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测绘工程专业英语课文翻译Unit-16Gravity Measurment

测绘工程专业英语课文翻译Unit-16Gravity Measurment
测绘工程专业英语课文翻译Unit-16Gravity Measurment

Unit16 Gravity Measurment(重力测量)

As known from daily experience , the most conspicuous force present on the surface of the Earth is gravity . Gravity is the force that pulls things towards the center of the Earth .Gravity affects almost everything in our lives . From clocks to hydroelectric dams, from the tides of the oceans to plant life, gravity plays an important role . Gravity governs our height and shape and keeps us fro m falling off the surface of the Earth .(从日常经验中得知,地球表面最显著的引力是重力。地心引力是把东西拉向地球中心的引力 我们生命中的一切。从时钟到水电站,从海洋的潮汐到植物的生命,重力起着重要的作用。重力支配着我们的高度和形状,使我们保持活力 会关闭地球的表面。)

Concepts of Gravity(重力的概念)

Gravitation is the force that pulls or attracts all bodies in the universe towards one another .The famous law of universal gravitation , first formulated mathematically by Newton states the fact that any two physical bodies attract each other . This gravitation force , which is proportional to the product of the t w o m asses ( M and m ) and inversely proportional to the square of their distance, can be expressed as follows:(万有引力是吸引或吸引宇宙中所有物体的力量,万有引力定律,由牛顿在数学上首次表述为 任何两个身体互相吸引。这种引力,这是成正比的产品的m 米驴(M 和M ),并成反比的平方距离, 可以表述如下:)

2Mm F G r

in which G is known as Newton’s gravitational constant . Since the Earth is spinning , any object within or on the E arth’s surface pursues a circular path as the Earth rotates on its axis . If the body is on the Earth’s surface , it follows the circular path because it is held onto the Earth ’s surface by the gravitational force . However, the body as it pursues a circular path exerts an outward force called the centrifugal force . The sum of the gravitation and the centrifugal force is called the gravity force . The gravity force is stronger on the poles than on the equator, since the centrifugal force vanishes on the pole whereas the value of the centrifugal force on the equator is obtained biggest . Even though centrifugal force is the strongest on the equator, it is about 0 .35% of the gravitation force . Therefore the gravity is mainly governed by the gravitation force . The gravity causes an object to have weight and , if the object is free to move , to fall with increasing speed (i .e ., the body accelerates) toward the center of the Earth . The acceleration experienced by that object as it moves toward the Earth ’s center is called the acceleration of gravity , which is the quantity observed when gravity measurements are made .(其中G 被称为牛

顿引力常数。由于地球正在旋转,在地球表面内或表面上的任何物体都在绕着它的轴旋转时,追求一条圆形路径。如果BOD Y位于地球表面,它遵循圆形路径,因为它被引力带到了地球表面。然而,身体在追求一个圆形路径施加向外RCE叫做离心力。引力和离心力之和称为重力。重力在两极比在赤道更强,由于离心GAL力消失在极上,而离心力的值在赤道上获得最大。即使离心力是最强的赤道,它是约0。35%的万有引力的力。因此重力主要受引力作用。重力使物体有重量,如果物体自由移动,速度就会下降(我,身体加速)朝向地球的中心。当物体向地球中心移动时所经历的加速度称为重力加速度,即重力加速度观察当重力测量是多少。)

In study of the geometrical properties of the gravity , it is sufficient to concentrate on the acceleration . The acceleration of gravity is equal to the gravity when the mass m is one unit . The units of gravity are Gals, named after the famous physicist Galileo . One Galequals one centimeter per second squared (cm/ s2) . T he acceleration of gravity is not constant across the surface of the earth . The differences are caused by the varying densities of sub-surface rocks, location on the surface ( such as the latitude) and the elevation which is the distance fro m the center of the Earth . A mean magnitude of gravity on the surface of the Earth is of the order of 980 .3 Gal . The global range of the variations on the surface of the Earth is m ore than 5 Gal . These variations are easily measured even with imprecise instruments . modern instruments measure accurately to within a fraction of a μG al ( 1 μGal =10 - 6 Gal) or even higher .(在引力的几何性质的研究中,它足以集中在加速度。当质量m为一单位时,重力加速度等于重力。单位的重力是女生,名叫著名物理学家伽利略后。一galequals每秒每平方厘米(cm/s2)。T他重力加速度不是固定在地球的表面H。这些差异是由表层岩石的密度不同,表面上的位置(如纬度)和海拔,这是地球中心的距离。一在地球表面上的平均重力的大小是980。3加仑的顺序。在地球表面上的变化的全球范围是m矿石超过5加仑。这些变化很容易即使不精确的仪器检测。现代仪器测量准确的一小部分μμAl(1μGAL = 10 -加仑)或更高。) From the above formula , we know the gravity is inversely proportional to the square of their distance . It is obvious that the different heights of observation points will affect the gravity . It is proved fro m [ P . Vanicek and E .J .Krakiw sky , 1986 ] that the gravity magnitude decrease with the increasing height . The gravity decreases by only 1% with an increase in altitude of about 32km . Further more, the Earth is made fro m different materials of different m ass with varying densities and the Earth is not spherical but oblate, the gravity field of the Earth also varies due to anomalies within the Earth and the oblateness of the Earth . All have an im pact on the Earth’s gravitational field . Thus the different heights of observation points, the oblateness of the Earth , and the uneven lateral distribution of mass within the Earth are three sources of the gravity variations .(从上面的公式中,我们知道重力与距离的平方成反比。很明显,观测点的

