how to appreciate poetry
Poetry --- the highest form of the language
Basic terms
Line, stanza, quatrain, couplet
Couplet双行体: two successive lines, usually of equal length and rhythmic节奏correspondence, with end-words that rhyme. Farwell, too little, and too lately kn own,
Whom I began to think and call my own:
Dryden To the memory of Mr. Oldham Basic of knowledge about poetry
I. Elements of Poetry (Poetic form)
1. Rhyme 韵
the repetition at regular intervals in a line or lines of poetry of similar or identical sounds based on a correspondence between the vowels and the succeeding sounds
远上寒山石径斜,
白云深处有人家。
停车坐爱枫林晚,
霜叶红于二月花
杜牧<山行>
{1} in terms of syllable 押韵的音节
When the rhyming sounds involve only one syllable, it is called masculine rhyme男韵/单韵, 如：late, fate; hill, fill; enjoy, destroy.听起来短促，强劲有力Used to describe the hero or the battle.
When the rhyming sounds involve two or more syllables, it is called feminine rhyme 押韵押在两个音节上，后一音节非重读音节，称女韵、双韵，听起来轻柔幽婉。如：lighting, fighting; motion, ocean; wining, beginning.
e.g.
I am coming, little maiden,
With the pleasant sunshine laden;
With the honey for the bee,
With the blossom for the tree.
{2}In terms of position
If the one or both rhyming words are within the line, it is called internal rhyme行间韵.
E.g. the g rains beyond age,
the dark v eins of her mother.”
If the both rhyming words occur at the ends of lines, it is called end rhyme尾韵. （the commonest sound repetition in English poetry）E.g.
“Three poets, in three distant ages b orn. Greece, Italy, and England did ad orn,” {3} full rhyme全韵，严格的押韵
韵要押在重读音节上，其元音应相同；如果元音之后有辅音，应相同；重读音节之后如有轻读音节，也应相同。
why---sigh; hate---late; ending---bending.
Eye rhyme“眼韵”is formed by words that look like a rhymed unit but do not have the
same sounds. 外形相似，读音不同
For example, blood----hood，“home” and “some “, “hear” and “bear.”
half rhyme仅是辅音相同或仅是元音相同的属半韵：
[1] Alliteration头韵
the repetition of consonants, especially at the beginning of words or stressed syllables. 重读音节/单词的首音节为辅音，一行中此类辅音的重复（大于等于2）
Poetry in Middle age (Beowulf)
“K indest to k insmen and k eenest for fame”
while I n odded, n early n apping, suddenly there came a tapping. Poe The Raven
Assonance半谐音, 谐元音
is the repetition of similar vowel sounds within a noticeable range(usu in one line). 元音相同，其后的辅音不同
e.g.
“All day the wind breathes low with
mell ow er t o ne,
Thr o’ every h o llow cave and alley l o ne.”
Consonance谐辅韵(元音不同，其前后的辅音相同) is the repetition of identical consonant sounds before and after different vowels.
e.g. “t i t” and “tat,” “cr ea k”“cr ac k”
Rhyme scheme押韵格式
Any fixed pattern of alternating end rhymes尾韵in a stanza of poem.
In analysis of a rhyme scheme, each rhyme is represented by a small letter, thus a rhyme scheme looks like “ababcc.”
e.g. the rhyme scheme of the following stanza is ababc, and marked as;
Love is a sickness full of woes, [a]
All remedies refusing; [b]
A plant that with most cutting grows, [a]
Most barren with best using. [b]
Why so? [c]
blank verse无韵诗: unrhymed iambic pentameter
2．Metrical Rhythm 格律节奏
A more complex aspect than the rhyme of poetry is rhythm communicated by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables.
诗歌是具有音乐性的语言(originally from the songs sung by the minstrels)。音乐作品的最大特点之一是音符的流动是有节奏的。所谓节奏就是强拍和弱拍按一定的形式配合起来，有规律地反复出现。中国古诗讲究平仄,富有节奏,英文没有平声、仄声之分，但有重读轻读音节之分，其节奏是通过重读音节与轻读音节stressed and unstressed syllables.表现出来的。
一个重读音节与一个或两个轻读音节按一定的模式搭配起来，有规律地反复出现就是英文诗歌的节奏。
To discuss the discuss the rhythm of a poem, the following terms are very useful.
Meter :格律/韵律(metre)
“meter” refers to the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. Usually, a stressed syllable is marked with “/”, and an unstressed syllable is marked with “U”.
韵律：重读和非重读音节的搭配方式构成英诗节奏的基础。
Names for Meters:韵律/格律类型
Iamb(iambic)抑扬格:
an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Its pattern is like this : re peat com pare
U /
抑扬格很符合英语的发音规律。因此，在英文诗歌中用得最多的便是抑扬格
I wan / der’d lone / ly as / a cloud.
