level of predictability. Fig 6 simplistically illustrates the assembly of comp o-nents into constructing the application portfolio. Combinations of reasoning frame-works present a challenge. Different organizations will not necessarily have the same 4Business Process Execution Languages for Web Services is a standard being worked on by Microsoft, IBM, and others

(https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e814772945.html,/developerworks/webservices/library/ws-bpel/)

5 Refer to the work done by IBM on the WSFL (Web Service Flow Language) standard

(https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e814772945.html,/2002/ws/desc/).

number of reasoning frameworks applied. More applied reasoning frameworks lead to more restricted component models because of all the assum ptions that are made about it in order for it to be predictable. It is safe to argue that it is unrealistic to consider all combinations of reasoning frameworks. Fig 6 illustrates the assembly of different pre-

dictable component into the application portfolio.

Fig 6. Service Assembly from separate well-formed assemblies.

Property theories such as performance and reliability aspects associated with com-ponent assemblies and constituents must be viewed in the context of the service level of abstraction. Reliability in terms of execution guarantees (request semantics [11]) are subject to the vulnerabilities in network protocols. HTTP is considered unreliable as a network protocol. HTTPR 6 addresses aspects in this regard using persistence tech-niques. Performance will be influenced by network latency (services will be provided from different geographical locations). Predictability will be influenced by whether services are requested each time via brokers per request. More static service-level assemblies will have more predictable qualities than dynamic ones. This will not be the case if service level contracts can be defined to include performance figures i.e. execution time and additional network latency – this will again be influenced by rela-tive broker and flow process-manager locations. Other more cumbersome aspects such as security can be consi dered to be both functional and non-functional. Security becomes important when a ccess is provided to potentially critical resources across organizational boundaries. Security at the platform level (e.g. encryption and authen-

6 Refer to the work done mainly by IBM on HTTPR - Reliable HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) (https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e814772945.html,/developerworks/webservices/library/ws-phtt/#h23875), and keep an eye on WS-Reliable Messaging, investigated by OASIS (Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards)

(https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e814772945.html,/committees/tc_home.php?wg_abbrev=wsrm )

tication) is non-functional while the application level view is functional (e.g. role-based access).

4.2 Service Reuse and Design Considerations

Will the future exposure of components to the service-layer (for access across differ-ent organizational boundaries) influence the initial design of the component? Not all components that are deployed in a component environment are appropriate for exp o-sure. Granularity plays a role here. If we reason in terms of the presented common architecture we will find that component and service technologies build on their finer grained constituents (objects). These fine grained services are more technical or sup-portive in achieving the portfolio-driven goal in the service layer. Other service level services and assemblies may exist that are technical in nature (e.g. message transfor-mation services using XSLT) – these services form part of the connection dimension. We however consider coarser grained assemblies aimed at satisfying the characteris-tics of the separate horizontal dimension of the continuum.

The reusability of services in the product line context will be determined by the commonalities and variabilities in the service architecture across organizational bor-ders. Collaborative business cases are also fundamental to success. Reusability can be achieved through collaborative business strategizing and resulting technical design initiatives. Exposing a service to be competitive (commercially) based on analytic criteria will also influence design (e.g. optimization).

It is important to note that we encourage collaborative initiative for purposes of re-use in the functional product-line oriented sense. We do also encourage the use of established domain reasoning frameworks, thereby avoiding the fragmentation of analytic models.

4.3 Third-Party Certification

Predictable service-assemblies will require analytical models. Allowing uncontrolled compilation of these models will again c ontribute to inconsistencies in reasoning frameworks. Even collaborative initiatives will cluster reasoning frameworks into larger sets, but will not necessarily contribute to building standards. Major industry players typically play a big part in setting up standards in this regards. Third party involve-ment will enable the development of uniform domain analytical models, without the proprietary deviations introduced by commercial goals. This also means that comp a-nies should have competency to deal with aspects of certification.

5. Case Study

J2EE? and .NET? both provide built-in capabilities for loosely coupled communica-tion. The integration of web service capability has been (and still is) pursued rigor-

ously by industry. Our earlier work has shown the technologies can be connected [10]. Both technologies incorporate open standards to enable service-level realizations based on component platforms. Observations made in financial industry implementa-tions using J2EE? and .NET? now lead us to show the separation of technologies in the continuum with emphasis placed on component and service-architectural levels. We now consider these contemporary technologies in the context of the continuum and show issues around previously discussed topics. We also show service-level technological capabilities and considerations in predictability for both J2EE? and .NET?.

