英语语言学期末考试重点

第一章

1.What is language?

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication

2.Design features of language

①Arbitrariness(任意性)refers to the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. (sounds and meanings)

②Duality（二层性）:The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.

③Productivity/creativity(创造性）:Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.

④Displacement(移位性):Human Languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at moment of communication. (p7)

3.Functions of language

① Informative(信息功能): to give information about facts. (ideational)

②Interpersonal(人际功能): to establish and maintain social status in a society.(age, sex, language, background, accent, status)

③Performative(施为功能) : language is used to do things, to perform certain actions. (name, promise, apologize, sorry, declare)

④. Emotive/Expressive (情感功能): to express feelings and attitudes of the speaker.

⑤Phatic communion(寒暄交流) : to use small and meaningless expressions to establish a comfortable relationship or maintain social contact between people without any factual content. (health, weather)

⑥Recreational function(娱乐): the use of language for sheer joy. (lyrics, poetry)

⑦Metalingual function(元语言功能): to talk about language itself.

4. What is linguistics?

Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.

5. Important distinctions in linguistics

Descriptive & prescriptive

Synchronic & diachronic

Langue & parole

Competence & performance

6.Descriptive(描写/述性)—describe and analyze linguistic facts or the language people actually use (modern linguistic)

Prescriptive(规定性)—lay down rules for “correct and standard”linguistic behavior in using language (traditional grammar: “never use a double negative”)

7.Synchronic study (共时)—description of a language at some point of time (modern linguistics)

Diachronic study (历时)— description of a language as it changes through time (historical development of language over a period of time)

第四章

1．What is Syntax （句法）?

Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences.句法就是研究语言的不同成分组成句子的规则

2．Four Approaches :The traditional approach传统语言观(Parts of speech、Syntactic Function不考、Category范畴、Concord and government一致关系和支配关系)、The structural approach结构语言观、The generative approach、The functional approach 功能语言观

3．The traditional grammar regards sentences as a sequence of words , so it pays great attention to the study of words , such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech , the identification of function of words in terms of subject, predicate , etc.

4. Parts of speech

Traditional grammar defines 8 parts of speech: nouns, verbs, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections.

5．The term Category范畴 in some approaches refers to word classes and functions in its narrow sense,范畴这一术语狭义上是指词类和功能eg. Noun, Verb, Subject, Predicate. More specifically, it refers to the defining properties of these general units:

the categories of the noun名词的范畴, include number, gender, case and countability （case）;

the categories of the verb动词的范畴: tense, aspect, voice, etc.

6．Number is mostly a category of the noun and pronoun名词和不可数名词.

Two terms of number in nouns: singular and plural单数和复数

Number is also reflected in the inflections of pronouns and verbs

7. Gender is also mostly a category of the noun and pronoun.

In English, the gender distinctions are on the whole natural, determined by the biological gender of the creature.

8. Case is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the syntactic relationship between words in a sentence.在词类分析中，格范畴用来辨别句子中词之间的句法关系In English, pronouns have three cases of nominative主格, accusative受格, and genitive与格. Nouns have two of general and genitive所有格

In English, the case of noun is realized in three channels:(a) inflection(b) following a preposition(c) word order

9. Tense时态: the absolute location of an event or action on time. It is marked by an inflection of the verb. As a result, there are only two tenses recognized now: past and present.

Since the future time does not involve any inflection of the verb, we do not refer to a “future tense”, even though in many different ways we can talk about the future.

10. Aspect体: It has nothing with time, and it tells us whether an action is ongoing or completed.

Perfective（完成体） and Imperfective（进行体）

Perfective and Progressive (in English)

11. Voice语态: describe the relationship between verb and subject

Passive被动语态 and active主动语态

12. Concord and government

①Concord (一致关系) refers to agreement between words, especially between a verb and the subject of a sentence.

②Government (支配关系) is a type of grammatical relationship between two or more elements in a sentence.

In traditional grammar, the term government has typically been used to refer to the relationship between verbs and nouns or between prepositions and nouns.

13.The Structural Approach ，由Ferdinand de Saussure提出

14.Syntactic Relations：Positional relations位置关系、Relations of substitutability替代关系、Relations of co-occurrence同现关系

15.Immediate constituent (直接成分)is any meaningful constituent at the first step in an analysis.

16.An endocentric construction(向心结构) is a construction that contains:

1) a head, which is the single obligatory element in the construction;

2) one or more optional elements subordinate to the head.

17.them e(主位) refers to the known information which is not new to the reader or listener

Rheme (述位) refers to the information that is new. The new information is what is to be transmitted to the reader or listener

The linguists of the Prague school believed that sentence may be analyzed from the functional side as well as the grammatical side.

subject, predicate (grammatical side)

theme, rheme (functional side)

第五章

1. What is Semantics?

Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences.语义学是研究单词、短语和句子的意义的学科

2．Geoffrey Leech利奇Seven types of meaning7种意义类型:

①Conceptual meaning概念意义

②Connotative meaning内涵意义

③Social meaning社会意义

④Affective meaning 感情意义Associative Meaning联想意义（②——⑥）

⑤Reflected meaning反射意义

⑥Collocative meaning搭配意义

⑦Thematic meaning主位意义

3.Conceptual meaning(概念意义) is also called “denotative”（外延义）and it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to.概念意义也叫外延义，它关注词语跟它所指称事物之间的联系

Conceptual meaning is meaning given in the dictionary.