U / U / U / U /
(Wordsworth, The Daffodils)
anapest (anapestic/anapaestic )抑抑扬格: two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable.
Its pattern: U U /
in ter fere; dis be lieve; on the hill
Like a child / from the womb, / like a ghost / U U / U U / U U / from the tomb,
U U /
I arise / and unbuild / it again,
UU / U U / U U /
(Percy B. Shelley, The Cloud) trochee (trochaic)扬抑格:
a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable.
e.g. / U un it, ha ppy, ho ly
Art is / long, and / Time is / fleeting
/ U / U / U / U
(Longfellow, A Psalm of Life)
dactyl (dactylic)扬抑抑格
a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllable. Its pattern is like this: / U U mer ci ful; pro per ly Merrily / merrily / shall I live / now
/ U U / U U / U U /
(William Shakespeare, The Tempest)
spondee (spondaic)扬扬格: a stressed syllable followed by another stressed syllable.
Its pattern : / / heart break
pyrrhic抑抑格 a unstressed syllable followed by another unstressed syllable. U U
P. s.这些韵律类型只是理论上的分析，实际上，一首诗仅用一种韵律写的情况极为少见，大多是以某一种为主，同时穿插其他类型。如果一首诗只含有一种韵律，就会显得非常单
调机械。一首诗只要是以某种类型为主的，尽管有其他类型穿插其中，也称此诗为某某格。如，以抑扬格为主要节奏写成的，就称此诗为抑扬格诗。
现代兴起的一些自由诗（FREE VERSE），不受这些格律的限制。most common in the twentieth century, but by no means unique to it — has no fixed metrical foot, and often no fixed number of feet per verse. 现代诗中常见的体式，长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中，不讲究押韵与格律，只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。Whitman/ modern poetry in 20th century
“In a Station of the Metro”地铁站台Pound
The apparitions of these faces in the crowd; 人群中出现的那些脸庞;
Petals on a wet, black bough 潮湿黝黑树枝上的花瓣.
Note: apparitions幽灵,幻影
e.e.Cummings’ L(a):
L(a
le
af
fa
ll
s)
one
l
iness
Foot(音步)
A unit of poetic meter of stressed and unstressed syllables is called a foot.
Meter的单位名称
Name for Feet:
monometer: one foot.
dimeter; two feet.
trimeter: three feet.
tetrameter: four feet .
pentameter: five feet.
hexameter; six feet.
heptameter: seven feet.
octameter : eight feet.
Try to analyze the poetic form of Shakespeare’s sonnet 18
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date:
划分音节（重读和非重读音节），然后从中找到规律确定格律类型（一般只需推断出前两个音步的重读和非重读音节的组合规律，后面的基本相同），最后确定所含音部数量
一般来说，语音学中规定的虚词（介词、连词、冠词、情态
/助动词）轻读，实词重读；另外，含两个音节或以上的以字典发音的规定确定重读或非重读音节；但是，有时根据上下文的需要为强调某一部分，这些规律可能会有所改变。
the syllables are arranged in the pattern of the unstressed and stressed(U/), so the meter is iambic.
And each of the lines contains five iambic units, so the lines are written in pentameter.
The metrical rhythm格律节奏
of these lines are iambic pentameter. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg. Poetic form:
This poem consists of 14 iambic pentameter lines , divided into 3 quatrains followed by a couplet. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg. The English/Shakespearean Sonnet
II. Poetic Devices
Poetry uses language as its only tool to communicate meanings and emotions. It has to be intense. Therefore, poetry has to make the fullest use of language. It uses every aspects of language. The history of poetry has given some particular usages of language more significance than others. Listed below are mostly figures of speech.
1. Simile
2. Metaphor
3. Personification
4. Hyperbole
5. Symbol e.g. the eyes of heaven
6. Conceit奇思妙想, 玄学奇喻
a metaphor that points out an unusual parallel between what are usually highly dissimilar elements. 玄学奇喻，指一种悖论性的隐喻，通过喻体和喻指之间的非相似性给读者的心灵带来震撼。
establish an analogy or comparison between two apparently incongruous不协调的things.
e.g. Time is arrows. similarity—fly fast Flee who sucked the lovers’blood—the symbol of their love (John Donne)
The use of conceit is especially popular in the 17th century. Esp. the metaphysical poetry
7. Paradox
a statement or situation that appears to be self -contradictory or contradictory to the common sense but is in fact valid or true. 似乎矛盾的论点, 似非而可能是的论点 e.g. More hasty, less speed.
Poets often use paradoxes to express some sophisticated ideas.
Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard
Are sweeter…
Keats “Ode on a Grecian Um”: Conceit
Means “fanciful idea.” It is in this sense that the word is used in discussion of poems.
A conceit is a metaphor or simile that is made elaborate (far-fetched), often extravagant.
The difference between a conceit and a metaphor or simile is largely of degree. A metaphor or simile appeals mainly to the reader’s five senses and is easier to understand: a conceit appeals mainly to the reader’s intellect and so is difficult to comprehend. A conceit may strike the reader as weird at first glance, but proves appropriate in the end.