5.1 Architectural Aspects in .NET?

The .NET? framework provides numerous different technologies that can be classi-fied using the horizontal dimensions of the continuum. Fig 7 shows the major .NET? technologies each functioning in a dimension matching the characteristics to the di-mensions of the horizontal continuum. HTTP R e m o t i n g

Windows Forms Active Directory https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e814772945.html,

D C O M Integration Server M S M Q

Connection Technologies

Fig 7. .NET? in the Separation Continuum.

5.1.1 .NET Technologies in the Continuum

Only components in the business logic section are exposed. .NET? natively supports the user interface, user interface controller and data layer on the component level. This does not mean that .NET? is incapable of exposing other dimensions as services – some properties inherent in the provided technologies are just more implicit. Open standard technical committees and drafted standard proposals have only recently been defined in the space of user interfaces – example such as WSXL7 and the more recent WSRP8 apply. Native programmatic framework support is not yet available to realize these newer standards.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e814772945.html, provides component level user-interface-controller capabilities to enable message processing (e.g. SOAP) between services. Services are exposed by deploy-ing certain framework specific configuration files and service components. Orches-trated process construction is either executed manually by building components that process messages with routing logic or by using commercial products such as Micro-soft? BizTalk?. Experimental software such as Web Service Extensions integrates open standards such as WS-Routing, WS-Security and WS-Attachments.

Connection layers technologies such as Microsoft? MQ? that are also able to pre-sent service-level interfaces enabling users to place messages on a queue.

The service layer of abstraction is independent of the component model as illus-trated in Fig 7and Fig 8. It is however the comp onent model capabilities that enable the service-level abstraction.

5.1.2 Levels of Predictability in .NET?

Many companies are using alternatives to J2EE? and are switching over to or are at least partially integrating .NET? software capability (e.g. front-end development). The .NET? framework itself has integrated web-service support provided by https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e814772945.html,. Integrated support for certifiable services and service assemblies will in future enable service assemblies to be more predictable. .NET?’s own integrated support for web services provides higher levels of confidence as there is no reliance (and so – external dependencies) on third-party vendors to provide service level capa-bilities. It is the integrated support for service-level capabilities that also drives the industry leader to renew integrated support.

7 IBM forms the main contributor for the WSXL (Web Service Experience Language) standard (https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e814772945.html,/developerworks/library/ws-wsxl/).

8 OASIS has released the WSRP (Web Service Remote Portlet Specification)

(https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e814772945.html,/committees/tc_home.php?wg_abbrev=wsrp)

5.2 Architectural Aspects in J2EE

J2EE? is similar in the way that it maps to the horizontal continuum, as illustrated in Fig 8. J2EE? is different in its implementation approach to .NET?. HTTP RMI/IIOP

Applet / JFC

JNDI

JDO/JDB C

JMS

Message Driven Beans JCA

Connection Technologies

Fig 8. J2EE? in the Separation Continuum.

5.2.1 Technologies in the Continuum

Fig 8 depicts J2EE? in the continuum on the component and service architectural layers of abstraction. Not all technologies are exposed as services. Many standards are still being defined in this space as described in section 5.1 (e.g. user interface ser-vices). As with .NET? user interface controller technologies such as Servlets act as message processors using the HTTP protocol. We only show the exposure of Session Bean EJB technologies as it is one of the most used service-level capability enablers. Connection technologies are also exposable (JMS service interfaces). Database stored procedures are also exposable as services or directly accessible via entity components (e.g. Entity EJB).

Assembly and orchestrated process control is similar to .NET? in that message content can be processed manually using logic embedded inside components (e.g Servlets). Commercial tools such as IBM? WebSphere? - Integration Edition enable

service orchestration capabilities. IBM? Emerging technologies initiatives also pre-sent open standard support.

5.2.2Levels of Predictability in .J2EE?

J2EE is a defined standard that is implemented by several different vendors (e.g. IBM, Oracle and BEA to name a few). To gain competitive advantage, tools and additional proprietary libraries are added to simplify or enable new software capabilities. The component paradigm has been around for quite some time – and so has J2EE?. Com-ponent level development in J2EE? is considered to be quite mature when technolo-gies like EJB are considered. Service-level capabilities have only been a recent addi-tion to J2EE?. XML processing APIs and supporting community process technolo-gies were never part of the core J2EE distributions, leading vendors to implement pro-prietary solutions. Newer developments show that J2EE? has integrated more APIs and web service capability enablers into its core platform. Competition between differ-ent vendors (leading to varying interpretations of reasoning frameworks) and still existent external dependencies will definitely influence predictability in service assem-bly construction. Based on these factors J2EE? will provide lower levels of confi-dence in predictable assembly despite its commercial success and global popularity.