高度不同会影响重力。它是经证明。Vanicek和E。J。krakiw天空,1986 ],随着高度的增加幅度减少重力。只有1%的在增加高度约32公里重力减小。另外,地球是不同密度和地球不同我屁股从不同的材料不是球形扁圆,地球的重力场也因异常ES在地球和地球的扁率。所有关于地球引力场的协议。因此,观察点的高度不同,地球的扁率,和你不侧质量分布在地球三个来源的重力变化。)

How to Measure Gravity(如何测量力)

The basic way to measure gravity is to drop something and watch its trajectory as it falls .That is Newton’s law . The magnitude of gravity can be measured using any of the existing kinds of gravity measurements . Two distinctly different types of gravity measurements are made: absolute gravity measurements and relative gravity measurements . If the value of acceleration of gravity can be deter mined at the point of measurement directly fro m the data observed at that point, the gravity measurement is absolute . If only the differences in the value of the acceleration of gravity are measured between two or more points, the measurements are relative .(测量重力的基本方法是放下物体,观察它下落时的轨迹,这就是牛顿定律。重力的大小可以测量使用任何现有的重力米对策。两种明显不同类型的重力测量:绝对重力测量和相对重力测量。如果重力加速度的值可以阻止MI 在测量点直接观察到的数据,在这一点上,重力测量是绝对的。如果只测量重力加速度值的差异在两个或两个以上的点,测量相对。)

Until the middle of the 20th Century , virtually all absolute measurements of gravity were made using some type of pendulum apparatus . The most usual type of apparatus contained a number of pendulums that were swung in a vacuum . By measuring the period of the pendulums, the acceleration of gravity could be computed . In recent years , the pendulum method has been superseded by the ballistic method which is based on timing freely falling bodies .The acceleration of gravity can be deter mined by measuring the time taken by a body to fall over a known distance .Over the years, absolute gravity measurements have been made at only a few key sites, and these few measurements have served chiefly to establish datum and scale for relative gravity measurements . T he reason for the sparsity of absolute gravity measurements is that the necessary measuring equipment is very bulky and costly , and a single measurement requires days of painstakingly careful work under near laboratory conditions . This, however, may change in the next decade or so . As absolute equipment continues to be miniaturized and made more portable , absolute gravity measurements are becoming m ore commonplace .(直到第二十世纪中叶,几乎所有的绝对测量重力使用了某种类型的钟摆装置。最常用的类型的设备包含了一些摆在真空中摇摆。通过测量时期的钟摆,重力加速度可以计算。近年来,钟

摆法已被弹道导弹取代OD是以定时自由落体为基础的,通过测量物体下落到已知距离的时间来确定重力加速度。测量只在几个关键地点,这几个测量服务主要是建立数据和规模相对重力测量。ABS的稀疏性原因绝对重力测量是必要的测量设备非常笨重和昂贵的,和一个单一的测量需要精心细致的工作日在实验室条件下附近。然而,这可能会在未来十年左右改变。随着绝对设备的小型化和便携化,绝对重力测量变得越来越普遍。)Since absolute gravity measurements have been too complicated and time consuming and ,until recently , could not be obtained with sufficient accuracy , relative gravity measurements have been used to establish the dense network of gravity measurements needed .Modern relative gravity measurements are made with s m all, very portable , and easily used instruments known as gravimeters ( gravity meters) . Using gravimeters , highly accurate relative measurements can be made at a given site , known as a gravity station , in half-an hour or less .(由于绝对重力测量过于复杂和费时,直到最近,不能得到足够的精度,相对重力测量已被用于建立重力测量所需的密集网络。现代相对重力测量是S M,非常轻便,容易使用的工具称为重力(重力仪S)。利用重力仪,高度精确的相对测量可以在一个给定的网站,被称为重力站,在半小时或更少。)