The use of conceit is especially popular in the 17th century and the metaphysical poetry is characterized by conceits.
John Donne compares two lovers’ souls to the legs of the compasses.
Flee who sucked the lovers’ blood—the symbol of their love
5. symbol
A symbol is usually a material object used to represent something abstract. The relationship between the symbol and the symbolized is often establishes through convention, resemblance, or association.
The red cross is not only a geometrical figure, but also a symbol of love of mankind and medical care.
The sunrise mot only constitutes an astronomical phenomenon, but also suggests a new beginning.
The dragon—the emperor, the evil
6. Paradox似乎矛盾的论点, 似非而可能是的论点
“Paradox”comes from the Greek word “paradoxos”, meaning “conflicting with expectation.”A paradox may be a statement or situation that appears to be self -contradictory or contradictory to the common sense but is in fact valid or true.
The statement “a well-known secret agent” is paradoxical.
Poets often use paradoxes to express some sophisticated ideas. John Keats writes in his “Ode on a Grecian Um”:
Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard
Are sweeter…
These two lines, by forming a paradox, reveal the human psychology that what one imagines is more desirable than what he has.
8 Onomatopoeia 拟声
Poetry, stemming out of music and natural rhythm, relies on sound effects to a greater extent than do the novel and drama. Onomatopoeia refers to the formation or use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.
For example, a donkey “heehaws,” a cat “mews” and bees “buzz.”Onomatopoeia, as a poetic device, is more than imitating individual sounds. Its idea is
to echo the sense. To foreign ears, onomatopoeic devices are difficult to detect and appreciate. The following stanza from D. H. Lawrence’s “Snake”is supposed to suggest the sinuous and slow movement of the reptile through the repeated [s] sound:
He reached down from a fissure in the earth-wall in the gloom
And trailed his yellow-brown slackness soft-bellied down, over theedge of the the stone trough
And rested his throat upon the stone bottom,
And where the water had dripped from the tap, in a small clearness
He sipped with his straight mouth,
Softly drank through his straight gums, into his slack long body, silently.
III. lmage 意象（诗歌的灵魂）Poetry is aimed at conveying and enriching human experience. Experience is formed through sense impressions.
E.g. one’s experience of spring may come from the visual sense, the green grass and trees; and from the auditory sense, the twittering birds and from the olfactory嗅觉sense, the sweet flowers and fresh air; and from gustatory sense 味觉, the delicious fruits and vegetables available in spring. Lastly, his experience of spring may come
from his general feeling or response to all the things mentioned above, which is pleasant.
Therefore, the poet’s business is to evoke such impressions in the reader’s mind. His method is usually to describe these things in words, or so speak, to paint word pictures. Such a word picture is an image.
Image is the representation of sense experience through language. 用语言描述感官经验Obviously, image is the soul of
poetry as language is the body of poetry.
千山鸟飞绝,
万径人踪灭。
孤舟蓑笠翁,
独钓寒江雪。
《江雪》柳宗元
One image is frequently the result of the cooperation of the several senses.
6 senses:
the visual sense---sense of sight
auditor sense---sense of sound
gustatory sense味觉—sense of taste
olfactory sense嗅觉---sense of smell
tactile sense 触觉—sense of touch
kinesthetic sense动觉—sense of movement
For example, the image of “fresh air”involves both the olfactory sense (it has a pleasant smell) and the tactile sense (it has a certain degree of coolness, hot air is seldom described as “fresh”). IV. Theme
Like any other literary works, a poem centers on a theme or even themes. {1}d eath/immortality—Graveyard poets {2} love
{4} time
popular topic esp in Renaissance
The destructive force—how to defy/defeat it & attain eternity (get married/beget children; write verse; through love) Shakespeare’s sonnets
Transience/carpe diem/ seize the day, celebrate the present Robert Herrick’s To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time
劝君莫惜金缕衣，
劝君惜取少年时，
花开堪折直须折，
莫待无花空折枝
5．Tone格调
Tone is the poise, mood, voice, attitude and outlook of the poet. Conveniently, tone can be defined as the poet’s or the speaker’s attitude towards his subject, his audience, or even himself.
thus, the tone of a poem can be described as “indifferent,”“positive,”“uncertain,”“boastful,”“protesting,”“cynical”, etc.
Most poems deal with human emotions, and tone is the emotional coloring of a poem. Therefore, it is very important in understanding a poem.
Tone is decided by synthetic analysis of all the elements involved in the poem (imagery, metaphor etc.) especially its diction and sentence patterns.
The method of appreciating the poetry 1.basic information:
author, title, type of the poem(lyric, epic, narrative
poem, sonnet…)/ background/ status(comment)
general ideas
2.form
rhyme scheme韵律结构
(end rhyme/ alliteration/assonance..)