6 Future Work

This paper covers a wide range of aspects ranging from architecture, middleware, to predictability in assemblies with the focus on collaborating business enterprises. Each of these topics is large and worthy for future research in their own right.

It is our future focus however to continuously investigates the correlation between component and service-related behaviour in order to establish defining characteristics influencing certification and predictability in complex architectures.

7 Acknowledgements

The authors hereby gratefully acknowledge the contributions made by members of the Polelo Research Lab.

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目录 1 课题综述 (3) 1.1 开发背景 (3) 1.2 开发意义 (3) 1.3 实现目标 (3) 2 系统分析 (3) 2.1 应用程序设计图 (3) 2.1.1 管理员登陆 (4) 2.1.2教师登录 (4) 2.1.3管理员管理模块 (5) 3 数据库设计 (6) 3.1 数据库概念设计 (6) 3.2 数据库逻辑设计 (7) 3.3 数据库物理设计 (7) 4 运行与代码 (8) 4. 1 管理员登录 (8) 4. 2 教师登录 (9) 4. 3 关键代码 (10) 总结 (12) 致谢 (13) 参考文献 (14)

企业内部管理系统

企业内部管理系统 Modified by JEEP on December 26th, 2020.

摘要随着社会的发展，信息化成为时代的主题，企事业内部文档管理系统是企业管理中一个较重要的环节，是从业人员日常工作和个人信息的一项基本资料的保留，也是信息保密及防止资料外泄的重要手段，实现文档管理的电子化是现在的发展要求。企业内部文档管理系统有效的解决了纸质手工处理时效率低下和文件易丢失的问题，使得资料保留更完整查询更方便快捷。由此本课题进行企事业内部文档管理系统的研究是具有深刻意义的。经过详细的需求分析和系统设计之后，系统选择以动态网页技术、SQL server 2000数据库开发工具等为开发工具，在此基础上基于B/S（浏览器/服务器）系统模式，实现数据库的连接并完成企事业内部文档管理系统的功能，以更好地满足各单位的需求。经过详细设计后将系统主要分为以下的功能模块：目录管理模块、用户登录模块、文件管理模块、文件检索模块、系统管理模块，完成了用户信息管理及查询等方面的基本功能，更有效的提高系统处理的效率以适应人员的工作需求。本文简单的介绍了系统的需求分析、总体设计，对数据库设计、详细设计以及系统实现的技术和方法进行了详细的说明。社会在发展。一切都应该进步否则都将会逐步被淘汰，只有不断完善不断进取才可以更好适应于社会，生存与社会，发展于社会，才可以更好的服务于社会。关键字：信息化、文档管理系统、、B/S系统模式目录 8 8 9 9 2 5 5 5 6 7 8

第1章引言 1.1概述社会的发展是多元的，由此在丰富了我们生活的同时也使得管理更繁冗,更沉重。应运而生的企事业内部文档管理系统，是利用计算机对公司内部人员和文档资料进行的信息管理，它可以对企业中的工作人员进行管理和查询，也可以对文档进行合理的处理如添加、删除、附加等等。文档管理信息化避免了以往手工录入的种种弊端，提高了信息管理的效率，节省了工作的时间和管理人员的劳力。而且它通过数据库的统一管理减少了数据处理的诸多错误，保证了系统管理的统一性，也增加了保密性。另外，文档信息是公司进行其它管理的前提，所以说内部文档管理系统是企业管理中一项重要的组成部分。采用文档管理的信息化不仅可以很好的避免以往的信息处理的弊端，还可以拓宽出更多的功能应用，比如说文件的权限设置，在系统中可以对重要的文件进行安全设置保证它的访问权限，增强文件的安全性。企业信息管理信息化在现在的发展中具有不可忽视的优势，也是未来企业管理不可缺少的，也是社会发展进步所必需，是进行一切行为的根本。 1.2课题背景文档管理是企业日常管理的一部分，对于工作的日常运行来说是很重要的。然而现在许多机关、企事业单位的文档管理仍停留在基于纸介质的手工处理阶段，手工处理文档有许多缺点，比如说文档堆积多、重复劳动的工作多、分类管理困难、查询困难、利用率低、纸张浪费严重等问题，同时，另一个较严重的问题就是纸介质的文档，保存的时候容易受环境因素的影响，保存期限很受限制，而且纸质文档对森林的破坏也是较严重的。在企事业单位信息化建设中，文档管理的电子化是一项比较基本和典型的要求。企事业文档管理的电子化，有助于文档的长期保存、方便使用者的查询、也节省纸张开支。此外，电子文档的集中管理可以保证数据的统一性，也可对数据库的管理进行权限的设置，这就有助于保障文档的安全性和保密性。针对这个方面国外发展相对较迅速，国外很多国家地方已配备了十分先进的管理信息系统，而且由许多国外开发的带有图形化界面的文档管理信息系统，以其高质量和高安全性一直享有相当好的口碑，但是这一类软件结构复杂，由于语言的障碍等诸多原因，不便于我们某些企业的迅速掌握，其次我们也可能很难接受相对高昂的价格，所以我们应该开发出拥有自主知识产权的高水平软件产品，为管理做好强大的支撑平台。现在，建立在计算机网络基础之上的企事业内部文档管理系统的应用和概念正逐渐的进入人们的生活，向文档管理信息化管理更进了一步。在当前信息产业的强烈影响下企业的发展都在发生着变化，主要一个方面就发生在管理信息系统上。企业内部管理等多方面的需要，使现在的企业不得不建设管理信息系统，虽说现在已经有很多成型的税务MIS系统，但是多数是基于C/S结构开发的。针对

