PSZ 19 : 16 ( Pind. 1/97)
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“I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the
Bachelor Degree of Civil Engineering”
Signature : ………………………………..
Name of Supervisor : Prof. Ir. Dr. Mahmood Md. Tahir
Date : ………………………………..
COMPARISON OF STEEL COLUMN DESIGN BETWEEN BS5950: PART 1:2000 AND EUROCODE 3
FOO KIAN SENG
A report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
MAY 2009
DECLARATION
I declare that this thesis entitled “Comparison of Steel Column Design Between BS5950: Part 1: 2000 And Eurocode 3” is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature
……………………………………
:
SENG
KIAN
Name
FOO
:
2009
MAY,
Date
:
To my beloved parents and friends for their never ending care and support.
Thank you for everything.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Herewith, I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratefulness and acknowledgement to everyone that has given a helping hand throughout the whole process in thesis preparing.
First and foremost, to my dedicated supervisor of this research, Prof. Ir. Dr. Mahmood Md. Tahir, beyond measure of thanks I would like to say for the hearthen, guidance and assistance.
I would also like to acknowledge the guidance and assistance for all of my friends especially Tan Chuan Keat and Kenny Tiong Ping Chiet. They providing me enough information on sample of design which is very useful for my research.
Last but not least, to my lovely parents. I appreciate and enjoy the every moment with your all. Thank you for the support and love. You all have made me the best.
ABSTRACT
Structural design is an iterative process of applying engineering mechanics and past experience to create a functional, economic, and, most importantly, safe structure for the public to inhabit or to use. In order to achieve the above requirement, reference to standard design codes is a must. The contents in the design code may consist of basic of design, section classification, design requirement, loading and others. The Steel Construction Institute (SCI) claimed that a steel structural design by using Eurocode 3 is 6 – 8% more cost-saving (by weight) than using BS 5950: Part 1: 2000. Thus, this study is focus on identify the truth of his statement. In this paper, the comparison is made base on the design of single steel column span in simple construction and rigid construction. The study cases being discuss is axially loaded column which unrestraint on both axes, axially loaded column which restraint on minor axis, axially loaded column with moment on major axis, axially loaded column with moment on minor axis and axially loaded column with moment on both axes. All of the cases compared are designed respectively by using BS 5950: Part 1: 2000 and Eurocode 3 in excel spreadsheet. The structural column designed by Eurocode 3 has weight saving of between 0% and 15.49% more than BS 5950: Part 1:2000. There are 2 cases (case 2 and 7) which show no difference in weight saving between both design codes. Thus, the compression resistance and member buckling resistance is compared. For compression resistance, calculations show that the design method using Eurocode 3 has compression resistance of between 14.09% and 74.32% more than BS 5950: Part 1:2000. But for member buckling resistance, the results show that design method using BS 5950: Part 1:2000 are between -18.41% and 13.60% more than Eurocode 3.
ABSTRAK
Rekabentuk struktur adalah proses berterusan yang berkait guna kejuruteraan mekanik dan pengalaman lepas untuk mewujudkan satu struktur yang berfungsi, ekonomik dan selamat kepada pengguna. Untuk mencapai keperluan di atas, rujukan kepada kod rekabentuk yang berpiawai diperlukan. Kandungan dalam kod reka bentuk mengandungi asas-asas rekabentuk, pengelasan keratan, keperluan rekabentuk, pembebanan dan sebagainya. The Steel Construction Institute (SCI) mengatakan bahawa rekabentuk struktur menggunakan Eurocode 3 adalah 6%-8% lebih jimat dari segi berat jika dibandingkan dengan dengan BS 5950: Part 1:2000. Dengan itu, kajian ini akan menumpu dalam mengenalpasti kenyataannya. Dalam kertas kerja ini, pembandingan dibuat dengan merujuk kepada rekabentuk tiang keluli dalam “simple construction” dan “continuous construction”. Kes-kes kajian yang dibincangkan adalah tiang menanggung beban paksi dan tidak terhalang sisi; tiang menanggung beban paksi dan halang sisi terhadap