The metrical rhythm格律节奏
(iambic pentameter[ blank verse/ sonnet/heroic
WRONG: We would appreciate if you corrected the entry in the register as soon as possible. 错误用法：如果你能尽快更改登记处的入口，我将非常感激。 RIGHT: We would appreciate it if you corrected the entry in the register as soon as possible. 正确用法：如果你能尽快更改登记处的入口，我将非常感激（英语原句比前者多了一个it）。This is a very common mistake, and remember that when you use the phrase “I would appreciat e…”you MUST include the word “it”before “if”: 这是一个常见错误，记住当你要用“I would appreciate…”这个表达式时，一定要在if前加一个it。 More examples: 更多例子： E.g.1:I am sure the supervisory authority would not appreciate it if you took that course of action. 例1：我相信监督部门对你的所作所为不会表示欣赏。 E.g.2:We would appreciate it if you would arrange for immediate payment. 例2：如果您能立即付款，我们将很感激。 There is no need to add “it”if you do not include “if”. 如果你不用if从句的话，就没有必要在appreciate后面加it了。 E.g.: We would much appreciate a letter informing us of the result of your enquiries. 例句：如果您能对您的询盘结果给我们回信的话，我们将非常感激。 An alternative phrase to “I would appreciate it if…”is, “I would be grateful if…”This is the more formal phrase of the two and does not require that troublesome“it”! “I would appreciate it if…”这个表达式的替代用法有“I would be grateful if…”，但是这个用法更为正式，而且不需要加那个麻烦的“it”！
你听过英文语法有动词(verb)、名词(noun)；但你听过有动名词(gerund)吗？ 1. The girl is singing a song. 2. The girl singing now is my sister. 3. Singing is one of her hobbies(爱好). 三个句子中都有singing。第一个句子的singing是常见的现在进行式(Present Continuous)，是说眼下正在做什么；第二个句子的singing是现在分词(Present Participle)，它把sing这个动词转为形容词，但仍有动词的成份（哈哈，这么一说，要把你搞晕了吧:-) 。关于分词，以后有空再谈OK？）。好戏在后头，你看看第三个句子的singing到底是什么东东呀？原来就是我们的主角动名词(Gerund)了！憧矗瑂ing原本是个动词，可是现在它加上ing后，看来竟像是一个名词了。 一、名词性的动名词(Nominal Gerund) Nominal Gerund 可以加上定冠词(Definite article，如the)或不定冠词(Indefinite article，如a, an)，其他可加在动名词前的还有如：my, this, some, any, all, no 等等。举例如下： 1. The mellow(愉快地) singing of the birds announces the coming of spring. (singing前加定冠词the及形容词mellow；coming 前加the) 2. We knew the robber was near when we heard a faint rustling(沙沙声) in the bushes. (rustling 前加不定冠词a及形容词faint) 从上面的例子可看出如何将一个动词转成名词；但它和真正的名词还是有区别的，那就是没有单数或复数之分。不过，有一些动名词是可以变成真正名词的喔，如：saying, writing, opening, painting, cutting, heading, feeling, being,saving, surrounding, crossing, misunderstanding 等等。它们都可以有复数的喔，方法就是在它们的后面加个s，如：paintings。 二、动词性的动名词(Verbal Gerund) 看看下面的句子： Carelessly writing essays annoys the teacher. 上面的句子里的writing是动名词，但前面有副词carelessly（粗心地），后面又有受词(Object) essays。因此writing就有动词的特征。 注意：Verbal Gerund 这类动名词的前面可不能加上任何冠词(the, a, an ...)喔。 动名词的功能与用法 一、在句子中用作主语(Subject)或主语的补语(Subject Complement): 1.1 作主语 1. Listening to music gives me pleasure. (主语Listening ） 2. Running is good exercise. （主语running) 3. Walking to school is a good idea. (主语walking) 1.2 作主语的补语 1. My cat's favorite activity is sleeping. (补语sleeping) 2. Seeing is believing. (主语seeing, 补语believing) 1.3 主语置于句尾 1.3.1 用It + be + ... +v-ing 句型 1. It is fun speaking English. 2. It is of great importance fighting against pollution(污染).