集体智慧收集系统及其方法与制作流程

本技术涉及集体智慧收集系统。本技术提供集体智慧收集系统及用此的集体智慧收集方法，包括：专家意见管理部，其接收和存储关于提出的事项由至少一个专家参与并传输的赞成或反对意见、有关该意见的至少一个依据以及说明等专家意见数据；背景知识管理部，其将所述专家意见管理部接收的至少一个专家意见数据提供给多个参与者，将多个专家意见数据加工后将此保存为有关所述事项的背景知识数据；参与数据管理部，其将保存在背景知识管理部的背景知识数据提供给参与者，接收所述参与者输入的参与者意见数据后处理为集体智慧收集数据；专家意见顺序管理部，其基于保存在所述参与数据管理部的所述集体智慧数据决定顺序，基于所述顺序更新必读意见数据和选读意见数据，提供给所述背景知识管理部。技术要求 1.一种集体智慧接收系统，其特征在于，包括：专家意见管理手段，其接收和存储关于提出的事项由至少一个专家参与并传输的赞成或反对意见、有关该意见的至少一个依据以及说明等专家意见数据；背景知识管理手段，其将所述专家意见管理部接收的至少一个专家意见数据提供给多个参与者，基于对多个专家意见数据的同意和不同意数据、赋予分数数据分成至少一个必读意见数据和至少一个选读意见数据，将此保存为有关所述事项的背景知识数据；

参与数据管理手段，其将保存在所述背景知识管理手段的背景知识数据提供给参与者，并接收所述参与者阅读所述背景知识数据后输入的对所述必读意见数据和选读意见数据的同意或不同意数据，以及包括赋予分数数据的参与者意见数据后处理成集体智慧收集数据；专家意见顺序管理手段，其基于保存所述参与数据管理手段的所述参与者意见数据决定顺序，基于所述顺序更新必读意见数据和选读意见数据后提供给所述背景知识管理部。 2.根据权利要求1所述的集体智慧收集系统，其特征在于，还包括：通过所述参加者或参与者收到少数的同意但对于赋分高的意见赋予顺序上升地位的少数意见管理手段。 3.根据权利要求2所述的集体智慧收集系统，其特征在于，所述少数意见管理手段管理的意见是至少一个所述选读意见数据。 4.根据权利要求1所述的集体智慧收集系统，其特征在于，还包括：所述参与者阅读所述必读意见数据和选读意见数据的过程中提供该意见数据的出处及反对或补充意见等信息数据的意见历史记录管理手段。 5.根据权利要求1所述的集体智慧收集系统，其特征在于，还包括：基于保存在所述参与数据管理手段的集体智慧收集数据生成设定形态的报告书提供给所述事项的提供者，为了使所述事项的提供者验证，提供作为所述报告书基础的集体智慧数据的结果验证管理手段。 6.根据权利要求1所述的集体智慧收集系统，其特征在于，根据所述专家意见顺序管理手段的所述必读意见数据和选读意见数据被实时更新。 7.根据权利要求1所述的集体智慧收集系统，其特征在于，

