现代大学英语听力2原文及答案9、10、13单元

Unit 9

Task 1

【答案】

1) the campus hero; the women’s track coach

2) the class started before I got here

3) will develop

4) cloudy; the glass is a little dirty

5) a symbol of happiness; wear black

【原文】

1) Man: I had the girls running in circles when I was in college.

Woman: I never knew you were the campus hero.

Man: I wasn't. I was the women's track coach.

2) Instructor: Mr. Jenkins, why are you late?

Student: I guess because the class started before I got here.

3) Woman: Doctor, you have to come immediately--my baby swallowed some camera film!

Doctor: Just calm yourself, nothing will develop.

4) Customer: Waiter, this water is cloudy.

Waiter: The water's okay, madam. It's just that the glass is a little dirty.

5) Woman: The bride wears white on her wedding day as a symbol of happiness, for this is the most

joyous day in her entire life.

Man: Why does the groom wear black?

Task 2

【答案】

Speakers Preferences Reasons

lst speaker French Melodic; easy on the ear; poetic; a rhythm to the

language; rounded; no sharp, jagged edges; pleasing

2nd speaker Dane speaking English Beautiful, low, sensitive, very soft quality

3rd speaker French speaking English Nice pronunciation of "h" and "th"; very nice, steady

rhythms; gentle; lyrical

4th speaker Mediterranean accents Mediterranean culture; gives English life; beautiful

mixture of the serious Northern European and the

Southern European

5th speaker Swedish accent Makes her smile; sing-songy; makes her want to

imitate

【原文】

Catherine: I think firstly I find the French language, very melodic to listen to. It's very easy on the ear, and it almost sounds poetic. No matter what kind of mood the individual is in, who's

talking, or what they're talking about, there seems to be a rhythm to the language. And it's

rounded; there are no sharp, jagged edges to the language, so it's very pleasing to the ear.

Chris: I think the accent I really like is the Dane speaking English. They sound awful when they speak Danish, but when they speak English there's a beautiful, low, sensitive, very soft quality about it.

Donald: I like the way they bring their French pronunciation into English. They can't pronounce "h"s and they can't pronounce "th" properly. And I think that actually sounds very nice. Also I like the rhythm: they bring French rhythms into English--nice, steady rhythms and I like that too. It's just it, it... whenever I hear a French person speaking English it sounds more gentle and more lyrical.

Lesley: I think the most attractive foreign accents for me are Mediterranean accents because they, if

you like, import their own culture into the English accent and give it a lot of life that sometimes, that kind of--the gestures and everything that the English people don't have, so you get a beautiful mixture of the serious Northern European and the Southern European together.

Susan: I like the Swedish accent because it, it makes me smile and the way it's spoken is so sing-songy that you can't help but smile when other people actually speak it. And it always makes you want to try and put the accent on yourself.

Task 3

【答案】

spelling; meaning; history; a slab of ham; a lump of bread; hunk of something to eat; a strong man; a book of maps; the top bone of the neck; Olympians; holding the sky on his head and hands; Sixteenth; on the cover of a book of maps; blessing; I hope you will have a good night; day’s eye; it has a little golden eye, like a tiny sun; the English daisy closes at night; the English loved their daisies.

【原文】

The spelling and meaning of words are very interesting. But what's more interesting is the history of a word, or where it came from. Let's examine some of the words and see how they got into our language.

LUNCH Lunch perhaps comes from an old Spanish word lonje, a slab of ham. We may also get our word from a form of lump, maybe a lump of bread, but whether lunch comes from ham or bread, it meant a hunk of something to eat.

ATLAS An atlas is a strong man, and also a book of maps. The story of this word begins a long time ago in Greece. The ancient Greeks believed that their gods had once been a race of giants called Titans. The Titans fought with another group of gods called Olympians, and the Olympians won. Atlas was a Titan. He was punished for fighting by having to stand at the western edge of the world, holding the sky on his head and hands, so that it would not fall on the world and smash anything.

After the ancient Greek religion died out, the idea of Atlas changed. From holding up the sky with his head and hands, he came to be thought of as holding the world on his shoulders. Mercator, a mapmaker of the sixteenth century, used a picture of Atlas on the cover of a book of maps, so a book of maps came to be called an atlas.

The word has still another meaning. The top bone of the neck is called atlas because it supports the head.

GOOD-BYE Good-bye is a blessing; originally it was God be with ye, and in the course of time it became one word. Many of our greetings are good wishes, but we say them with so little thought that we forget this. When we say good morning, good evening, good night, and so on, what we are really saying is, "I hope you will have a good morning (or evening, or night)."