外教一对一https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ec17888811.html, 用appreciate表示「感谢」，用对不容易 在邮件里表示「感谢」的时候，我们常常会用到appreciate一词;在比较正式的场合，你也会偶尔听到有英美人在口语中使用appreciate 来表示「感谢」的含义。本帖将教会大家如何用对appreciate一词。1)表示感谢的时候，appreciate的对象通常不是某人，而是某件事。 和动词thank不一样的地方在于：thank 后面常常是某人。比如：Thank you for doing sth。但是appreciate后面常常是某件事，比如：I really appreciate your help. 很感谢你的帮助。Your support is greatly appreciated. 很感谢你的支持。以上的两个例句，通常都用在帮助或者支持完成之后说。而下面的这句话，是我们邮件中最常用的句式：I would appreciate it if you paid in cash. 如果你用现金支付，我会非常感谢。这个邮件的高频句式其实很容易出错，注意以下三点：appreciate后面的it不能漏掉appreciate后面不能直接加you以上面的句子为例，主句里的would和从句里的paid使用了过去式，是为了让语气更加婉转，而非表达过去的含义。I will appreciate it if...do...这样的句式也正确。2)中文里可以「欣赏」某人的品质;appreciate也一样。 中文里「欣赏」一词有两层含义：领略欣赏。比如：欣赏一段音乐认为……好。比如：老板很欣赏他的才华。巧合的是，appreciate 也有这两层含义：领略欣赏。You can't fully appreciate foreign literature in translation. 看翻译作品很难欣赏到外国文学的精髓。认为……好。His talents are not fully appreciated in that company. 在那个公司，他的才能得到充分地赏识。丨There's no point buying him expensive wines - he doesn't appreciate them. 别给他买很贵的酒，他不懂得品赏。3)appreciate还有一层生僻的含义：增值 我们会在财经新闻里看到appreciate及其反义词depreciate，分别表示「增值」和「贬值」。Their investments have appreciated over the years. 他们的投资在几年间增值了。currency depreciation 货币贬值 文章来源：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ec17888811.html,
appreciate的习惯用法 1. 其后可接名 (代)词、动名词、名词性从句等作宾语，但不能接不定式： We shall appreciate hearing from you again. 能再次收到你的来信，我们将十分感激。 I appreciate that you have come here so early. 感谢你来得这么早。 2、习惯上不用“人”作宾语，其后只能接“事”作宾语，而不能接“人”作宾语 (注意：这与thank 的用法恰恰相反)： 正：I appreciate your kindness. 谢谢你的好意。 误：I appreciate you for your kindness. 正：He thanked her for her kindness.他感谢她的好意。 误：He thanked her kindness. 3. 关于修饰语的搭配习惯，表示程度,可用 deeply, highly, (very) much 等修饰： I deeply appreciate your kindness. 我深深感谢.. He highly appreciated their help. 他非常感谢.. 注意：much 修饰 appreciate 时，只能置于其前，而不能置于其后,但 very much 却可以)：我们非常感谢你的邀请。 正：We much appreciate your invitation. 正：We appreciate your invitation very much. 误：We appreciate your invitation much.
英语词汇正误辨析arouse正误用法 ■这本书引起了我对政治的兴趣。 误：The book aroused at my interest in politics. 正：The book aroused my interest in politics. 析：arouse(引起，激起，唤起)是及物动词，其后接宾语时，无需用任何介词。顺便说一句：arouse 的宾语通常兴趣、怀疑、愤怒、同情、批评、讨论等较抽象的东西。 ■演讲者激起了听众的愤怒。 误：The speaker aroused the audience with anger. 正：The speaker aroused the audience to anger. 析：表示激励或唤起某人做某事，通常用arouse sb to sth，注意通常用介词to，其实此句也可说成：The speaker arousedthe anger of the audience.又如：He tried to arouse her to action.(他试图要使她采取行动)。 ■能再次收到你的来信, 我们将十分感激。 误：We shall appreciate to hear from you again. 正：We shall appreciate hearing from you again. 析：appreciate(感激)后接动词时，要用动名词，不用不定式。 ■谢谢你的好意。 误：I appreciate you for your kindness.
正：I appreciate your kindness. 正：Thank you for your kindness. 析：其后只能接“事”作宾语，而不能接“人”作宾语，此用法与thank 的用法恰恰相反。 ■如果你能帮助我做这事，我将十分感激。 误：I would appreciate very much if you would help me with it. 正：I would appreciate it very much if you would help me with it. 析：appreciate(感激)是及物动词，其后不能没有宾语。另外也有的词书(如《朗文当代英语词典》)将I would appreciate it if...视为一个固定句型。另外有时其中的if从句也可能换成when从句。如：We really appreciate it when she offered to help.(她来帮忙了，我们十分感激)。
表语从句用法详解(例句丰富) 一、表语从句的引导词 引导表语从句的词有连词that, whether，连接代词和连接副词，关系代词型what，以及as if, as though, because等连词。 1. 由that引导 The fact is that he doesn’t really try. 事实是他没有做真正的努力。 The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦的是我把他的地址丢了。 My suggestion is that we should tell him. 我的建议是我们应该告诉他。 His sole requirement was (is) that the system work. 他唯一的要求是这个制度能起作用。 My idea is that we should start making preparations right now. 我的意见是我们马上就开始做准备工作。 2. 由whether引导 The question is whether the film is worth seeing. 问题是这部电影是否值得看。 【注意】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。 3. 由连接代词引导 You are not who I thought you were. 你已不是我过去所想像的人。 The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 The question is who (m) we should trust. 问题是我们应当相信谁。 What I want to know is which road we should take. 我想知道的是我们应走哪条路。 4. 由连接副词引导 The problem is how we can find him. 问题是我们如何找到他。 That was when I was fifteen. 这是我15岁时发生的事。 That’s where I first met her. 那就是我第一次遇见她的地方。 That’s why he didn’t come. 这就是他没有来的缘故。 That’s why I object to the plan. 这就是我反对这个计划的原因。 That’s where you are wrong. 这就是你不对的地方。