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内部管理系统（人事管理系统+客户关系管理系统）需求分析说明书 2015.10.9 一、人事管理系统部分 1、系统人员类型

公司的人员类型有以下几种：普通员工、部门经理、总经理、人事部经理和人事助 2、系统基本功能图解 2.1 基本机构图 2.2用例图解

3、功能详情 3.3.1 登录页面需要登录的人员，对于不同的身份，他们的权限是不一样的。当用户输入ID和密码时，查询数据库，如用户名和密码正确，则进入相应的员工信息页面，若不正确，则提示用户用户名或密码错误，仍显示当前页面 3.3.2 查询员工资料该模块主要查看自己/同事的资料，以更好促进公司员工之间的相互了解。同时也可以修改自己的部分信息。主要功能包括：

●查询自己的详细信息：员工ID、员工姓名、电子邮件、所在部门名称（不是部门ID）、经理、分机和自我介绍等 ●修改自己的自我介绍 ●修改自己的登录密码 ●查询、搜索其他同事的相关信息 3.3.3 员工资料管理人事部门负责维护员工的基本资料。当员工第一天来公司报道时，人事部门将员工的基本资料（姓名、性别、出生日期、电子邮件及所属部门等）录入到数据中，并打印一份报道单给员工，上门列出了该员工的登录ID、公司邮件的地址、该员工的部门名称以及该员工的同部门同事列表。主要功能包括： ●添加/修改/删除员工 ●按任意条件搜索员工（支持模糊查询） ●打印员工报道单上传/修改员工的照片。 3.3.4请假模块请假申请：员工根据工龄享受年假。如果员工是本年度才加入公司的，则需根据报到日期按公司规章制度计算假期期数。员工请假不可以超过规定的请假小时数。员工可以通过本模块提交/查看/取消申请。主要功能包括： ●显示员工本人年假总小时数、已使用小时数、当前可用小时数 ●用日历的方式显示可请假的日期，并突出显示国定节假日查看员工本人某段时期内的请假记录、申请、批准状态等。请假审核：该模块只允许经理访问。经理可以查看下属的请假记录，批准/否决其中申请。

建筑学专业英语翻译

建筑学专业英语翻译 1.1 新建筑时代的文化融合 Since the 1990s, China has obviously speeded up its steps to open the architectural field to the outside world. That is fully testified by its extensive adoption of the competition mechanism,introducing intern ati onal bidd ing for some importa nt con structi ons. As a result, visi ons of domestic architects have been expanded, t heir mentality updated, and a number of prominent masterworks created.The successful biddi ng for quite a few major projects by foreig n architects marks the begi nning of Chin a's accession into the international community in the architectural sector. 自20 世纪90 年代开始，中国明显力口快了向世界开放建筑领域的步伐，此事通过中国广泛采纳竞争机制，为一些重要建筑引入国际招标可以得到充分证实。由此，国建筑师的眼见得以被扩充，心态得到升华，大量的知名建筑被创造。大量的重要建筑项目被国外的建筑师成功中标，标志着在建筑面中国融入国际社会的开始。 Just like the country's accession into the World Trade Organization, which originally provoked controversies among some Chinese people who worried aboutabout the fate of the domestic enterprises, only a temporary sacrifice of domestic architectural sectors can create cha nces for theirfuture success in ever- in creas ing intern ati onal competiti ons. 正如中国加入世界贸易组织一样，一些中国人担心国企业的命运，只是暂时牺牲国建筑行业，在不断增加的国际竞争中创造未来的成功几会。 We still remember the words sighed out by a participating Chinese group of architects after the first round of review of the desig ning biddi ng for the Nati onal Cen ter for the Perform ing Arts. "We admit our in feriority to foreign competitors," they said. 我们还记得一个参与表演艺术中心投标的中国团队的建筑师们在第一轮审查之后的叹气。我们承认相比外国竞争对手我们的劣势，“他们说。

问题收集系统数据库

—现场采集EQMS电子化问题解决系统用户手操作册

目录第一章功能介绍 (3) 第二章软件登陆 (4) 2.1 软件登陆 (4) 2.2 密码修改 (4) 2.3 退出系统 (6) 第三章操作步骤 (7) 3.1 生产工序问题采集 (7) 3.2 客户退回问题采集 (13) 3.3 仓库翻板问题采集 (18) 3.4 线上采集返修明细 (23) 3.5 线上采集综合查询 (24) 3.6 线上采集分析报表 (25) 3.7 线上采集TOP10排名 (29) 第四章常见问题(FAQ) (34)