DAISY The daisy has a little golden eye, like a tiny sun. Perhaps this is the reason the English people named it day's eye, or perhaps they chose the name because the English daisy closes at night. The English loved their daisies, which were pink and red, as well as white. Six hundred years or so ago, the English poet Chaucer said:

The daisy, or else the eye of the day,

The queen, and prettiest flower of all.

Task 4

【答案】

A.

1) T

2) T

3) F

4) T

5) F

B.

1) b

2) c

3) a

4) c

5) c

6) b

【原文】

MATTHEW: Chris, why is it that there are so many different languages , and that in Europe certainly if you travel more than a hundred miles , you're likely to find people speaking a

completely different language to your own?

CHRIS: Well, it's true to say that there are er ... hundreds and hundreds of different languages. It's perhaps um . . . however , more interesting and more informative to say that there are

several different groups of languages er . .. Most European languages,with the exception

of I think Finnish and er .. . Basque and . . . Hungarian I believe,belong to the

Indo-European group of languages, I'm not very sure myself of the . . . the actual details

of the history of these languages, but you can be very sure that er ... most of these

languages , say Latin and Greek nd our own language a and er . . . German and er ...

French and ... all the others, are connected. The reason why you can travel from one

Willage to another in Switzerland and er . . . from one area to another in England and find

different dialects, if not different languages spoken, is that um ... several hundred years

ago communication was by word of mouth. Word of mouth meant that people had to

move ; if people were to move they needed roads and there were no roads. MATTHEW: Do you see any chance for a universal language like Esperanto?

CHRIS: Not for an artificial er ... language, no ... I suppose the Roman Catholic Church used Latin.

but Latin had a ... a particular religious basis and this is probably why it was therefore

chosen. I don't see very much chance for Esperanto; I think it's an awfully good idea but I

don't believe that language works like that.I think people will probably er .. . work

towards the most convenient language to use.They will not set out to learn a new

language. It seems to me that er ... either English,. Russian or Chinese, perhaps Japanese,

will be the language of the future er . . . My bet's on English.

MATTHEW: Maggie, why do you think it is that so few English people speak a second language? MAGGIE: I think when you learn a language at school ...it tends to be rather a dead occupation, and it's very difficult to stimulate any interest among school children. But when you

actually go to the country and spend say a month in . . . in an exchange visit when you're

a schoolgirl, or a schoolboy um ... then you suddenly become more interested because

you ... you want to communicate with poeple when you're actually abroad, and it's not

safe to rely on the fact that most people speak English when um . . . in foreign

countries. Mm . . . I think English people traditionally thought that . . . that foreigners

always spoke English, and a lot of foreigners do, but there are people that you meet in the

street or you want to take a bus somewhere, then you find that you need to speak the

language and'it's very unnerving to be in a situation where you can't communicate with

people when you do want to travel around.

MATTHEW: Have you ever been abroad and learnt er ... a language in the country?

MAGGIE: Yes , well when I was a secretary I er... went and lived in Geneva for two years, and I learnt French at school but I . . . I really didn't speak it at all. I knew it theoretically but I

wasn't able to communicate with people. But I was in a situation where if I didn't

speak French , then I would not have been able to do my shopping and buy food ,and

so I picked the language up and I made friends with French people ... Swiss French

people, and I found that if I wanted to communicate with all . . . all the people that I met ,

then I had to learn French, and I think it's the best method of learning because you're in

the situation. It's very hard at times —you can sit through dinner parties and not

understand what ... what's going on and you think everybody thinks you're stupid because

you can't communicate with them, but it's ... it's the hard way but I think it's the best way

to learn.

MATTHEW: Elfriede, you come from Austria and yet you've been living in England now for the last three years. Has having to learn and speak another language created great problems? ELFRIEDE: Um ... At the beginning, yes, it was rather difficult for me to get the right job . . . um.

after you've lived here for one or two years you get to know the system and then that's

quite good. You know how to use libraries and oh .. . you get to know where to um... call

in emergencies; um ... you get to know ... er ...trying to get a radio and understand the

radio and all the . . . programmes they have . . . um and when they're on and the little

stories.

MATTHEW: What about English humour on the radio?

ELFRIEDE: Um . . . I think that takes a very very long time to understand and I'm sorry to say that I haven't managed yet to understand it completely, but er... I find it very interesting to speak

other languages um ... because English people have different er ...have a different

mentality, and have a very different character and a different temperament and it is

fascinating for me to talk to them um... and also for myself to be able to express myself in

a different language and to communicate with them.