4.Associative meaning (联想意义) is the total of all the meanings a person thinks of when they hear the word

Associative meaning is the meaning which a word suggests or implies.

5.Thematic meaning (主位意义) is “what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.”它是由词序和词语重音所决定的

6. The Referential Theory（指称理论）：

① The Referential Theory

② The Semantic Triangle

③ Sense and Reference

7.The referential theory指称理论 is the theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to.指称论是把词语意义跟它所指称的事物联系起来的理论

8. The semantic triangle语意三角 is the indirect relation between a word and a thing it refers to and it is mediated by concept.语意三角指词和所指事物之间没有直接关系，它们是以概念为中介的

9.Sense (涵义) is a set of properties possessed by a name.

10.Reference (指称) is the symbolic relationship that a linguistic expression has with the concrete object.

11. The sense of an expression is the thought it expresses, while its reference is the object it represents

Every word has a sense, but not every word has a reference.

12. Sense Relations涵义关系

①Synonymy（同义关系）

②Antonymy（反义关系）（Gradable、Complementary、Converse）

③Hyponymy（上下义关系）

13.But total synonymy is rare. They may differ in style, connotations and dialect.

14.Gradable antonymy (等级反义关系) 、Complementary antonymy (互补反义关系)、Converse antonymy (反向反义关系)

15. Componential analysis is an approach to the study of meaning which analyses

a word into a set of meaning components.

16. Sentence Meaning

17. Sense relations between sentences

① Synonymity (同义)

a. He was a bachelor all his life.

b. He never married all his boy.

Sentences a and b are in a synonymous relationship: the truth of one sentence necessarily implies the truth of another sentence

②Inconsistency(矛盾)

a. Elizabeth II is Queen of England.

b. Elizabeth II is a man.

Sentences a and b are in a relationship of contradiction: the truth of one sentence necessarily implies the falseness of another sentence.

③Entailment (蕴涵)

a. He married a blonde heiress.

b. He married a blonde.

Entailment refers to a kind of meaning inclusion. If x entails y, the meaning of

x is included in y.

④Presupposition(前提预设)

It is what a speaker or writer assumes that the receiver of the message already knows.

⑤Contradiction(矛盾)

⑥Semantic anomaly(语义反常)

18. An integrated theory

﹡Compositionality(组合性原则)：the meaning of a sentence depends on the meaning of the constituent words and the way they are combined.

﹡This semantic theory is the integration of syntax and semantics

﹡Their basic idea is that a semantic theory consists of two parts: a dictionary and a set of projection rules

﹡The dictionary provides the grammatical classification and semantic information of words

﹡The projection rules are responsible for combining the meanings of words together.

19.Logical semantics（逻辑语义学）

﹡A proposition(命题) is what is to be expressed by a declarative sentence when that sentence is uttered to make a statement.

﹡It is the basic meaning which a sentence express.

﹡A very important property of the proposition is that it has a truth value. 第八章

1.What is Pragmatics

Pragmatics is the study of language in context / use / communication.

2 Semantics and Pragmatics

Similarity：Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic study of meaning Difference：Semantic meaning: the more constant, inherent side of meaning ；Pragmatic meaning: the more indeterminate, the more closely related to context ；Pragmatic = meaning - semantics

3.Three Contents :Speech Act Theory、The Theory of Conversational Implicature、Post-Gricean Developments

4.Speech Act Theory(言语行为理论)：①Performatives and Constatives②A theory of the illocutionary act

5.The utterance which performs an act is called a performative(行事话语)。

6.A constative (述事话语) is an utterance which asserts something that is either true or false.

7Characteristics of Implicature：Calculability、Cancellability、Non-detachability、Non-conventionality

8.Calculability(可推导性): means that implicature of an utterance can be calculated based on literal meaning, CP and its maxims, context, etc.

9.Cancellability/Defeasibility(可取消性/可废除原则)If the factors that conversational implicature relied on change, the implicature will also change.

10.Relevance Theory关联理论

Communicative Principle of Relevance：Every ostensive stimulus conveys a presumption of its own optimal relevance.

Cognitive Principle of Relevance：Human cognition tends to be geared to the maximization of relevance.

欢迎您的下载，

资料仅供参考！

致力为企业和个人提供合同协议，策划案计划书，学习资料等等

打造全网一站式需求

英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解1

1.3考研真题与典型题详解 I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences ba sed on limited rules. This feature is usually termed______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rul es for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______. (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a lang uage, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relations hip between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utteran ces) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, whi ch is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening， writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality 2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, d ue to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness: 5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. articulatory phonetics B. acoustic phonetics C. auditory phonetics 6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions? A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake. B. The emotive function is to convey message and inf ormation. C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings. D. The phatic function is to establish communion w ith others.

英语语言学试题及答案

英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.