第一章功能介绍现场采集主要实现如下功能 ●质量数据的采集录入和查询 ●多维度数据汇总和报表统计 ●TOP问题分析决策及问题上升

第二章软件登陆 2.1 软件登陆 ●点击用户名:输入管理员分配给你的用户名 ●例如:周琴的用户名是”zhouqin” ●点击密码:输入管理员分配给你的密码,初始密码为1234 ●点击登陆按钮,登陆系统 2.2 密码修改

●登陆进入系统后,方能修改用户密码 ●查看欢迎您确认登陆系统的是你本人 ●点击修改密码按钮 ●弹出小窗口 ●输入旧密码:输入你原来的密码,如果忘记原密码请联系管理员 ●输入新密码:输入你想要设置的新密码 ●校验密码:再次输入你想要设置的新密码 ●点击确认按钮:确认你修改的信息 ●出现右图错误表示你输入的旧密码有误 ●出现下图错误表示你输入的两次密码数据不匹配,请核实你的输入密码信息,或重新录入

2.3 退出系统 ●正常的退出系统有助于信息数据的不丢失,不被篡改 ●尤其是多人使用同一台机器的时候,希望使用完系统的用户能安全退出 ●点击退出按钮安全退出

内部管理系统详细设计方案完整版

内部管理系统详细设计方案集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]

内部管理系统详细设计方案【最新资料，WORD文档，可编辑】

设计方案简介本设计方案是为内部管理程序开发而编写的，它包括了系统可行性研究，系统模块设计，模块的具体流程设计，一些需要进一步讨论或者研究的问题，需要的资料与硬件，数据表的定义等。但它没有包含关于编码的更多主题。例如编码的约定，注解的格式等。尽管这些问题对于实现这个系统都是非常重要的，但因为是设计方案它没有被包括在其中。整个设计方案的大致目录如下：一．内部管理系统项目方案（第2页－第20页） 1．项目开发背景（第2页） 2．项目可行性研究（第2页－第6页） 3．系统的大致模块划分（第6页－第18页） 3．1 市场部（第6页－第17页） 3．1．1 系统登陆模块（第8页） 3．1．2 系统设置模块（第8页） 3．1．3 事件添加模块（第8页－第9页） 3．1．4 事件查找编辑（第9页－第11页） 3．1．5 事件参数设置（第11页） 3．1．6 事件跟踪模块（第11页－第13页） 3．1．7 人事基本管理（第13页） 3．1．8 部门参数设置（第14页） 3．1．9 资料票据管理（第14页－第15页） 3．1．10 业务收入统计（第15页） 3．1．11 工资参数设置（第15页） 3．1．12 员工工资管理（第15页－第16页） 3．1．13 数据加密备份模块（第16页） 3．1．14 数据库管理模块（第16页－第17页） 3．2 网管部（第17页） 3．3 制作部（第17页－第18页） 4．数据流图（第19页－第20页） 4．1 市场部业务数据流图（第19页） 4．2 市场部工资数据流图（第20页）二．内部管理系统所需资料（第21页）三．内部管理系统所需硬件（第22页）四．数据库设计（第23页－第25页） 1．上层数据库设计（第23页） 2．市场部数据库设计（第24页－第25页）五．项目工作量估算（第26页）内部管理系统项目方案

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雨水收集系统操作

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在控制箱中分别都有手自动控制部分，都可以实现手动控制，自动控制两种模式，同时具备变频控制，下面分别介绍：雨水系统控制箱：该系统的控制箱是集成控制，对整个系统进行控制，面板介绍（如图是多功能控制箱）：（1）、“手自动切换”是用于控制中的手动状态和自动状态以及停止状态的切换。当自动状态时，净化设备会随用水需求自动启动进行净化处理，完成供水，当缺水时也会自动停泵，进行市政自来水补水。