Task 5

【答案】

1) A mother is leaving instructions with her babysitter before going out.

2) Wake up; give her the dummy; give her a cuddle; sing to her; read her a story; go back to sleep.

3) Two friends are taking about their holiday together.

4) It reminds.., of... holiday; city; wine; good food; tower; view; walking along the river; paintings; I love...; I like...; I remember...

5) Two women are meeting at a doctor’s waiting room.

6) It's diagnosed; have another look; do something about...; go away; give.., for...; it's your turn.

【原文】

Number 1

Fiona: Okay, Deek, I'm off now. [Okay.] Everything's okay, is it?

Deek: Yes, I think so. The only thing is... is she likely to wake up?

Fiona: No, I don't think so. She doesn't usually, but...

Deek: What if she does?

Fiona: Well, yes. Don't. worry about it. Her dummy's by the bed, so if you just pick her up, give her the dummy, give her a little bit of a cuddle; [Yes.] sing to her if you like.

Deek: Shall I read her a story or something?

Fiona: Yes, anything like that. [Yes.] Then she should just go back to sleep again quite happily. Deek: Okay.

Fiona: Oh! And I've left stuff for you in the fridge. There's some salad and cold chicken and some beer as well. Okay then?

Deek: Right then. Bye.

Fiona: Bye-bye.

Number 2

Lesley: Ah ... it's such a lovely day. It reminds me of last week, doesn't it you?

Fiona: Oh don't! I mean that was just so fantastic, that holiday!

Lesley: I love that city, you know.

Fiona: I do too. Really, it's got something about it, a certain sort of charm ...

Lesley: Mm, and all that wine and good food ...

Fiona: And so cheap. Right, I mean, compared to here ...

Lesley: Yes, although the shops are expensive.

Fiona: Mm, yes.

Lesley: I mean, really I bought nothing at all. I just ate and ate and drank and drank.

Fiona: I know. Wasn't that lovely?

Lesley: Yes, and I, I go there. I like listening to the people talking, sitting outside drinking wine. Fiona: Yes. Could you understand what they were saying? When they were speaking quickly, I mean. Lesley: Well, it is difficult, of course. And then I liked that tower, too.

Fiona: You liked that tower? I'm not sure about it, really. (No) It's very unusual, right in the centre of the city.

Lesley: True, but there's a lovely view from the top.

Fiona: Oh, you went right up, didn't you? (Mm, yes) Oh no, I didn't.

Lesley: Of course you didn't.

Fiona: I remember that day. We weren't together.

Lesley: No, that's right. (Mm) You went down by the river, didn't you?

Fiona: That's it. Oh, walking along the river and all the couples (Yes) and it's so romantic ... (Is it true) and the paintings too ...

Lesley: They do have artists down by the river, do they? (Yes) Oh, how lovely!

Fiona: Oh, it really is super.

Lesley: Yes. Oh, I think we ought to go back there again next year, don't you?

Fiona: I do, yes. (Mm) If only just to sample some more of the wine.

Lesley: It'd be lovely, wouldn't it?

Fiona: Yes.

Number 3

Mary: I'm so pleased. What about you then?

Jane: Well, he said he wanted to have another look at it.

Mary: Yes. What are they doing about it?

Jane: Well, I don't think they're going to do anything really. It just sometimes goes away [Well, can't...] something like that.

Mary: Well, can't they give you anything for it?

Jane: Well, no, they didn't say the9 could. [Really?] No, just got to be patient and wait for it to go away.

Mary: Well, that seems a bit stupid, doesn't it?

Jane: Yes, it does.

Mary: You'd have thought.., you'd have thought they'd have thought of something.

Jane: Yes. Ooh it's your mm.

Mary: Yes. Certainly.

Jane: Good luck!

Mary: Thank you!

Task 6

【答案】

A.

1) c

2) a

3) b

4) c

B.

1) T

2) F

3) F

4) T

5) F

6) T

【原文】

Learning to Speak

It is, everyone agrees, a huge task that the child performs when he learns to speak, and the fact that he does so in so short a period of time challenges explanation.

Language learning begins with listening. Individual children vary greatly in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and late starters are often long listeners. Most children will “obey” spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though they word obey is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child. Before

they can speak, many children will ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises.

Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. But since these cannot be said to show the baby’s intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new sounds to their voices. This self imitation leads on to deliberate imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech.

It is a problem we need not get our teeth into. The meaning of a word depends on what a particular person means by it in a particular situation; and it is clear that what a child means by a word will change as he gains more experience of the world. Thus the use, at say seven months, of "mama" as a greeting for his mother cannot be dismissed as a meaningless sound simply Because he also uses it at other times for his father, his dog, or anything else he likes.

