良志教育六级阅读练习 - 学生

Passage 1

Signs:the Most Useful Thing We Pay No Attention to

[A] Signage—the kind we see on city streets, in airports, on highways, in hospital corridors —is the most useful thing we pay no attention to. When it works well, it tells us where we are (as when an Interstate marker assures us we're on the right highway) and it helps us to get where we want to go (as when an airport banner directs us to our gate). When it fails, we miss trains, we're late to appointments, we spend hours pacing the indistinguishable floors of underground parking garages, muttering to ourselves in mounting frustration and fury. And in some cases, especially where automobiles are involved, the consequences of bad signage can be fatal.

[B] Bad signs can send perfectly ordinary citizens into spirals of obsession. Take Richard Ankrom, a Los Angeles artist who thought the junction of the 110 freeway and the 5 freeway was badly marked. In 2001, he put on an outfit that looked like the ones Caltrans highway workers wore, climbed up onto a freeway gantry, and mounted an aluminum sign he'd manufactured himself according to state specs. The sign stayed up for nine months without anyone noticing what he'd done; when the story leaked to the press and Caltrans finally cottoned on, the agency left the sign up for eight more years.

[C] Or consider Leslie Gallery Dilworth, a Philadelphia architect who took a road trip with her husband through Spain in the 1980s. Throughout the journey, they'd marveled at the simplicity of the European road signs, which were easy to use even though neither of them spoke Spanish. Upon their return to Philly, they got lost on the way from the airport to their house, when a bad set of signs directed them to a local dump. Dilworth was so struck by her own city's inhospitality that she spent much of the next decade working with the city and local stakeholders revamping Philadelphia's sign systems. Today, she's the CEO of the Society for Environmental Graphic Design, the premier American professional group for sign designers.

[D] Most people, when they think about it, can point to signs that have failed them: the hospital complex that felt like a labyrinth or the exit they always almost miss. But the truth is that signage today is far better than it's been at any other point in history. A century ago, sign design wasn't a profession to speak of; the signs that guided riders and pedestrians (there weren't many drivers yet) tended to be informal and ad hoc. As the automobile took off, the world found it needed traffic engineers, and it was these men and women who were the first to think seriously about sign systems. America put national standards for road signs in place in 1935.

[E] But the developers of office buildings, shopping malls, and other pedestrian spaces were slow to follow suit. Developers tended to assume that architects would take care of sign design, and many architects would leave it up to tenants. As a result, security guards and secretaries were often the ones to help orient the lost.

[F] The 1970s saw the first stirrings of revolution in the sign world. That's when the SEGD was founded, and it's when designers first began to seriously study how best to orient people and guide them through space. Their work was prompted in part by America's great urban thinkers: people like Kevin Lynch and Jane Jacobs, who argued that spaces should be designed not to fulfill the grand visions of architects but with humble human uses in mind. The field earned a name—"wayfinding," a Lynch coinage—and today, people in the business call themselves wayfinding designers and talk about places that have "good wayfinding" or "terrible wayfinding." By the 1980s and '90s, wayfinding advocates were involved in more development projects, but dispatches from the era have a slightly aggrieved air; designers of environmental graphics still often found themselves fighting for a place at the table. During the last 10 years, however, wayfinding has come into its own. More requests for proposals for major building initiatives now require bidders to explain how they'll handle wayfinding design. Many cities have installed wayfinding systems like the one Dilworth helped build in Philadelphia. New airports and train stations are routinely built with good navigation in mind.

[G] Why has there been such growth in the field? One cause is the remarkable pace of economic development over the past half-century. Developed countries have been building increasingly complicated spaces—shopping malls, multiplexes, convention centers, multi-terminal airports—that require good navigation systems in order for people to use them. In addition, businesses and municipalities alike have realized that well-oriented people are calmer, happier, and more likely to spend money (and plan return visits) than people who are lost. Investing in a good wayfinding system has real financial rewards.

[H] Another cause is our increasingly globalized planet. Much of the innovation in the sign world has been spurred by airports, places where people of all nationalities and tongues must move quickly, efficiently, and safely through huge spaces. For years, designers have been developing graphical symbols to help non-natives find the bathrooms, the baggage claims, and the

bureaux de change, and, in the process, they've been inventing a global language, a kind of pictorial Esperanto.

[I] A third cause is our society's increasing inclusiveness. The 1990 Americans With Disabilities Act was the first piece of national legislation to mandate the accessibility of privately managed public spaces like hotels and universities. And because the law deals with visual as well as physical impairment, its accessibility guidelines require that standards of legibility be maintained in directional signs; they evolved to specify everything from the size of fonts to the contrast between lettering and its background. This development turned out to be as useful for the rest of us as it was for the legally blind.

[J] Finally, there's the fact that we have all increasingly become connoisseurs of good design. Fifty years ago, design belonged to designers. But the advent of the personal computer introduced us all to fonts, line spacing, and page layout, and machines from the photocopier to the iPhone have left us familiar with icons both clear and confusing. Navigating the Web has made us smarter about orienting ourselves in virtual space. As a result, when we see badly designed signs, we demand better. Joe Calderone, a spokesman for the Long Island Railroad, notes that the agency is not wanting for feedback: "Our customers are not shy about telling us if things don't work."