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企业内部通信系统必须提供网络通信功能，在通信过程中禁止使用聊天表情、文件传送等功能，避免资料外泄，或因发送错误而导致上级资料的丢失以及其他损失。最重要的是必须适应任何操作系统，也就是实现跨平台技术，因为企业内部的工作需要，工作环境中使用了多个操作系统来完成不同的工作。另外，系统不需要使用服务器中转和记录通信内容，可以独立完成通信任务，排除职工对领导监视工作进度等逆反心理。 ??目标企业内部通信系统的目标是实现企业的信息化通信，提高企业通信能力，提高任务理解和执行能力，减少没有必要的人员流动和资金损耗，以最快的速度提升企业的市场竞争力。 ??条件、假定和限制为实现企业的信息化通信，必须对操作人员进行培训，需要花费部分时间和精力来完成。为不影响企业的正常运行，企业内部通信系统必须在两个月的时间内交付用户使用。系统分析人员需要2天内到位，用户需要3天时间确认需求分析文档。去除其中可能出现的问题，例如用户可能临时有事，占用4天时间确认需求分析。那么程序开发人员需要在1个月零19天的时间内进行系统设计、程序编码、系统测试、程序调试和网站部署工作。其间，还包括了员工每周的休息时间。 ??评价尺度根据用户的要求，项目主要以企业通信功能为主，对于通信信息仅提供本次系统启动后的通信内容。由于职工人数过多，而公司在楼内公告板上的公告信息，难以及时通知每位职工，系统中公告功能要及时地通知所有员工最新的公告内容。 3．投资及效益分析 ??支出根据系统的规模及项目的开发周期（两个月），公司决定投入4个人。为此，公司将直接支付3万元的工资及各种福利待遇。在项目安装及调试阶段，用户培训、员工出差等费用支出需要1万元。在项目维护阶段预计需要投入2万元的资金。累计项目投入需要6万元资金。 ??收益用户提供项目资金12万元。对于项目运行后进行的改动，采取协商的原则根据改动规模额外提供资金。因此从投资与收益的效益比上，公司可以获得6万元的利润。项目完成后，会给公司提供资源储备，包括技术、经验的积累，其后再开发类似的项目时，可以极大地缩短项目开发周期。 4．结论根据上面的分析，在技术上不会存在问题，因此项目延期的可能性很小。在效益上公司投入4个人、2个月的时间获利6万元，效益比较可观。在公司今后发展上可以储备网站开发的经验和资源。因此认为该项目可以开发。 1.4 编写项目计划书根据《GB8567－88计算机软件产品开发文件编制指南》中的项目开发计划要求，结合单位实际情况，设计项目计划书如下。

建筑术语中英文对照

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循空间系统发展的内在规律

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系统内部框架及数据字典

．系统内部框架及数据字典 1.1信息分类及相互关系中国人民大学图书馆信息系统是围绕学校图书馆的各项业务活动而建立的，其中涉及的信息大体上可以分为四类：业务过程信息、读者信息、费用信息和管理信息。其中业务过程信息是指完成业务所产生的过程控制信息，如借阅信息、书刊出入库信息等，都是局部信息；读者信息是指在读者整个在校期间需要在整个系统范围内共享的信息，是基本信息；管理信息是由基本信息和业务过程信息加工得到的，如读者流动情况、书刊平均借阅天数、效率分析等，是派生信息。读者借阅活动和各类信息之间的关系 1.2贯穿系统的两条信息线集成各局部系统的重要目标是确保整个系统不随着局部系统的改变而改变，不随着新系统的加入而发生大的变化。找出图书馆信息系统的内在联系，确立好各局部系统之间的接口，是实现这一目标的前提。贯穿整个图书馆信息系统有两条信息线：读者信息线和费用信息线。以此为框架来构造和集成整个系统。证件信息包括读者主索引、借阅记录等等；费用信息包括在各个环节发生的各类费用及消耗成本等。这两条信息线在系统中体现为具体的数据结构，它独立于各局部系统而存在。从整体的、发展的角度来构筑好这一基础框架是本系统数据结构的核心。 2.各子系统的数据流程图及数据字典 2．1财务管理子系统功能：负责全馆财务、物资采购及发放、安全保卫及卫生清洁等工作。其中财务管流程：数据

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内部管理系统详细设计方案 (1)

内部管理系统详细设计方案【最新资料，WORD文档，可编辑】

3．1．6 事件跟踪模块（第11页－第13页） 3．1．7 人事基本管理（第13页） 3．1．8 部门参数设置（第14页） 3．1．9 资料票据管理（第14页－第15页） 3．1．10 业务收入统计（第15页） 3．1．11 工资参数设置（第15页） 3．1．12 员工工资管理（第15页－第16页） 3．1．13 数据加密备份模块（第16页） 3．1．14 数据库管理模块（第16页－第17页）3．2 网管部（第17页） 3．3 制作部（第17页－第18页） 4．数据流图（第19页－第20页） 4．1 市场部业务数据流图（第19页） 4．2 市场部工资数据流图（第20页）二．内部管理系统所需资料（第21页）