Playful and apparently meaningless imitation of what other people say continues after the child has begun to speak for himself. I doubt, however, whether anything is gained when parents cash in on this ability in an attempt to teach new sounds.

Task 7

【答案】

Topic: Body language

1. Brief introduction

"statements"; non-verbal communication; small facial expressions, hand gestures and body movements that we make to express our feelings

2.Detailed introduction

our facial expressions and gestures are automatic and unconscious most of the time; we paid conscious attention to the hidden messages in body language; facial; body

2.1 facial expressions

Eyes, eyebrows, lips and facial muscles: capable of “saying” things.

Eyes Suggestions Note

Wide eyes Surprise, wonder, excitement or

sometimes fear (possible) One element alone does not tell us everything. We have to see gestures in combination.

Wide eyes, a little smile and a

slight tilt of the head

Wonderfully pleased

"Squinty" eyes, tight lips, and

the head pushed forward

Anger or hostility

Half-closed eyes Fatigue, boredom or indifference

(possible)

Half-closed eyes, a lowered tilt

of the head, a fluttering of the

eyelids and a slight smile

Coy and flirtatious

The size of our pupils Our interest in a subject

Eyebrows Signal Flags

One brow up, one down Doubt, disbelief or uncertainty

Both up Surprise or mistrust

Squeeze them together Frown or scowl

Lips Both Nonverbal and Verbal Messages Baring the teeth just on one side or pull Snarl and threat (close to animals)

the lips tightly across the teeth

The "pout" "I'm not happy because I'm not getting what I want."

Anxiety and fear

Tuck the lower lip into out mouth and

bite it

Licking the lips: a "dry mouth" gesture Stress or anxiety

2.2 Hand and body gestures

Hand or sign language: highly developed, especially by the deaf.

The Routine Hand Language Message

Pointing with the index finger To accuse someone

The clenched fist beating in the air To threaten someone

A clenched fist held close to the body Tension or anxiety

The open hands, palms up "I'm innocent" or "give me" or "forgive me" Both hands raised up and facing the audience "I give up" or "I surrender"

Tilt the hand and palm down and extend the arm "I bless" or "I give"

Pat on the head Blessing or love and giving

Clap hands To show approval or call someone or get

attention

bring our finger to our lips; scratch or rub our heads; slap our heads; take our head in both hands to sort of clear our minds

3. Conclusion

A sampling of; we pull an ear; we cross our legs; who don't communicate with body language; writers; frowns, scratches his chin, slaps his head, purses his lips, stares at the ceiling and throws up his arms.

【原文】

Let's talk about body language. You already "speak" it and "read" it. Body language is all of the small facial expressions, hand gestures and body movements that we make. We may not realize it, but each movement and expression says something about our feelings.

In fact, we might say that body language is the clearest and most common way Of communicating our feelings directly to others. We all know the most obvious body "statements": We wave our hands in greeting, we shake hands, pat each other on the back, we hug friends and kiss loved ones. We smile, we laugh, we wink and we frown, and sometimes we cry. All of these gestures are called non-verbal communication (non-verbal means we do not use words to "say" what we feel.) Normally, we don't think very much about our body language. Our facial expressions and gestures are automatic and unconscious most of the time. But researchers tell us we might learn to under-stand each other a little better if we paid conscious attention to the hidden messages in body language. Let's consider a few of the more obvious facial, hand and body gestures.

The human face is wonderfully rich in its ability to express feelings. The eyes, the eyebrows, the lips and the facial muscles are all capable of "saying" things.

For example, we speak of "wide-eyed wonder". If the eyes open wide, that may mean surprise, wonder, excitement or sometimes fear. And that is an important thing to remember about body language--one element alone does not tell us everything. We have to see gestures in Combination. So wide eyes alone would not tell us whether the person was surprised, pleased or scared, but when we see wide eyes, a little smile and a slight tilt of the head, we understand that the person is "wonderfully pleased".

"Squinty" eyes, tight lips, and the head pushed forward probably suggest anger or hostility.

Half-closed eyes may suggest fatigue, boredom or indifference. But add a lowered tilt of the head, a fluttering of the eyelids and a slight smile, and we get a coy and flirtatious message.

Strangely enough, one of the eye features over which we have very little control--the size of our pupils--says something about our interest in a subject. If we like something, our pupils get larger. Studies show that most men think a woman with large pupils is more "attractive" than the same woman with small pupils. But the men aren't really conscious of the pupils. They just know they like

the "looks" better in the samples with large pupils. No wonder eye make-up is so popular.