How to appreciate a poem The involved points to appreciate a poem: 1. Form (rhyme, meter and scheme) 2. Structure 3. Image 4. Language, diction (to solve the meanings of the words and syntactic structure) 5. Musical and sound effects 6. Theme (subject matter) and tone Appreciating Sonnet 18 Shakespearean sonnets collections contains 154 sonnets, commonly thought to be written between 1593 and 1599, which may be roughly divided into three groups. 1. Numbers 1-17 are variations on one theme. 2. Numbers 18-126 are on a variety of themes associated with a handsome young man. 3. After that, began a new series, principally about a married woman with dark hair and complexion, the so-called “dark lady of the sonnets”. 赏析 It is written in iambic pentameter rhymed abab cdcd efef gg. (3 quatrains, 1 couplet) Shall I /compare/ thee to/ a summ/er’s day?/ Thou art/ more lo/vely and/ more tem/perate:/ Rough winds/ do shake/ the dar/ling buds /of May,/ And sum/er’s lease/ hath all/ too short/ a date:/ 2. In poetic structure, it can be divided into introducer, developer, modulator, and terminator. (起、承、转、合). 3. Image: a summer’s day, rough winds, buds, sun. 4. Lease: duration; the eye of heaven: the sun; complexion: appearance; Fair (the first): beautiful appearance; fair (second): beauty . Theme: Lines endows one’s beauty with immortality. 6. Shakespeare deals with the traditional themes of time, beauty and poetry and expresses his feelings towards the addressee. The poem is a comparison between the man’s eternal beauty with summer’s temporal beauty, between the inconstancy of nature and the timelessness of poetry. Shakespeare poses the idea that through poetry, beauty gains immortality. This image of transience and eternity is used throughout the poem. More reflections: the theme of homosexual (internet information) Analysis of Sonnet 18 Shakespeare’s sonnets, though they are well with the general tradition of Elizabethan sonnet cycles, are in several ways unique. The principle person addressed by the poet is not a woman but a young man; the dark lady, when she appears, is vastly different from the convention. More important, the depths of moral and aesthetic contemplation in Shakespeare’s sonnets are far more profound than we find in other Elizabethan cycle. With 3 exceptions (99, 126 and 154)Shakespeare uses the sonnet in popular English form, first fully developed by Shakespeare varies it. The couplet usually ties the sonnet to one of the general themes of the series, leaving the quatrains free to
一动词加-ing 的情况 consider, suggest/advise,look forward to, excuse/pardon admit,delay/put off,fancy avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practise deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate forbid,imagine,risk can't help,mind,allow/permit,escape 考虑建议盼原谅, 承认推迟没得想. 避免错过继续练, 否认完成就欣赏. 禁止想象才冒险, 不禁介意准逃亡. 如：建议： 二动词后加 ①remember doing 的事，表示“不要忘记” ②forget doing。 ③mean doing表示“ ④regret doing 不是stop的宾语而是stop的目的状语。 ”，try to do表示“设法、试图做某事”。 go on to do表示做完一件事后，接下 三动词后加to do sth. afford负担得起agree同意appear似乎，显得arrange安排 ask问attempt企图beg请求begin开始 choose选择claim要求decide决定demand要求 desire愿望determine决定expect期望fail不能 forget忘记happen碰巧hate憎恨，厌恶hesitate犹豫 hope希望intend想要learn学习long渴望 love爱manage设法mean意欲，打算need需要 neglect忽视offer提供omit忽略，漏other扰乱；烦恼
动名词的用法详解 今天给大家带来动名词的用法详解，我们一起来学习吧，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 英语语法：动名词的用法详解 动名词因同时拥有动词和名词两者的特点而拥有及其丰富 的用法，熟练的掌握这些用法不仅可以使口语表达更地道生动，也能在写作中增分添彩。 动名词主要有四种用法，做主语，作宾语，作表语，作定语，每种用法下又分小类别，是一个非常复杂庞大的系统，学习者们往往会理不清脉络，今天就为大家带来动名词的用法讲解。 一.作主语 1.直接位于句首 eg.Swimming is a good sport in summer. 2.用it作形式主语，把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。 eg.It is no use telling him not to worry.