外部结构与内在系统研究

外部结构与内在系统研究——以鲫鱼、蟾蜍、家兔为例姓名：学号：专业：年级：时间：

目录摘要与关键词一、正文：【1】、目的【2】、材料【3】、方法【4】、结果与分析【5】、讨论二、参考文献

【摘要】通过对鲫鱼、蟾蜍、家兔的结构观察，掌握不同种类生物的特征及其适应环境的形态结构特征；了解鲫鱼、蟾蜍、家兔解剖方法；熟悉鲫鱼、蟾蜍、家兔的内部结构；比较鱼类、哺乳类、两栖类生物循环系统、消化系统、排泄系统的不同点。【关键词】结构系统解剖一、正文【1】、实验目的：（一）、鲫鱼 1、观察鲫鱼的外形及内部各系统的结构特点； 2、初步掌握鱼类的解剖技术； 3、了解鱼类动物消化、呼吸、泄殖系统的形态结构及特点；（二）、蟾蜍 1、通过蟾蜍的内部解剖和观察，了解两栖动物消化、呼吸、泄殖系统的形态结构及特点； 2、掌握一般的解剖技术。（三）、兔 1、通过兔的内部解剖和观察，了解哺乳动物消化、呼吸、泄殖系统的形态结构及特点； 2、学习小型哺乳动物解剖方法【2】、实验材料及仪器（一）、 1、实验材料：活鲫鱼 2、实验器材：白色解剖盘、解剖剪、镊子（二） 1、实验材料：活蟾蜍 2、实验器材：白色解剖盘、解剖剪、镊子（三） 1、实验材料：活兔 2、实验器材：白色解剖盘、解剖剪、镊子【3】、实验方法：（一）鲫鱼外形观察（如下图1）

（1）取活鲫鱼，置于解剖盘中观察。鲫鱼外形呈纺锤形，左右侧扁，全身可分为头、躯干和尾三分。 1、头部：口在端部，两侧无口须；有成对的鼻孔和眼；头两侧有鳃盖。 2、躯干：鲫鱼全身被覆瓦状排列的圆鳞，两侧中间的一行鳞片均具有小孔，形成侧线，此行鳞片称为侧线鳞，主要起感知水流方向、速度、障碍物等作用。体具有成对的胸鳍和腹鳍；不成对的背鳍、臀鳍和尾鳍。肛门和泄殖孔分别开在腹部臀鳍之前。内部解剖和观察（如下图2）取活鲫鱼放在解剖盘里；使腹部向上，用解剖剪从肛门向前剪开，沿腹中线经鳍中间剪到下颌（第一剪）之后，再使鱼侧卧，左侧向上，自肛门前的开口向背方剪开，沿脊柱下方剪至鳃盖后缘（第二剪），再沿鳃盖后缘剪至胸鳍之前（第三剪），除去左侧体壁，即可观察。

建筑专业词汇中英文对照

建筑build; architecture; construct; architectural; architectural & industrial ceramics 建筑安装工程量construction work quantity 建筑板材building board 建筑材料表list of building materials 建筑材料检验building material testing 建筑材料行building material dealer 建筑材料运输列车construction train 建筑草图architectural sketch 建筑朝向building orientation 建筑成本预算construction cost estimate 建筑承包商building contractor 建筑尺度architectural scale 建筑处理architectural treatment 建筑创作architectural creation 建筑大五金architectural metalwork 建筑大样architectural detail 建筑单元building unit 建筑费construction cost 建筑风格architectural style 建筑辅助系统building subsystem 建筑钢construction(al) steel 建筑钢板building sheet 建筑高度building height; height of building 建筑高度分区building height zoning; height zoning 建筑工程升降机builder's lift 建筑工地选择siting 建筑工羊角锤头builder's claw hammer head 建筑工业building industry; construction industry 建筑工种building trades 建筑构思architectural conception 建筑构图composition on architecture; architectural composition 建筑构造building construction 建筑估价building cost estimate 建筑管理architectural control 建筑规程building regulations 建筑规范building code 建筑机械construction machinery; building machinery 建筑及维护规则recommendation 建筑结构building structure 建筑结构分析语言structural engineering system solver (STRESS) 建筑立面elevation of building; building elevation 建筑沥青bitumen for building; building asphalt No. 10 建筑力学architectural mechanics 建筑铝型材生产线architectural aluminum profile production line 建筑毛面积gross floor area 建筑毛造价gross building cost 建筑面积area of structure; covered area 建筑面积比floor-area ratio ( 建筑面积指标floor-space index ( 建筑模数building module