Eyebrows are almost like signal flags: one brow up, one down suggests doubt, disbelief or uncertainty. Both up means surprise or mistrust. Squeeze them together and we get a frown or scowl.

The lips shape non-verbal as well as verbal messages. The smile is the most obvious, but try baring the teeth just on one side or pull the lips tightly across the teeth and the smile becomes a snarl and a threat. In this, and in many of our other body gestures, we are close to the animals.

The lower lip by itself can say little things. The "pout" is a fat lower lip pushed way out. It means "I'm not happy because I'm not getting what I want." But if we tuck the lower lip into our mouth and bite it, we are conveying anxiety and fear. Licking the lips is a "dry mouth" gesture which usually means stress or anxiety.

There are whole books written on hand gestures, and, in fact, hand or sign language has often been highly developed, especially as an aid to the deaf. But the routine hand language, such as pointing with the index finger to accuse someone, or the clenched fist beating in the air to threaten someone, is familiar to us all. But a clenched fist held close to the body usually means tension or anxiety while the open hands, palms up may mean "I'm innocent" or "give me" or "forgive me".

Both hands raised up and facing the audience means "I give up" or "I surrender". But tilt the hands and palm down and extend the arm and it means "I bless" or "I give". The "pat on the head" is a kind of blessing or gesture of love and giving. We clap hands to indicate approval or in some cases to call someone or get attention.

When the hands get very busy we say that someone "talks with his hands" and among certain individuals and cultures it is almost impossible to talk without a wild display of hand motions.

If we are slightly puzzled by something, we may bring our finger to our lips. If it's a real puzzler, we scratch or rub our heads. If we do something wrong, we slap our heads. To start allover something, we often begin by taking our head in both hands to sort of clear our minds and "set our head on straight".

These are only a sampling of the many types of body language. There are books which discuss everything from the way we pull an ear to the way we cross our legs. From the looks of things, the only people who don't communicate with body language are the writers. Readers never get to see how often the writer frowns, scratches his chin, slaps his head, purses his lips, stares at the ceiling and throws up his arms.

Task 8

In contemporary English, there are many reported differences in the talk of males and females . In same gender pairs having conversations, women generally discuss their personal feelings more than men . Men appear to prefer non-personal topics such as sport and news . Men tend to respond to mention personal experiences that match or connect with the other woman’s . There is a pattern documented in the American English social context of women cooperating and seeking connection via language, whereas men are more competitive and concerned with power via language . In mixed-gender pairs having conversations, the rate of men interrupting women is substantially greater than he reverse. Women are reported to use more expressions associated with tentativeness , such as “hedges”(sort of , kind of ) and “tags”(isn’t it ? , don’t you ?) , when expressing an opinion : Well ,erm , I think that golf is kind of boring , don’t you ?

Unit 10

Task 1

【答案】

A.

Names of the States Meanings

Illinois Brave Men

Connecticut At the Long River Mouth

Hawaii Homeland

B.

1) T

2) F

3) T

【原文】

People who visited the United States sometimes wonder how the states got their names. Some of the most interesting names came from American Indian language. For example, Illinois, was named for the Indians who used to live in that part of the country. In their language, Illinois means “Brave Men”. Connecticut means “At the Long River Mouth” in the language of the Indians who used to live there.

Twenty-five of the states have Indian names, but other names were taken from different languages. Georgia and Pennsylvania have names which were taken from the Latin language. Florida and Colorado were named by Spanish people. States like New Hampshire and New Jersey were named for places in England.

The two newest states have names which did not come from any of those languages. Hawaii got its name from a word in the Hawaiian language which means “Homeland.” Alaska was named by the Russians, from whom Alaska was bought in 1867.

Task 2

【答案】

A.

1) Probably between 2000 B.C. and 1400 B.C.

2) About four tons.

3) They might have been sent on rivers and rolled over land on tree trunks.

4) By hand.

B.

meeting place; sunrise; sunset; worship; observatory; computer; eclipses

【原文】

The circle of stones that can be seen at Stonehenge on the Salisbury Plain in England is one of the oldest and most mysterious monuments in the world. The monument was probably put up between 2000 B.C. and 1400 B.C. When it was completed it consisted of a double circle of stones, with two more groups of stones outside the circles. Many of the stones used in this monument must have been transported over 250 miles to Stonehenge. Single stones, some of them weighing about four tons, must have been sent on rivers and rolled over land on tree trunks. They can't have been carried! The men who moved the stone didn't have wheels or horses. Each stone had to be moved by hand and placed in position. They were fitted together with great technical skill.