[K] Ironically, just as our signs have improved, we've seen the advent of something that makes us less dependent on them than ever before: satellite navigation. Our iPhones and the GPS systems in our cars orient us in relation not to fixed squares of metal on our roads but to orbiting wheels of technology in the sky. Designers are confident that we'll always need signs—after all, you still need to know which street is Rogers when your car tells you to take it—but folks in the satellite business aren't so sure. By examining how signs have evolved and how they help us now, we can determine whether signage's golden age is ending or just beginning.

1.The road signs in Spain worked well in showing directions.

2.A sign mounted onto a freeway gantry stayed up for quite a few years.

3.Traffic engineers were considered to be the first to think about sign systems.

4.Amecica’s great urban thinkers believed that spaces should be designed to be user-friendly.

5.The directional signs’standards of legibility for the legally blind turned out to be useful for ordinary people.

6.Security guards and secretaries often had to give directions for the lost because no useful signs were set up.

7.Thanks to the advent of satellite navigation, we become less dependent on the road signs than ever before.

8.Designers manage to help people of all nationalities to find directions by developing easy-recognized symbols.

9.Business and municipalities have realized that good wayfinding systems increase the possibility of return visits.

10.All the development from personal computers to machines like photocopiers and iPhones make us experts of good design.

Passage 2

Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can __1__ performance at work and school. Cognitive( 认识派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on __2__ and gifts from others.

The latter view has gained many supporters, __3__ among educators. But the careful use of small __4__ rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements(刺激) indeed __5__inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

“If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively __6__ task, they show the most creativity,”says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But it’s easy to __7__ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.

A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for __8__ achievement ends uPwith uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and __9__ failing grades.

In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points to ward valued rewards, shows __10__ in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

A)mental B)promise C)kill D)avoid E)hope F)especially G)aid H)ordinary

I)approval J)monetary K)generally L)improve M)challenging N)restore O)excellent Passage 3

Western airliner manufacturers seem to be tripping over themselves in their eagerness to sign collaborative agreements with Asian partners as a low-cost route to developing new airliners. Their potential Asian partners seem to be tripping over themselves to sign such agreements, as a low-cost route to acquiring new airliner technology. If they are not careful the two sides will end up tripping over each other: the one by selling its birth-right for short-term gain, the other by trying to break into a market which isn’t big enough to sustain it.

Technology transfer works in a growing market, where the aspirations of the new entrant receiving that technology can be met through expansion. The airliner market is not such a device.

Even the most optimistic projections of airliner sales for the next 20 years show that airliner manufacture can only be profitable if a small number of aircraft builders share the available sales. It follows that if new manufacturers come into the market and take sales, their sales must come from substitution, not expansion.

Given the complexity of today’s airliners, it is unlikely that any new entrant will have both the financial and technical resources to come into the market without the involvement of an established manufacturer. In the short term, such involvement may not be to the exclusive benefit of the new entrant: most of the established manufacturers are searching for ways to reduce costs of manufacture.

In the short term,, it can be of benefit to an established Western manufacturer to have either components of complete air –frames made or assembled in lower-wage economics such a China, Taiwan or Korea, while retaining the design, development and marketing of aircraft for itself. It would be a very unwise Western manufacturer which did not heed the fact that these developing economies are acquiring skills ( like computing ) at least as quickly as they are acquiring skills in metallbashing.

The danger comes when the new entrant no longer needs the established Western partner because it has acquired the technical and intellectual ability to design and build its own aircraft. An Asian partner may well find itself in the happy position of having the low-cost labour base, the high-cost technology base and the vital financial base to build a new airliner.

1.The author’s attitude towards Western/eastern collaboration can be depicted as ________.

A.positive

B.progressive

C.conservative

D.negative

2.”The airliner market is not such a device “means that the airliner market _______.

A.does not encourage technology transfer

B.is too limited to offer chances of success

C.requires hi-tech rather than unaccepted devices

D.is full of competitions even for new entrants

3.Established manufacturers search for partners in order to_______.

A.save the cost of the airframe

B.improve some aircraft components

C.save the cost of labour

D.develop new technology

4.According to the author, a wise established manufacturer should ______.

A.try to benefit from both financial and technical resources

B.break up his partnership with the East once profits are made

C:keep a tight told over hi-tech development and marketing of airliners

D.collaborate with Asian partners for a short time

5.The word “base”in the last paragraph represents_______.

A.a production place

B.the initial operation of building aircraft

C.a research institute

D.a position where to start building

Passage 4

[A] A couple of months or so after becoming Britain’s prime minister, David Cameron wanted a few tips from somebody who could tell him how it felt to be responsible for, and accountable to, many millions of people: people who expected things from him, even though in most cases he would never shake their hands.