paksi minor; tiang menanggung beban paksi dan halang sisi terhadap paksi major; dan tiang menanggung beban paksi dan halang sisi terhadap kedua-dua paksi. Kesemua kes ini masing-masing direkabentuk dengan menggunakan BS 5950: Part 1:2000 dan Eurocode 3 dalam program excel. Rakabentuk tiang menggunakan Eurocode 3 mempunyai penjimatan berat di antara 0%-15,49% jika dibandingkan dengan BS 5950: Part 1:2000. Ada dua kes (kes 2 dan 7) yang tidak menunjukkan perbezaan dalam penjimatan berat. Dengan itu, keupayaan mampatan dan keupayaan moment lentur dibandingkan. Untuk keupayaan mampatan, pengiraan menunjukkan bahawa rekabentuk menggunakan Eurocode 3 mempunyai nilai di antara 14.09% dan 74.32% jika dibandingkan dengan BS 5950: Part 1:2000. Tetapi untuk keupayaan moment lentur, keputusan menunjukkan bahawa rekabentuk menggunakan BS 5950: Part 1:2000 adalah di antara -18.41% dan 13.60% jika dibandingkan dengan Eurocode 3.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES xv
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem Statament 3
1.3 Objectives 4
1.4 Scope 5
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 Steel Column Failure Mode 7
2.2.1 Compression Resistance 7
2.2.2 Buckling Resistance 7
2.3 Method of Design 8
2.3.1 Design of Axially Loaded Column in Simple 8
Construction
2.3.2 Design of Column in Simple Construction 8
2.3.3 Design of Column in Continuous Construction 9
2.4 Design Code 9
2.4.1 Introduction 9
2.4.2 BS 5950: Part 1: 2000 10
Background 10
2.4.2.1
Scope 10
2.4.2.2
2.4.3 Eurocode 3: Part 1.1: 2005 11
Background 11
2.4.
3.1
Scope 11
2.4.
3.2
3 METHODOLOGY 13
3.1 Introduction 13
3.2 Design of Steel Column According to BS 5950 15
Classification 15
3.2.1 Section
Length 16
3.2.2 Segment
Length 16
3.2.3 Effective
3.2.4 Slenderness 16
3.2.5 Design of Axially Loaded Column 17
3.2.5.1 Compressive Resistance 17
3.2.6 Columns in Simple Construction 18
3.2.6.1 Member Buckling Resistance 18
3.2.7 Column in continuous construction 18
3.2.7.1 Cross- section Capacity 18
3.2.7.2 Member Buckling Resistance 19
3.3 Design of Steel Column According to Eurocode 3 20
3.3.1 Section
Classification 20
Length 20
3.3.2 Buckling
3.3.3 Slenderness 20
3.3.4 Design of Axially Loaded Column 21
3.3.
4.1 Cross- section Resistance in Compression 21
3.3.
4.2 Buckling Resistance in Compression 21
3.3.5 Design of Column subject to Axial Load and 22
Moment on one Principal Axis
3.3.5.1 Cross- section Resistance 22
3.3.5.2 Buckling Resistance in Compression 24
3.3.5.3 Buckling Resistance in Combine Bending 25
and Axial Compression
3.3.6 Design of Column subject to Axial Load and 27
Moment on both Axes
3.3.6.1 Cross- section Resistance 27
3.4 Structural Layout and Specifications 33
Layout 33
3.4.1 Structural
3.4.2 Specification 34
3.4.2.1 Loading 34
3.4.2.2 Cross Section Properties 34
3.4.2.2 Length 35
3.5 Column Design with Microsoft Excel Worksheets 36
DISCUSSIONS 37
AND
4 RESULTS
4.1 Structural Column Design 37
4.1.1 BS 5950: Part 1: 2000 38
4.1.1 EC343
4.2 Structural column Capacity 52
4.2.1 Suitable Column Section 53
4.2.2 Compression Resistance 54
4.2.3 Member Buckling Resistance 56
saving 59
4.3 Weight
4.3.1 BS5950 59
4.3.2 EC3 61
4.3.3 Simple Construction 62
4.3.4 Continuous Construction 63
5 CONCLUSIONS 64
5.1 Structural column design 64
5.1.1 Structural column capacity 65
5.1.1 Weight saving 65
5.2 Recommendations 65
REFERENCES 67 APPENDIX A1 – B2 69-146
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
3.1 Criteria considered in structural column design 28
4.1 Suitable column section 53 4.2 Results and percentage difference of compression resistance 54 4.3 Results and percentage difference of member buckling resistance 56 4.4 Results and percentage difference of weight of steel used 59
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
3.1 Schematic diagram of research methodology 14 3.2 Steel column design in simple construction 33 3.2 Steel column design in continuous construction 33
BS 5950: Part 1: 2000 Eurocode 3
F C N Ed
load
Axial
Moment M M Ed Bending
Partial Safaty factor γγ
M0
γ
M1
Length
L L
D h Depth
Width B b
Web thickness t t w thickness T t f Flange
fillets
d d
between
Depth
Local buckling ratio:
t f
c/ -
Flange b/T
t w d/t d/ Web
-
Radius of gyration:
-Major axis r x i y
-Minor axis r y i z
Area of section A g A g Elastic modulus
Major axis Z x W el.y -
-Minor axis Z y W el.z Plastic Modulus
-Major axis S x W pl.y