.mportant，essential，necessary等形容词不能用于上述结构。 3.用于“There be”结构中 eg.There is no saying when hell come. 4.动名词的复合结构作主语: 当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格，构成动名词的复合结构,动名词疑问句通常使用这种结构做主语 eg.Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. Does your saying that mean anything to him? 二.作宾语 1.作动词的宾语 某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。不定式通常指某种特定的动作，但动名词表示泛指，常见的此类动词有： admit,appreciate,excuse,stand,advise,allow,permit,avoid,consider,e njoy,finish,give up,cannot help,imagine,include,keep,understand,keepon,mind,report,risk,mis s,put off,delay,practise,resist,suggest,depend on,think about,set about,succeed in,worry about,burst out,insist on,feel like,be used
Appreciate [观察] 阅读下列各句，观察appreciate在句中的用法。 1. I really appreciate your coming to the party. 2. His abilities were not appreciated in that school. 3. At that time he appreciated how much his job meant to him. 4. Their investments have appreciated over the years. [点拨] appreciate vt. 感激，如：句1;赏识，如：句2；意识到，理解，如：句3；增值,如：句4。 [联想] appreciation n. appreciative adj. 欣赏的；感激的 [拓展] 常用句型：I would appreciate it if ... 如果……，我将不胜感激。 注意：appreciate 作“感激”讲时,后跟事或物,而thank 后跟人。 [小试] 用appreciate的适当形式翻译下列句子。 1. 如果你能在周五晚上照顾一下孩子们，我将非常感激。 2. 看翻译作品不能真正欣赏到外国小说的美妙之处。 3. 我知道对你来说很难作这个决定。 4. 在过去的两年中，我们的房子已经增值了50%。 Key: 1. I would appreciate it if you could take care of the kids on Friday night. 2. You can’t really appreciate foreign novels in translation. 3. I appreciate that it’s a difficult decision for you to make. 4. Our house has appreciated by 50% in the last two years.
appreciate用法详解 一、词义用法 1. 欣赏，赞赏 That’s because you can’t appreciate music. 这是因为你不能欣赏音乐。 I appreciate his generosity. 我赞赏他的慷慨大方。 2. 理解；体会 I appreciate the difficulty. 我理解这种困难。 I am afraid you don’t appreciate America. 恐怕你不理解美国。 3. 感谢，感激 I appreciate your goodness in calling. 我感谢你好心来访。 He appreciated their confidence. 他感激他们的信任。 二、后续宾语问题 其后可接名(代)词、动名词、名词性从句等作宾语，但不能接不定式。如：We shall appreciate hearing from you again. 能再次收到你的来信，我们将十分感激。 I appreciate that you have come here so 感谢你来得这么早。 注意：其后只能接“事”作宾语，而不能接“人”作宾语(注意：这与thank 的用法恰恰相反)。如： 正：I appreciate your kindness. 谢谢你的好意。 误：I appreciate you for your kindness. 正：He thanked her for her kindness. 他感谢她的好意。
误：He thanked her kindness. 三、后接if或when从句的问题 其后不直接跟if或when引导的从句，若语义上需要接这类从句，需借助it。如： I would appreciate it very much if you would help me with it. 如果你能帮助我做这事，我会十分感激。 We really appreciate it when she offered to help. 她来帮忙了，我们十分感激。 四、有关修饰语的问题 要表示程度，可用deeply, highly, (very) much 等副词修饰。如： I deeply appreciate your kindness. 我 谢你的好意。 He highly appreciated their help. 他非常感谢他们的帮助。 注意：much 修饰appreciate时，只能置于其前，而不能置于其后但very much 却可以)： 我们非常感谢你的邀请。 正：We much appreciate your invitation. 正：We appreciate your invitation very much. 误：We appreciate your invitation much.
How to appreciate an English poem The poetic forms of English poetry are in a great variety. There are the heroic couplet, which includes a pair of rhymed lines in each stanza( which consists of four lines); the blank verse, which is unrhymed; and the sonnet, which includes 14 lines with a fixed rhyming scheme. 一、英雄偶体诗 Heroic Couplet refers to lines of iambic pentameter which rhyme in pairs: aa, bb, cc, and so on. The adjective “heroic” was applied in the later seventeenth century because of the frequent use of such couplets in heroic poems and dramas. This verse form was introduced into English poetry by Geoffrey Chaucer. From the age of John Dryden through that of Samuel Johnson, the heroic couplet was the predominant English measure for all the poetic kinds; some poets, including Alexander Pope, used it almost to the exclusion of other meters. 英雄偶体诗的诗句采用抑扬格五音步，韵式为：aa,bb,cc......。修饰语“英雄”使用于17世纪晚期，因为这种类型的偶体诗常用于史诗和英雄剧。这种韵式最早被诗人乔叟引入英国，从德莱顿到萨缪尔，英雄偶体成为了英国诗歌韵式的主流，包括蒲柏在内的一些诗人几乎只用这一韵式。 O could I flow like thee, and make thy stream My great example, as it is my theme! Though deep yet clear, though gentle yet not dull; Strong without rage, without o'erflowing full. 二、注意meter（格律、节拍）和foot（音步）的区别 The most common meter in English poetry, the so-called iambic pentameter, is a sequence of five iambic feet or iambs, each consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one ("da-DUM") An iambic foot is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. The rhythm can be written as: A line of iambic pentameter is five iambic feet in a row:
I t的用法总结 一. 代词: 1)指代上文 2)指代this/that 3)指代未知性别的婴儿或孩子或身份不明的人 4）指代时间/地点/天气/温度/距离/环境 1.It gets dark very early in the winter. 2.What will you call it if it’s a boy 3.I love spring---It’s a wonderful time of the year. 4.It’s less than 100 kilometres from here to Jinan. 5.When the factory closes, it will mean 500 people losing their jobs. 6.What’s this It’s a cat. 7.It has snowed much this year. (1)The book in your bag is very interesting. Can I borrow (2) The book in your bag is more interesting than ______ on the desk. (3) The weather here is much colder than____ in Nanjing. (4) The books are free. You can take____ free of charge. (5) The books in the bag are better than _____ on the desk.