[B] He turned not to a fellow head of government but to…Mark Zuckerberg, the founder and boss of Facebook, the phenomenally successful social network. (It announced on July 21st that it had 500m users, up from 150m at the start of 2009.) In a well-publicised online video chat this month, the two men swapped ideas about ways for networks to help governments. Was this just a political leader seeking a spot of help from the private sector—or was it more like diplomacy, a comparison of notes between the masters of two great nations?

[C] In some ways, it might seem absurd to call Facebook a state and Mr Zuckerberg its governor. It has no land to defend; no police to enforce law and order; it does not have subjects, bound by a clear cluster of rights, obligations and cultural signals. Compared with citizenship of a

country, membership is easy to acquire and renounce. Nor do Facebook’s boss and his executives depend directly on the assent of an “electorate”that can unseat them. Technically, the only people they report to are the shareholders.

[D] But many web-watchers do detect country-like features in Facebook. “[It] is a device that allows people to get together and control their own destiny, much like a nation-state,”says David Post, a law professor at Temple University. If that sounds like a flattering description of Facebook’s “groups”(often rallying people with whimsical fads and aversions), then it is worth recalling a classic definition of the modern nation-state. As Benedict Anderson, a political scientist, put it, such polities are “imagined communities”in which each person feels a bond with millions of anonymous fellow-citizens. In centuries past, people looked up to kings or bishops; but in an age of mass literacy and printing in vernacular languages, so Mr Anderson argued, horizontal ties matter more.

[E] So if newspapers and tatty paperbacks can create new social and political units, for which people toil and die, perhaps the latest forms of communication can do likewise. In his 2006 book “Code: Version 2.0”, a legal scholar, Lawrence Lessig noted that online communities were transcending the limits of conventional states—and predicted that members of these communities would find it “difficult to stand neutral in this international space”.

[F] To many, that forecast still smacks of cyber-fantasy. But the rise of Facebook at least gives pause for thought. If it were a physical nation, it would now be the third most populous on earth. Mr Zuckerberg is confident there will be a billion users in a few years. Facebook is unprecedented not only in its scale but also in its ability to blur boundaries between the real and virtual worlds. A few years ago, online communities evoked fantasy games played by small, geeky groups. But as technology made possible large virtual arenas like Second Life or World of Warcraft, an online game with millions of players, so the overlap between cyberspace and real human existence began to grow.

[G] From the users’viewpoint, Facebook can feel a bit like a liberal polity: a space in which people air opinions, rally support and right wrongs. What about the view from the top? Is Facebook a place that needs governing, just as a country does? Brad Burnham of Union Square Ventures, a venture-capital firm, has argued that the answer is yes. In the spirit of liberal politics, he thinks the job of Facebook’s managers is to create a space in which citizens and firms feel comfortable investing their time and money to create things.

[H] Facebook has certainly tried to guide the development of its online economy, almost in the way that governments seek to influence economic activity in the real world, through fiscal and monetary policy. Earlier this year the firm said it wanted applications running on its platform to accept its virtual currency, known as Facebook Credits. It argued that this was in the interests of Facebook users, who would no longer have to use different online currencies for different applications. But this infuriated some developers, who resent the fact that Facebook takes a 30% cut on every transaction involving credits.

[I] Like any ruling elite that knows it relies on the consent from the ruled, Facebook seeks advice from its members on questions of governance. It allows users to vote on proposed changes to its terms of service, and it holds online forums to solicit views on future policies. And like any well-intentioned politico, Facebook makes blunders: its members were infuriated earlier this year by changes to its policy that made public some previously private information. If Mr Zuckerberg achieves his goal of creating the world’s favourite “social utility”, he may need to give users a more formal say—a bit like a constitution.

[J] Experience shows that networks which neglect governance pay a price. Take MySpace, which was once much bigger than Facebook: its growth stalled a couple of years ago when its managers let the site become too disorderly. There is a thin line, it seems, between the freedom that spurs creativity and a free-for-all.

[K] As Facebook’s masters present it, their mission is just to make the world more open and connected—and bring closer the “global village”predicted in the 1960s by Marshall McLuhan, a futurologist they love. Their claim to be accelerators has some force. Facebook’s success “raises a lot of issues that we thought were a generation away,”says Edward Castronova, a professor at Indiana University. One of them is how much impact virtual economies and currencies will have on real world ones.

[L] Facebook may also influence how governments supply services, and compete to provide them. For instance, the firm allows members to use their Facebook profiles to log into other sites around the web, creating a sort of passport. A similar facility could help people on the move retain access to government services. And then there is the question of how social networks will change politics. Clearly, they help to stimulate discussion and marshal action, and they let governments

trawl for and test proposals. When Messrs Cameron and Zuckerberg conferred, the main topic was how to get new ideas for cutting public spending.

[M] Like many diplomatic relationships, theirs was fickle. Days after the chat, Facebook was rebuked by the British government for allowing tributes to a murderer to be posted. The firm refused to remove the offending page, which was later taken down by its creator. “Facebook is a place where people can express their views and discuss things in an open way, as they can and do in many other places,”it said. Mr Zuckerberg may not have any territory, but he was determined to stand his ground.

1.Facebook’s boss and exxcutives only report to its shareholders.