Since relative gravity surveys can deter mine only differences in gravity fro m point to point, every relative gravity survey must include measure ments at one or m re reoccupiable points where acceleration of gravity is known . Such points are called base stations . Then all gravity difference measurements are computed with respect to the known gravity value at the base station . Hence , tying a relative gravity survey to a base station establishes the“gravity datum”of that survey .(从相对重力测量可以阻止重力从点对点我唯一的差异,每一个相对重力测量必须包括测量在一个重新reoccupiable点加速或M 已知重力比。这些点称为基站。然后,所有的重力差测量计算相对于已知的重力值在基站。因此,搭售对基地的相对重力测量建立了该测量的“重力基准”。)

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交通工程专业英语翻译The_Evolution_of_Transport The Evolution of Transport 交通运输业的发展 The evolution of transport has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the earth’s history(交通运输的发展一直与的人类发展的整 个地球的历史密切联系在一起。 Transport’s early function was to meet the basic need of hauling food supplies and building materials(运输的早期功能是为了满足食物供给和搬运建筑材料的 基本 需求。 But with the formation of tribes,then peoples,and finally nations,the societal and economic functions of transport became more and more complex. 但是随着部落的 产生甚至最后国家的形成,运输在社会和经济起到的功能越来越复杂。 At first there was mobility required for individuals,clans,households,and animals to protect them against,and to escape from,the dangers of natural disasters and tribal aggressions,and in the search for the best places to settle(起初有 需要调动个人, 家族,家庭和动物以保护他们来反抗并逃避自然灾害和部族侵略的危险,从而寻

机电专业翻译 中英文

1.结论与讨论 应用泡沫金属子弹撞击加载的方式研究了泡沫铝夹芯梁和单层梁的抗冲击性能,分 别讨论了子弹冲量、面板厚度和芯层厚度对夹芯梁抗冲击性能的影响。得到了梁后面板 中心点的最终挠度与加载冲量的关系,并将实验结果与理论预测相比较,结论如下:(1)泡沫金属子弹撞击加载下,夹芯梁的变形主要集中在子弹作用的中心区域。前 面板主要表现为子弹作用区域的压缩变形,其失效模式分为压入失效和侵彻失效;芯层 的变形根据破坏程度的不同可分为加载中心区域的压缩变形和接近固支端的无压缩变形;后面板的变形为非弹性大变形,中心点挠度最大,与板不同的是未观察到明显的花 瓣形变形。 (2)参数研究结果表明,泡沫铝夹芯梁后面板中心点的最终挠度随着加载冲量的增 大而增大,且呈指数函数变化。研究范围内,最终挠度随着面板厚度的增加线性减少, 但也出现了面板厚度较大的夹芯梁的最终挠度大于面板厚度较小的夹芯梁的情况,这可 能是由于脱胶或泡沫材料的不均匀性造成的。芯层厚度与夹芯梁抗冲击性能密切相关, 增加芯层厚度能显著地提高夹芯梁的抗冲击能力。 (3)实验结果与理论预测比较后发现,冲量较大时吻合较好,实验挠度处于理论预 测的内、外屈服轨迹内;冲量较小时却存在一定的差异,这可能是泡沫材料的不均匀性 及理论预测中过高估计了弯曲和拉伸共同作用阶段的影响产生的。 (4)通过一定范围的冲量研究表明,与等质量的单层梁相比,泡沫铝夹芯梁具有较高的抗冲击能力和明显的结构优势。 Conclusion and discussion The way of using foam metallic projectiles impact load studies the shock resistance of sandwich beams with core of aluminuim foam and单层梁,and respectively discusses the effects of projectile impulse, face sheets thickness and the thickness of core on the shock resistance of sandwich beams. The relationship between the final deflection of the central point of梁后面板and加载冲量is attained. The result of the experiment is compared with the theoretical prediction. The conclusions are: (1)In the situation of foam metallic projectiles impact load, the deformation of sandwich beams mainly located in the central area where the projectiles are working. The front face sheet mainly shows the compression deformation of the area where the projectiles are working,and its failure modes can be divided into: indenting failure and pitting failure. According to the different damage degree of the芯层deformation, it can be divided into 加载中心区域的压缩变形and接近固支端的无压缩变形. The back face sheet shows large inelastic deformation and its deflection of the central point is the biggest. Obvious 花瓣形deformation isn’t observed, which is different from the sheet. (2)The result of parameter study shows that the central point deflection of sandwich beams with core of aluminuim foam back face sheet increases with the increase in 加载冲量and it changes in exponential function. Within the study field,the final deflection decreases线性地with the increase in the thickness of the face sheets, but it also appears the situation that the final deflection of 面板厚度较大的夹芯梁is larger than面板厚度较小的夹芯梁. This is probably due to 脱胶或泡沫材料的不均匀性. The thickness of 芯层and the shock resistance of夹芯梁is closely related. Increasing the thickness of 芯层can notably improve the shock resistance of 夹芯梁. (3)After the comparison of the result of the experiment and theoretical prediction, we find

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