There are many theories about the purpose of the stones. Stonehenge was certainly a meeting place. The stones have been arranged in a particular way to mark sunrise and sunset at certain times during the year. This may have been a place of worship of the sun and also an observatory. One interesting theory suggests that the stones were some kind of computer which was used to predict eclipses of the sun and moon.

Task 3

【答案】

Time Descriptions

About 30,000 years ago Who painted the pictures?

People who hunted animals.

What was painted?

Animals they wanted to catch and kill.

Where were the paintings found?

On the walls of caves in France and Spain.

Why did people paint the pictures?

Perhaps pictures had a magic purpose; perhaps the painters thought

that their pictures would help them to catch these animals; or per-haps human beings have always wanted to tell stories in pictures.

About 5,000 years ago Who began to use pictures as a kind of writing?

The Egyptians and other people in the Near East.

What did the simple pictures and signs represent? Things and ideas, and also the sounds of their language. How did the Egyptians record information or tell stories? By putting picture-writing and pictures together.

By 1000 B.C. Who developed a simpler system of writing?

People who lived in the area around the Mediterranean Sea.

Why was this system simpler?

Because each sign, or letter, represented only one sound in their language.

Who copied the Greek system and developed an alphabet that is used all over the world?

The Rom ans.

At present What are some of the pictures we still use today?

Drawings, photographs, signs and diagrams.

【原文】

Human beings have been painting pictures for at least 30,000 years. The earliest pictures were painted by people who hunted animals. They used to paint pictures of the animals they wanted to catch and kill. Pictures of this kind have been found on the walls of caves in France and Spain. No one knows why they were painted there. Perhaps the painter thought that their pictures would help them to catch these animals. Or perhaps human beings have always wanted to tell stories in pictures.

About 5,000 years ago the Egyptians and other people in the Near East began to use pictures as a kind of writing. They drew simple pictures or signs to represent things and ideas, and also to represent the sounds of their language. The signs these people used became a kind of alphabet.

The Egyptians used to record information and to tell stories by putting picture-writing and pictures together. When an important person died, scenes and stories from his life were painted and carved on the walls of the place where he was buried. Some of these pictures are like modem comic-strip stories. It has been said that Egypt is the home of the comic strip. But, for the Egyptians, pictures still had magic power. So they did not try to make their way of writing simple. The ordinary people could not understand it.

By the year 1,000 BC, people who lived in the area around the Mediterranean Sea bad developed a simpler system of writing. The signs they used were very easy to write, and there were fewer of them than in the Egyptian system. This was because each sign, or letter, represented only one sound in their language. The Greeks developed this system and formed the letter of the Greek alphabet. The Romans copied the idea, and the Roman alphabet is now used all over the world.

These days, we can write down a story, or record information, without using pictures. But we still need pictures of all kinds, drawings, photographs, signs and diagrams. We find them everywhere: in books and newspapers, in the street, and on the walls of the places where we live and work. Pictures help us to understand and remember things more easily, and they can make a story much more interesting.

Task 4

【答案】

1) In the 1lth century A.D. 2) A little over 16,000. 3) A centre of the wool trade. 4) Almost a thousand years. 5) 900 square metres 6)The Netherlands. 7) 96 metres. 8) Salisbury Cathedral in the west of England.

【原文】

The earliest use of the name Norwich is on an Anglo-Saxon coin, from the time of King Athelstan(924-939). You can see the word "Norvic" round the edge. We know that the Anglo-Saxons

fanned in this district, and had a market. We think the Normans held their market in the same place, so Norwich market is nearly 1,000 years old. For centuries people have come to the market to buy and sell, and today Norwich has the largest open-air market in England.

When the Normans conquered England in the 1lth century A.D., Norwich was one of the largest cities in England, with a population of 5,500. Under the Normans the city became a centre of the wool trade. Since 1066 no foreign army has invaded Britain, but many refugees had fled from Europe and settled in different parts of the country. In the 16th century many weavers came to Norwich from the Netherlands to escape religious problems at home. These cloth-workers numbered about 6,000 of the population of just over 16,000. A large building was called after these settlers, Strangers' Hall.

William the Conqueror built a wooden castle in Norwich in 1067, and 60 years later the Normans built a stone castle. At first it was an army centre, but from 1220 to 1887 the castle was the prison for the whole county of Norfolk. Down in the dungeons you can still see death masks of the prisoners. This Norman castle is one of the largest in England. Its walls are 21 metres high, 30 metres along each side and 3 metres thick. The early walls were made of Caen stone, but between 1834 and 1839 builders repaired the walls with new stone from Bath.