2.The implementation of Facebook’s virtual currency causes controversy.

3.The mission of Facebook’s managers is to offer a worthwhile space to users.

4.The “imagined communities” tightened relations among people with the same level.

5.A famous network ceased to grow a few years ago because of being to disorderly.

6.Facebook is described like this: It allows people to rally together and control their own destiny.

7.Facebook is an unprecedented online community because it blurs the real and virtual world.

8.The founder of Facebook and one of his friends talk about how networks can help governments during their video chat.

9.Knowing the importance of the consent from the ruled, Facebook allows its users to express their views in online forums.

10.The mission of Facebook’s masters is to make the world more open and connected so as to accelerate the prediction of global village.

Passage 5

Many American students __1__higher education to prepare for professional employment.In your academic training you will need to begin planning for the __2__from college to career.A career is really a process-it is how you progress through a __3__of jobs and occupations during your working years.A college education can help you get started on your career journey. In America society,the type of occupational fields you choose and jobs you hold__4__your entire lifestyle:yourself concept,income,prestige,choice of friends,and where you will live.This freedom to choosefrom thousands of employment choices can be __5__or troubling-if you don"t know where and how to begin. Career planning is a comprehensive process that takes much time and __6_.Career planning can greatly increase your __7__ of obtaining employment in the occupation you choose.However,career planning includes much more than a job search.It begins with carefully considering what you want and need in life. Career planning can be divided into four __8__steps that include self-assessment,occupational exploration and selection,career preparation,and job seeking.Although each student's goal will be__9_,one suggested timetable to help you keep on course is to complete one step in each university year.Your __10_may be longer or shorter depending on your career goal.

A)transmission B)consecutive C)enjoyable D)series E)perspective F)varies G)schedule H)different I)superficial J)effort K)prospects L)influence M)cultivate N)pursue O)transition Passage 6

The government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.

What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust.(蝗虫) In recent months, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.

All ﹩150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated ﹩3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More then 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals;

another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.

On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.

1.The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that __

A.the command post is stationed with people all the time.

B.the command post is crowed with people all the time.

C.there are clocks around the command post.

D.the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.

2.The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ___.

A.rich soil.

B.wet land

C.paces covered crops and vegetation

D.the Red Sea

3.People are alert at the threat of the locust because ___.

A.the insects are likely to create another African famine.

B.the insects may blacked the sky.

C.the number of the insects increases drastically.

D.the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.

4.Which of the following is true?

A.Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.

B.Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.

C.Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.

D.Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killing chemicals by the end of June.

5.The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ___.

A.to devise antilocust plans.

B.to wipe out the swarms in two years.

C.to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.

D.to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.

Passage 7

Improbable as it may seem, an increasing number of Germans are giving up their elegant Mercedeses, sleek BMWs and ferociously fast Porsches and getting behind the wheels of imported American models –fro plush Cadillacs to more prosaic Fords. Unlike the cars produced by Detroit’s European subsidiaries, these cars are as American as apple pie and watery beer. And thanks to a favorable exchange rate, they are more affordable than ever Last year Germans bought 12 477 new U.S. –built cars; sales are expected to double this year.

Like blue jeans, this buy –America fad appeals to Germans from all walks of life. Once regarded as faulty, flashy, gas –guzzling Goliaths, American autos are –thanks in large measure to foreign competition –more stylish and reliable than in years past. Tugged, off- road vehicles like the four-wheel drive Jeep Cherokee are now the hot wheels to drive among Germany’s thirty- something set. Owners and Aficionados of American –made care also boast their cars are cheaper to maintain.

But that’s not the main reason German motorists are choosing U.S. imports –It’s their price. Even after the cost of overseas shipping is included, American –made cars offer more value –and deluxe features –for less money than German models. A Chrysler LeBaron convertible sells for 35 000 marks; a BMW 320i convertible, by comparison, commands 10 000 marks more. And U.S. autos come with standard equipment –electric windows, automatic locks and sun roofs –that’s available only as expensive options on German models.

Owning an American car in Germany is not for everybody. But the worst headaches come form the German bureaucracy. Johann Erben, a Greiburg dental lab technician, purchased a LeBaron convertible during a U.S. trip in November –and has yet to drive it one kilometer. First, he waited months for the proper registration documents to arrive; then he spent more than 1 000 marks to have it comply with German regulations. Even so, safety inspectors refused to approve it until he changed the headlights and windows to European Community standards. “There I was with my supermodern, $ 20,000 car and unable to get it through inspection,”Erben recalled.

1.Detroit’s European subsidiaries _______.

A.produce the same models as Detroit supplies in the U.S. market

B.provide cars of European styles

C.produce cars that are thought to be un-American by Germans

D.could hardly meet the demand for American cars last year

2.The buy-American fad that appeals to Germans most seems to be _______.

A.blue jeans

B.apple pie

C.U.S.-made cars

D.watery beer

3.As for Germans, American cars not only are cheaper but __

A.endures wear and tear

B.are adaptable to road conditions

C.provides greater space

D.offers more deluxe features

4.Which of the following statements is true?