英语语言学考试重点题型

第一章 Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is T rue or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language. 7. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 1. Chomsky defi nes “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language. 2. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 3. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units. 4. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication. 5. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics. 6. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before. 第二章 1.V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. 2.A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. 3.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing. 4.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme. 5.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories. 6.The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific. 1.Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords 2.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds. A. voiceless B. V oiced C. vowel D. consonantal 3．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop. A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D./b/ 4. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________. A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar 5. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________. A. in phonemic contrast B. in complementary distribution C. the allophones D. minimal pair

英语专业语言学考试试题

英语专业语言学考试试题 Information for the examinees: This examination consists of Four sections. They are: Section I: Content Awareness of the Course (30 points, 20 minutes) Section II: General Principles of Language and Linguistics (30 points, 25 minutes) Section III: Some Specific Aspects of Language and Linguistics (20 points, 35 minutes) Section IV: Analysis and Application (20 points, 40 minutes) The total marks for this examination are 100 points. Time allowed for completing this examination is 2 hours. You must write all your answers on the Answer Sheet. Section I: Content Awareness of the Course 30 points I. Choose the best answer to complete the following statements. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. (10 points, 1 point for each item) 1. "Historical linguistics" seeks to provide scientific evidence ( ) A. of the reasons for human speech B. of human habitation in Africa C. why there are many world languages D. concerning the origins of speech 2. Which of the following does NOT have something to do with the production of speech sounds? ( ) A. Organic analysis B. Linguistic analysis C. Acoustic analysis D. Phonetic analysis 3. In determining the symbolic nature of language humans( ) A. examine Braille and signs B. examine the media and signs C. examine the language of the media D. examine the language itself 4. The aims of Unit 4 are to understand that language functions in the world ( ) A. through the use of naming devices and education B. by people experiencing abstractions in education C. based on experience, abstraction and symbolism D. through symbolic and abstract experiences 5. The aim of Unit 5 is for students to understand that speech acts( ) A. need to be defined precisely through oral actions B. need to be terminated under appropriate circumstances C. need to be defined, analysed and comprehended D. need to be analysed by definition and example: 6. Generally speaking, 脸and 面子is: ( ) A. more important for teenage girls than boys B. something teenagers don"t worry about C. not the same for adults as for teenagers

2016-英语语言学期末试题练习-+答案

英语语言学练习题 Ⅰ. Matching Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Column A 1.displacement https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ef16719158.html,ngue 3.suprasegmental feature 4.deep structure 5.predication analysis 6.idiolect 7.pidgin 8.mistakes 9.interlanguage 10.motivation 11.arbitrariness https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ef16719158.html,petence 13.broad transcription 14.morphology 15.category 16.errors https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ef16719158.html,ponential analysis 18.context 19.blending 20.culture 21.learning strategies 22.selectional restrictions 23.phrase structure rules 24.culture diffusion Column B A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9 B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21 C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23 D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24 E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6 F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7 G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents- ---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22 I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4 J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3 K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14 L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ef16719158.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1 N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10 O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20 P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18

英语语言学复习重点

英语语言学复习重点1 Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 Duality双重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.

P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions ⑵Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. ⑶Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. ⑷Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. ⑸Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 5.语言能力Competence Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.语言运用performance Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。 7.历时语言学Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. 8.共时语言学Synchronical linguistics The study of a given language at a given time. 9.语言langue The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 10.言语parole The realization of langue in actual use. 11.规定性Prescriptive It ai ms to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say. 12.描述性Descriptive A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. 二、知识点 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ef16719158.html,nguage is not an isolated phenomenon, it’s a s ocial activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings. 语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。 2.几种观点和现象的提出者： ⑴瑞士语言学家F.de Saussure F.de Saussure:Langue和parole的区别 ⑵U.S.A linguist N.Chomsky美国语言学家N.Chomsky in1950针对Saussure’s langue&parole提出Competence和performance ⑶曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家

英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)

有答案的 第一部分选择题 41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration. 42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language. 英语语言学试题（2） 五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分) 36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences. (1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible. (2)He saw young men and women present. (3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.

37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples. re- un- anti- super- -wise -itis -ize -age 英语语言学试题（3） Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%) 41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related. 英语语言学试题（5） 五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)

英语语言学试题(5)

英语语言学试题（5） 一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分) 1.The description of a language as it changes through time is a ( ) s tudy. A. comparative B. diachronic C. up-to-date D. descriptive 2. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is ( ) phonetics. A. auditory B. acoustic C. articulatory D. none of the above three 3. What the element …-es? indicates is third person singular, present tens e, the element …-ed? past tense, and …-ing? progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also ( ). A. phonemes B. morphemes C. allophones D. phones 4. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists prop osed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the ( ) theory. A. speech act B. TG C. principles-and-parameters D. minimalist programme 5. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ( ). A. predication analysis B. stylistic analysis C. componential analysis D. proposition analysis 6. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ( ) b ecause this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker?s intention. A. locutionary act B. illocutionary act C. perlocutionary act D. constative act 7. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar ( ). A. Sir William Jones B. John Firth C. M. A. K. Halliday D. F. D. Saussure 8. A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a co nversation with another bilingual speaker, a speech situation known as