Norwich Cathedral, in the heart of the city, is one of the most beautiful in Britain. The first Bishop of Norwich began the cathedral in 1069. He brought beautiful white stone from Caen, in Normandy. The Normans shipped the stone to Great Yarmouth on the coast, and then up the river Wensum. The builders had to dig a short canal from the river to the cathedral. People used this canal for about 300 years, but now you cannot see it. Its path was from the street called Lower Close to Pulls Ferry. Another bishop added the spire in the 15th century. It is 96 metres high, so only Salisbury Cathedral in the west of England is taller. Inside the cathedral there are wonderful Norman columns and a beautiful roof. Between 1465 and 1536 workers carved and painted stories from the Bible on special bosses.

Task 5

【答案】

1) During the 18th and early 19th centuries

2) The harnessing of a whole range of newly devised machinery: first to water wheels and later to a completely new source of power — steam.

3) Large factories replaced small workshop and craftsman's cottages.

4) Because people wanted to transport goods and raw materials more cheaply and efficiently.

5) More than 100 years.

6) Industrial sites have been restored, buildings saved and machinery preserved.

【原文】

Britain's industrial heritage is probably richer than that of any other nation, for it was here during the course of the 18th and early 19th centuries that occurred the series of major technological advances which heralded the greatest social and economic upheaval in the history of mankind — the upheaval which became known as the Industrial Revolution.

Mining, iron-smelting, the making of textiles and pottery--all these industries had been carried on in Britain for centuries. What was revolutionary was the sheer scale of production made possible by the harnessing of a whole range of newly devised machinery: first to water wheels and later to a completely new source of power — steam.

This enormous and rapid increase in mechanization took British industry out of the small work-shop and craftsman's cottage and into the factory, perhaps employing thousands of workers. Entire new cities were developed in the new industrial centres to house them.

Meanwhile, advances in industry were matched by development in engineering and transport. New networks of roads and canals were constructed to transport goods and raw materials more cheaply and efficiently. Later still came the railways.

The speed of this transformation was dramatic. In less than 100 years from the middle of the 18th century, Britain changed from a predominantly agricultural nation into the world's first great industrial power--the envy of all, and the model for industrialization everywhere.

Today, Britain is a treasure-house of relics from this remarkable period. Thanks to the increasing

interest in industrial archaeology, many important industrial sites have been restored, buildings and other structures have been saved from demolition, and machinery of all types, including examples of the world's earliest steam engines, have been preserved--either in site or as exhibits in one of the growing number of industrial museums.

Then there are several mines and other industrial undertakings run as "working" museums, lovingly preserved steam railways, companies still using traditional methods who welcome visitors... The list is endless. Add to it the many surviving relics of an even earlier age, such as windmills, water mills, medieval mines and ancient quarries, and you have a unique and fascinating record of industrial development down the centuries.

Task 6

【答案】

A.

1) T 2) F 3) T 4) F 5) T 6) F

B.

1) religious ceremonies; market places 2) grow more and more food; noisy and polluted; water population 3) a civil war; environmental reasons

【原文】

During the Mayan Classical Period, from 300 to 900 A.D., the central area was very important culturally. There were many large ceremonial centers in the central area. Tikal was the largest known center. Originally, people did not live in these centers. The centers were used only for religious ceremonies, and as market places. These centers were empty except on market days and religious festivals. At those times thousands of people came in from the countryside.

Apparently, toward the end of the Classical Period, in about 700 A.D., more and more people began to move into these market centers. They used these market centers as a place to live. This increase in population caused problems for the farmers near the centers. The farmers near the market centers had only a small amount of good farming land. But they had to grow more and more food on their land in order to feed the people in the market centers. It became more and more difficult for them to raise enough food.

Because of overcrowding, the centers became noisy and polluted. Water pollution was one of the greatest problems in the centers. Because the population grew so quickly, the centers didn't have good enough systems for bringing in clean water and for getting rid of dirty water.

So this movement to the market centers caused several serious problems for the Mayas in the central area.

At the end of the 9th century, the population in the market centers dropped sharply. Many people moved to the north--to places like Uxmal and Kabah. The market places, the great buildings, the great artistic achievements were left behind.

Historians have studied these questions. Why did the population drop? Why did the Mayas leave the market areas? Why did they move to the North where it was so dry and where the soil was so poor?

One theory is that the centers collapsed because of war. There might have been a civil war between the farmers and the people who governed.