A.American cars used to consume a lot of oil.

B.Japanese cars still lead the German market.

C.The U.S. motor industry is now confident to cope with recession.

D.German cars are going to provide the same standard equipment as American-made cars.

5.European Community standards probably are _______.

A.a law to control the amount of imported goods from other continents

B.a set of standards to inspect imported cars

C.a system to regulate measures of manufactured goods

D.a set of standards to control product quality

Passage 8

For four lonely years, Evelyn Jones of Rockford, Illinois, lived friendless and forgotten in one room of a cheap hotel. “I wasn’t sick, but I was acting sick,”the 78-year-old widow says. “Every day was the same—I would just lie on my bed and maybe cook up some soup.”Then, six months ago, she was invited to “The Brighter Side”—Rockford’s day care center for the elderly. Every weekday morning since then, she has left her home to meet nine other old people in a church for a rich program of charity work, trips, games, and—most important of all—friendly companionship.

Just a few years ago, there were few choices for the elderly between a normal life in their own homes and being totally confined in nursing homes. Many of them were sent to rest homes long before they needed full-time care. Others like Mrs. Jones, were left to take care of themselves. But in 1971, the White House Conference on Aging called for the development of alternatives to care in nursing homes for old people, and since then, government-supported day-care programs like The Brighter Side have been developed in most big American cities.

“This represents a real alternative to the feared institution and makes old people believe they have not left the world of living,”says Alice Brophy, 64, director of New York City’s Office for the Aging. “They do well at the centers, and I hate it when people describe us as elderly playpens.”New York’s 138 centers encourage continuing contact for the aged with the community’s life. The centers serve more than 15,000 members, and volunteer workers are always looking for new ones. If someone doesn’t show up at the center for several days in a row, a worker at the center calls to make sure all is well. And although participation in the center is free, those who want to can pay for their lunches.

No normal studies have been made of these centers for the elderly, but government officials are enthusiastic. In the future, the Public Health Service will do a study to decide if the programs can receive federal Medicare money. And the old people themselves are very happy with the programs. “There is no way,”says Evelyn Jones, smiling at her new companions at the Brighter Side, “that I will ever go back to spending my day with all those loses at the hotel.”

1.What is the main idea of the article?

A.Day care centers may be able to receive federal Medicare money.

B.Day care centers can make life better for elderly people.

C.Many old people in the United States are lonely.

D.Old people have no place in their society.

2.According to Para 2, why did many old people have to go to nursing homes?

A.They need full-time care.

B.They wanted to go there.

C.They were sent there.

D.They were volunteers there.

3.According to Alice Brophy (in Paragraph 3)___.

A.the centers are like elderly playpens.

B.the old people do well at the day care centers.

C.old people like nursing institutions.

D.outside the Brighter side they don’t work for the old.

4.“This represents a real alternative to the feared institution.”(in Paragraph 3) In the sentence “this”means ___.

A.most big American cities.

B.rest homes.

C.day care programs.

D.the White House Conference on aging.

5.How does the writer of the article seem to feel about day care centers for the elderly?

A.The writer approves of them.

B.The writer disapproves of them.

C.The writer thinks nursing homes are better.

D.He doesn’t say anything about it. Passage 9

Fresh water life itself, has never come easy in the Middle East. Ever since the Old Testament(旧约圣经) God punished man with 40 days and 40 nights of rain, water supplies here have been dwindling. The rainfall only comes in winter, Inshallah ----- Good willing –and drains

quickly through the semiarid land, leaving the soil to bake and to thirst for next November.

The region’s accelerating population, expanding agriculture, industrialization, and higher living standards demand more fresh water. Drought and pollution limit its availability. War and mismanagement squander it. Says Joyce Starr of the Global Water Summit Initiative, based in Washington, D.C.”Nations like Israel and Jordan are swiftly sliding into that zone where they are suing all the water resources available to them. They have only 15 to 20 years left before their agriculture, and ultimately their food security, is threatened.”

I came here to examine this crisis in the making, to investigate fears that “water wars “are imminent, that water has replaced oil as the region’s most contentious commodity. For more than two months I traveled through three river valleys and seven nations -----from southern Turkey down the Euphrates River Syria, Iraq, and on to Kuwait; to Israel and Jordan, neighbors across the valley of the Jordan; to the timeless Egyptian Nile. Even amid the scarcity there are haves and have –notes. Compared with the United States, which in 1990 had a freshwater potential of 10000 cubic meters(2.6 million galloons) a year for each citizen, Iraq had 5 500, Turkey had 4 000, and Syria had more than 2 800. Egypt’s potential was only 1 100. Israel had 460, Jordan a meager 260. But these are not firm figures, because upstream use of river water can dramatically alter the potential downstream.

Scarcity is only one element of the crisis. Inefficiency is another, as is the reluctance of some water –poor nations to change priorities from agriculture to less water –intensive enterprises. Some experts suggest that if nations would share both water technology and resources, they could satisfy the region’s population, currently 159 million. But in this patchwork of ethnic and religious rivalries, water seldom stands alone as an issue. It is entangled in the politics that keep people from trusting and seeking help from one another. Here, where water, like truth, is precious, each nation tends to find its own water and supply its own truth.