-Minor axis S y W pl.z Design Strength p y f y Slenderness
-Major axis λx L cr,y axis λy L cr,z
-Minor
Cross section Resistance
-Compression P
c
N c,Rd Buckling Resistance
-Bending M
b M
b.Rd
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A1 Structural steel column design in simple construction 69
using BS 5950: Part 1: 2000
A2 Structural steel column design in continuous construction 88
using BS 5950: Part 1: 2000
B1 Structural steel column design in simple construction 104
using Eurocode 3: Part 1.1: 2005
B2 Structural steel column design in continuous construction 129
using Eurocode 3: Part 1.1: 2005
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1Introduction
Structural design is an iterative process of applying engineering mechanics and past experience to create a functional, economic, and, most importantly, safe structure for the public to inhabit or to use. Design considerations will also include strength, stiffness, and stability of the structure when subjected to loads which may be static, dynamic or transitory.
In order to achieve the above requirement, reference to standard design codes is a must. A design code is a reference document that sets rules as a guideline for the design of a new development. The contents in the design code may consist of basic of design, section classification, design requirement, loading and others.
To date, the design code used in Malaysia is following the British Standard, BS5950: Part 1: 2000. BS 5950 is a standard combining codes of practice covering the design, construction and fire protection of steel structures and specification for materials, workmanship and erection.
But, nowadays Eurocode 3 had become more and more popular in Malaysia. EN 1993-1-1: 2005 has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC250 (Structural Eurocodes), the Secretariat of which is held by BSI. This Eurocode was prepared to supersede ENV 1993-1-1:1992, which was withdrawn. EC3 part 1 is a standard codes applies to the design of steel structures. EC3 is concerned only with requirements for resistance, serviceability, durability and fire resistance of steel structures.
The establishment of Eurocode 3 and BS5950 in Malaysia enable the designer to do the design of the structure in a variety of ways using different method. Thus, the designer can make a design comparison. The aim of the design comparison is to ascertain the most economical solution that meets the requirements for the given structure. Factor to be taken into account include material to be used and type of construction.
Our government believed that Eurocode 3 is more comprehensive and better developed compared to BS5950. Besides, it had stated that Eurocode 3will replace BS5950 in the year 2010. According to new code of practice used, buckling resistance and compression resistance are two major elements of structural steel design. Therefore, provision for these topics is covered in certain sections of the codes. The design table for Eurocode 3 will be constructed in order to simplify the flow of calculation.
1.2Problem Statement
The establishment of Eurocode 3 in the country had lead to the awareness of designer to use different method in design. But many of the designers are still refuse to use the new code instead of BS5950. This is because the code is still new and complex for them.
Besides, the complexities increase when the version EN 1993-1-1:2005 is introduced to supersede DD ENV 1993-1-1:1992, which is withdrawn. Many designers feel depressed when new version codes are introduced because there are new formulae and new complications to master.
In additional to, by referring to the Eurocodenews, The Steel Construction Institute (SCI) claimed that a steel structural design by using Eurocode 3 is 6 – 8% more cost-saving (by weight) than using BS 5950: Part 1: 20008. Thus, this study is focus on identify the truth of his statement.
For the designer who aims to target on economical design in term of weight saving, the design will be more complex if compare to those pursuing speed and clarity. However, the design can be simplify if the procedure are presented in an easy-to-use format like spreadsheet.
Thus, spreadsheet of the steel column design between both code is constructed to compare the weight saving. In addition to, this will simplify the calculation process and provide more understanding to the codes.
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