首先，推荐一个表达“欣赏，感激的”词：appreciate, 它是个动词，由这个动词延伸出来一个形容词：appreciative, 下面分别举例： Listen, I don't appreciate your tone of voice. 听着，我一点也不欣赏你的语气。 You're highly appreciated if you could respond to my inquiry at an earlier time. 复我们的询盘，我们将会非常感激。 She's appreciated by her subordinate. 她的下属很欣赏她。 Appreciative经常这样使用：be appreciative of…把欣赏的内容放到介词“of”的后面： I'm really appreciative of your efforts. 我很感激你做的努力。 We're appreciative of what you've done to our team. 我们对你对这个团队所做的一切深表感激。 I know you're appreciative of my courage. 我知道你很欣赏我的勇气。 Am I appreciated by my students? I wonder… 下面，介绍一个同样是表达感激的词组：Be grateful for We're really grateful for your prompt attention to our letter. 我们对你们及时处理我的来信深表感激。 I'll be grateful for your help. 我很感谢你的帮助。 He's never grateful for anything. 我对任何事都不心存感激
表示感谢（appreciation）的句型： （一） 1）简单地表示感谢： Thank you very much. 非常感谢 Thanks a lot. / Many thanks. /Thanks a million. 多谢。 1）Thank you for （动词+ing或者名词） 例如： Thanks for helping me. 谢谢你帮助我。 Thank you for your kindness. 谢谢你的美意。 Thank you for your kind cooperation. 谢谢你的合作 Thank you for contacting us. 感谢你联系我们 Thank you for your prompt reply. 感谢你及时的回复 Thank you for your understanding. 感谢你的理解 Thank you for everything. 感谢你做的一切。 Thank you for providing the requested information. 感谢您提供了所需信息。 We thank you for your interest in joining us. 感谢你有兴趣加入我们。 2）人称+ appreciate +名词 例如： I appreciate your invitation. 感谢你的邀请。 I really/sincerely appreciate your help. 我真的非常感谢你的帮助。 I truly appreciate your help in resolving the problem. 3）Please accept my （sincere/grateful/profound）appreciation for +名词或者动词ing形式 请接受我（真挚的/衷心的/深切的）感谢为了XX事情 4）I wish to express my （sincere/grateful/profound）appreciation for +名词或者动词ing形式 我致以（真挚的/衷心的/深切的）感谢为XX事 例如：I’d like to express my appreciation. 我想表达我的感激之情。 5）It’s very kind(generous) of you to + 动词原形 例如： It’s very kind of you to do this for me. 感谢你为我做了这件事。 It’s very kind of you to help me.你能帮助我真是太好了。
pay attention to，appreciate
重要程度：★★★☆☆
难易程度：★★☆☆☆
1. (2017·天津改编)Suppose you’re in a rush, feeling tired, not paying attention _____________ your screen, and you send an email that could get you in trouble.
【参考答案】to
【拓展延伸】 pay attention to sb./sth. 注意某人/某物 pay attention to doing sth. 注意做某事 attract/catch/draw/get one’s attention 吸引某人的注意力 fix/focus one’s attention on 集中注意力于 devote one’s attention to 专心于 turn one’s attention to 将注意力转向 2. His talent was not fully ___________ (appreciate) in that company, which was why he gave up the job finally. 【参考答案】appreciated 【拓展延伸】 1. appreciate vt. 鉴赏；感激；意识到
appreciate sth. 感激…… appreciate (one’s) doing… 感激(某人)做某事 appreciate it if… 要是……将不胜感激 2. appreciation n. 欣赏；感激，感谢；(艺术方面的)鉴定，评估 in appreciation of... 作为对……的感谢；为感谢…… appreciative adj. 欣赏的，赏识的；感激的，感谢的 【特别提醒】 appreciate 后面若跟 when/if 引导的从句作宾语时，从句之前应用 it 作形式宾语。类似用法的动词还有