As Israeli hydrology professor Uri Shamir told me :”If there is political will for peace, water will not be a hindrance. If you want reasons to fight, water will not e a hindrance. If you want reasons to fight, water will give you ample opportunities.”

1.Why “for next November”(para.1)? Because________.

A.according to the Ole Testament fresh water is available only in November

B.rainfall comes only in winter starting form November

C.running water systems will not be ready until next November

D.it is a custom in that region that irrigation to crops is done only in November

2.What is the cause for the imminent water war?

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e216115761.html,ck of water resources

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e216115761.html,ck of rainfall

C.Inefficient use of water

D.All the above

3.One way for the region to use water efficiently is to _______

A.develop other enterprises that cost less water

B.draw a plan of irrigation for the various nations

C.import water from water –rich nations

D.stop wars of any sort for good and all

4.Uri Shamir’s viewpoint is that ________.

A.nations in that region are just fighting for water

B.people there are thirsty for peace instead of water

C.water is no problem as long as there is peace

D.those nations have every reason to fight for water

5.The author’s tone in the article can be described as ______-.

A.depressing

B.urgent

C.joking

D.mocking

Passage 10

The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment”period from birth to three may scar a child’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.

Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, we saw earlier that among the Ngoni the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone--far from it. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not so widespread today if parents, caretakers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial. Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children’s development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not

widely enough accepted to settle the issue.

But Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.

1.This passage primarily argues that ___.

A.infants under the age of three should not be sent to nursery schools.

B.whether children under the age of three should be sent to nursery schools.

C.there is not negative long-term effect on infants who are sent to school before they are three.

D.there is some negative effect on children when they are sent to school after the age of three.

2.The phrase “predispose to”(Para. 1, line 3) most probably means ___.

A.lead to

B.dispose to

C.get into

D.tend to suffer

3.According to Bowlby’s analysis, it is quite possible that ___.

A.children’s personalities will be changed to some extent through separation from their parents.

B.early day care can delay the occurrence of mental illness in children.

C.children will be exposed to many negative effects from early day care later on.

D.some long-term effects can hardly be reduced from children’s development.

4.It is implied but not stated in the second paragraph that ___.

A.traditional societies separate the child from the parent at an early age.

B.Children in modern societies cause more troubles than those in traditional societies.

C.A child did not live together with his parents among the Ngoni.

D.Children in some societies did not have emotional problems when separated from the parents.

5.The writer concludes that ___.

A.it is difficult to make clear what is the right age for nursery school.

B.It is not settled now whether early care is reasonable for children.

C.It is not beneficial for children to be sent to nursery school.

D.It is reasonable to subject a child above three to nursery school.

Passage 11

There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested inspelling .No school I have taught in has ever __1__ spelling or considered it unimportantas a basic skill. There are, however , vastly different ideas about how to teach it , or howmuch __2__ it must be given over general language development and writing ability. Theproblem is , how to encourage a child to express himself freely and __3__ in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?If spelling become the only focal point of his teacher’s interest, clearly a __4__child will be likely to “play safe”. He will tend to write only words within his spelling range,choosing to avoid __5__ language. That’s why teachers often __6__ the early use ofdictionaries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability.I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a sensitive piece of writing abouta personal experience :”This work is __7__ !There are far too many spelling errors andyour writing is illegible(难以辨认的).”It may have been a sharP__8__ of the pupil’stechnical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omittedto read the essay, which __9__ some beautiful expressions of the child’s deePfeelings.The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centredon the child’s ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would havegiven the pupil more __10__ to seek improvement.

A)priority B)criticism C)contained D)clearly E)adventurous F)discourage G)motivation H)terrible I)ignored J)difficult K)encourage L)expressed M)confidently N)bright O)motive L)expressed

Passage 12

The life story of the human species goes back a million years, and there is no doubt that man came only recently to the western hemisphere. None of the thousands of sites of aboriginal (土著的) habitation uncovered in North and South America has antiquity comparable to that of old World sites. Man’s occupation of the New World may date several tens of thousands of years, but no one rationally argues that he has been here even 100,000 years.

Speculation as to how man found his way to America was lively at the outset, and the proposed routes boxed the compass. With one or two notable exceptions, however, students of American anthropology soon settled for the plausible idea that the first immigrants came b way of

a land bridge that had connected the northeast comer of Asia to the northwest corner of North America across the Bering Strait. Mariners were able to supply the reassuring information that the strait is not only narrow –it is 56 miles wide –but also shallow, a lowering of the sea level there by 100 feet or so would transform the strait into an isthmus (地峡). With little eels in the way of evidence to sustain the Bering Strait land bridge, anthropologists (人类学家) embraced the idea that man walked dryshod (不湿鞋的) from Asia to America.

Toward the end of the last century, however, it became apparent that the Western Hemisphere was the New World not only for man but also for a host of animals and plants. Zoologists and botanists showed that numerous subjects of their respective kingdoms must have originated in Asia and spread to America. These findings were neither astonishing nor wholly unexpected. Such spread of populations is not to be envisioned as an exodus or mass migration, even in the case of animals. It is, rather, a spilling into new territory that accompanies increase in numbers, with movement in the direction of least population pressure and most favorable ecological conditions. But the immense traffic in plant and animal’s forms placed a heavy burden on the Bering Strait land bridge as the anthropologists ahead envisioned it. Whereas purposeful men could make their way across a narrow bridge, the slow diffusion of plant and animals would require an avenue as a continent and available for ages at a stretch.

1.The movement of plants and animals form Asia to America indicates ______.

A.that they could not have traveled across the Bering Strait

B.that Asia and the Western hemisphere were connected by a large land mass

C.that the Bering Sea was an isthmus at one time

D.that migration was in the one direction only

2.The author is refuting the notion that _____.

A.life arose in America independently of life in Europe

B.the first settlers in America came during the sixteenth century

C.a large continent once existed which has disappeared

D.man was a host to animals and plants

3.By using the words “boxed the compass “(in Line 7) the author implies that _____.

A.the migration of mankind was from West to East

B.the migration of mankind was from East to West

C.mankind traveled in all directions

D.mankind walked from Asia to America

4.One reason for the migration not mentioned by the author is _____.

A.overcrowding

B.favorable environmental conditions

C.famine

D.the existence of a land bridge

5.We may assume that in the paragraph that follows this passage the author argues about______.

A.the contributions of anthropologist

B.the contributions of zoologists and botanists

C.the contributions made by the American Indians

D.the existence of a large land mass between Asia and North America

Passage 13

There was on shop in the town of Mufulira, which was notorious for its color bar. It was a drugstore. While Europeans were served at the counter, a long line of Africans queued at the window and often not only were kept waiting but, when their turn came to be served, were rudely treated by the shop assistants. One day I was determined to make a public protest against this kind of thing, and many of the schoolboys in my class followed me to the store and waited outside to see what would happen when I went in.

I simply went into the shop and asked the manager politely for some medicine. As soon as he saw me standing in the place where only European customers were allowed to stand he shouted at me in a bastard language that is only used by an employed when speaking to his servants. I stood at the counter and politely requested in English that I should be served. The manager became exasperated and said to me in English, “If you stand there till Christmas I will never serve you.”

I went to the District commissioner’s office. Fortunately the District Commissioner was out, for he was one of the old school; however, I saw a young District Officer who was a friend of mine. He was very concerned to hear my story and told me that if ever I wanted anything more from the drugstore all I had to do was come to him personally and he would buy my medicine for me. I protested that that was not good enough. I asked him to accompany me back to the store and to make a protest to the manager. This he did, and I well remember him saying to the manager, “Here is Mr. Kaunda who is a responsible member of the Urban Advisory Council, and you treat him like a common servant.”The manager of the drugstore apologized and said, “If only he had introduced himself and explained who he was, then, of course I should have given him proper service.”I had to explain once again that he had missed my point. Why should I have to introduce myself every time I went into a store…any more than I should have to buy my medicine by going to a European friend? I want to prove that any man of any color, whatever his position, should

have the right to go into any shop and buy what he wanted.

1.“Color bar”in the first paragraph comes closest in meaning to ___.

A.a bar which is painted in different colors.

B.the fact that white and black customers are served separately.

C.a bar of chocolate having different colors.

D.a counter where people of different colors are served with beer.

2.The writer was, at the time of the story, ___.

A.a black school teacher

B.an African servant

C.a black, but a friend of Europeans

D.a rich black

3.The manager of the drugstore shouted at the writer in a bastard language because ___.

A.he hadn’t learned to speak polite English.

B.he thought the writer wouldn’t understand English.

C.that was the usual language used by Europeans when speaking to Africans.

D.that was the only language he could speak when he was angry.

4.In the third paragraph, “he was one of the old school”means ___.

A.he believed in the age-old practice of racial discrimination.

B.he was a very old man.

C.he graduated from an old, conservative school.

D.he was in charge of an old school.

5.Why didn’t the writer wait at the window of the drugstore like other black African?

A.Because he thought he was educated and should be treated differently.

B.Because he thought, being an important person, he should not be kept waiting.

C.Because he thought his white friends would help him out.

D.Because he wanted to protest against racial discrimination.

Passage 14

Jogging has become the most popular individual sport in America. Many theories, even some mystical ones, have been advanced to explain the popularity of jogging. The plain truth is that jogging is a cheap, quick and efficient way to maintain (or achieve )physical fitness.

The most useful sort of exercise is exercise that develops the heart, lungs, and circulatory systems. If these systems are fit, the body is ready for almost any sport and for almost any sudden demand made by work or emergencies. One can train more specifically, as by developing strength for weight lifting or the ability to run straight ahead for short distances with great power s in football, but running trains your heart and lungs to deliver oxygen more efficiently to all parts of your body. It is worth noting that this sort of exercise is the only kind that can reduce heart disease, the number one cause of death in America. Only one sort of equipment is needed –a good pair of shoes. Physicians advise beginning joggers not to run in a tennis or gym shoe. Many design advances have been made in only the last several years that make an excellent running shoe in dispensable if a runner wishes to develop as quickly as possible, with as little chance of injury as possible. A good running shoe will have a soft pad for absorbing shock, as well as a slightly built-up heel and a full heelcup that will give the knee and ankle more stability. A wise investment in good shoes will prevent bilisters and the foot, ankle and knee injures and will also enable the wearer to run on paved or soft surfaces.

No other special equipment is needed; you can jog in any clothing you desire, even your street clothes. Many joggers wear expensive, flashy warm –up suits, but just as many wear a simple pair of gym shoes and T-shirt; in fact, many people just jog in last year’s clothes. In cold weather, several layers of clothing are better than one heavy sweater or coat. If joggers are wearing several layers of clothing, they can add or subtract layers as conditions change.

It takes surprisingly little time to develop the ability to run. The American Jogging Association has a twelve –week program designed to move form a fifteen-minute walk (which almost anyone can manage who is in reasonable health) to a thirty-minute run. A measure of common sense, a physical examination, and a planned schedule are all it takes.

1.They main purpose of this passage is to _____.

A.discuss jogging as a physical fitness program

B.describe the type of clothing needed for jogging

C.provide scientific evidence of the benefits of jogging

D.distinguish between jogging as a “common sense “fitness program and a cult (崇拜) movement

2.The most useful kind of exercise is exercise that ______.

A.trains the body for weigh lifting

B.enables a person to run straight ahead for short distances with great power

C.is both beneficial and inexpensive

D.develops the heart, lungs, and circulatory systems

3.We can conclude from this passage that ______.

A.because of jogging, heart disease is no longer an American problem

B.jogging can be harmful if the runner is not properly prepared

C.warm-up suits are preferable to gym shoes and T-shirts

D.jogging is bad for the ankles and knees

4.The author’s tone ______.

A.skeptical

B.aggressive

C.approving

D.purely objective

5.As used in this passage, the word “mystical “means ________.

A.awesome

B.horrifying

C.a spirtual discipline

D.vicious

Passage 15

There are spectacular differences between financial markets on the Continent of Europe on the one hand, and in Britain on the other hand. In Britain, the market is really the City of London. It is a free market, and it controls most of the flow of savings to investment. On the Continent, either a few banks or government officials direct the flow of funds to suit their economic plans. In Germany the flow is directed by all-powerful banks. In Britain there is more free interplay of market forces and far fewer regulations, rules and “red tape”. A French banker summed it up this way: “On the Continent you can’t do anything unless you’re been told you can; in England on the other hand you can do everything as long as you haven’t been told not to.”

There are many basic reasons for these differences. One is that Continental savers tend to prefer gold, cash or short-term assets. They invest only 10% of their savings in institutions like pension funds or insurance companies. But in Britain 50% of savings goes to them, and they, in turn, invest directly in equity market. A far lower proportion of savings is put in the banks in the form of liquid assets than on the Continent. Continental governments intervene directly or through the banks to collect savings together and transform them into medium or long-term loans for investment. The equity market is largely bypassed. On the Continent economic planning tends to be far more centralized than in Britain. In Britain it is possible to influence decisions affecting the country’s economy from within the City. It attracts a skilled and highly qualified work force. In France, on the other hand, an intelligent young man who wants a career in finance would probably find the civil service more attractive.

In Britain the market, or more accurately, money tends to be regarded as an end in itself. On the Continent it is regarded as a means to an end: investment in the economy. To British eyes continental systems with possible exception of the Dutch seem slow and inefficient. But there is one outstanding fact the City should not overlook. Britain’s growth rates and levels of investment over the last ten years have been much lower than on the Continent. There are many reasons for this, but the City must take part of the blame. If it is accepted that the basic function of a financial market is to supply industry and commerce with finance in order to achieve desired rates of growth, it can be said that by concentrating on the market for its own sake the City has tended to forget that basic function.

1.What is the best title of the passage?

A.Savings and the Growth Rate.

B.Banking and Finance: Two Different Realities.

C.Monetary Policy in Britain.

D.The European Continent and Britain.

2.What seems to be the most fundamental reason for this difference?

A.The British tend to regard money as an end, whereas Continental European consider it a means to an end.

B.The British invest only 10% of their savings in pension funds.

C.On the Continent you can’t do anything unless you have been told you can.

D.Intelligent young men who want a career tend to go to civil service on the Continent.

3.According to the passage, the Dutch way of finance and banking ___.

A.is similar to that of the French.

B.makes no difference whatever system it is compared to.

C.is perhaps resembling that of the British.

D.has a low efficiency.

4.The word “outstanding”in Line 4, Para 3___

A.beating

B.surplus

C.noticeable

D.seemingly

5.In what way does the continental system seem better?

A.The Continent maintains a higher growth rate and levels of investment.

B.It has less proportion of savings in the form of liquid assets.

C.It attracts intelligent young men.

D.In functions properly despite the fact that the British discount it.

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