Another theory is that the centers collapsed because of environmental reasons. The overcrowding, the pollution may have caused such serious problems that people were no longer able to live in the centers.

In any case, the greater Mayan civilization began to decline around 900 A.D. People are still studying the Mayan culture and trying to learn about why the civilization declined.

Task 7

【答案】

1) More than three thousand. 2) To predict the future.

3) They saw nature as numerous gods using magic, and called their gods called gui-shen, a word for

ghost or spirit.

4) They believed that the gods could exercise either benevolent or malevolent magic, and they

attempted to bribe the gods.

5) Because they believed that if offerings to the dead were discontinued, the spirits of the dead would

become lost and starving ghosts who, in revenge, might do evil.

6) One of the reasons was males alone were allowed to perform rituals at gravesites.

【原文】

It was around 1300 B.C. that the first known writing appeared in the Shang civilization—writing that developed more than three thousand characters, partly pictorial and partly phonetic. This writing was done on plate-like portions of the bones of cattle or deer, on seashells and turtle shells and perhaps on wood. They were inscriptions concerned with predicting the future. By applying a pointed, heated rod to a bone or shell, the item cracked, and to which written symbol the crack traveled gave answers for various questions: what the weather was going to be like, would there be flood, would a harvest succeed or fail, when might be the best time for hunting or fishing, questions about illness or whether one should make a journey.

The people of the Shang civilization appeared to have had the same religious impulses as others. They saw nature as numerous gods using magic, gods called gui-shen, a word for ghost or spirit. They had a god they thought produced rain. They had a god of thunder and a god for each mountain, river and forest. They had a mother god of the sun, a moon goddess, and a god of the wind. Like others who worked the soil, they had a fertility god. They believed in a master god who had a palace in the center of heaven and who rewarded people for being virtuous.

Like priests in West Asia, the priests of the Shang civilization made sacrifices to their gods, attempting to bribe them, believing that the gods could exercise either benevolent or malevolent magic. The frequency of floods and other calamities led the people of Shang civilization to believe

that some gods were good and others demonic. And they believed in an evil god who led travelers astray and devoured people.

The people of the Shang civilization believed in an invisible heaven that people went to when they died. Shang kings told their subjects that heaven was where the ancestors of the Shang kings dwelled. Aristocrats were concerned with their status and boasted about their ancestral roots. They kept records of their family tree, and they saw their ancestors as going back to gods who often took the form of animals--gods who became family symbols like the totems. The common people, on the other hand, had no surnames and no pedigree and did not participate in ancestor worship.

Aristocrats believed that humans had a spirit that was created at conception. They believed that this spirit both continued to reside in one's body after death and ascended to the invisible world where the spirits and the dead dwelled. Aristocrats believed that in this invisible world their ancestors re-sided in the court of the gods and had powers to help guide and assist their living descendants. Aristocrats saw their ancestors as needing nourishment. At gravesites they offered food and wine to their deceased family members and ancestors — a ritual that males alone were allowed to perform, adding to the preference for the birth of a male into a family. They believed that if offerings to the dead were discontinued, the spirits of the dead would become lost and starving ghosts who, in revenge, might do evil. When an aristocrat wanted a special favor from an ancestor, he supplemented the offerings by sacrificing animals. And, like Abraham, the Shang knew of human sacrifice. If a king wanted a special favor from the gods, he might sacrifice a human.

Task 8

【答案】

A.

Clocks Through Time

About 3,000 years ago sundials, candles, and water clocks

About 600 years ago the first clock with a face and an hour hand

1657 pendulum clocks (also called "grandfather clocks")

40 years later minute and second hands added

By 1900 clocks and watches becoming popular

Today electric clocks

B.

1) Someone was inspired by shadows moving around trees as the sun moves across the sky.

2) Candles had to be remade, and water clocks had to be refilled.

3) Because the clocks were beautifully decorated and people were not concerned about knowing the

exact time.

4) Because the weight on the pendulum could be moved up or down to make the clock go faster or slower.

5) Digital clocks do not have face or hands. They tell the time with a set of numerals that appear in a

little window.

【原文】

It was probably around 3,000 years ago that people first began inventing ways to help themselves measure the time. Having observed that shadow move around trees as the sun moves across the sky, someone drew a circle and put a stick in the center. As the sun passed overhead, he marked even division on the circle as the shadow of the stick crossed it. Then people could tell which part of the day it was by noticing which mark on the circle the shadow fell across. These circles were called "sundials". Later, they were made of stone and metal to last longer.

Of course, a sundial did not work at night or on cloudy days, so men kept inventing(发明) other ways to keep track of time. After glass blowing was invented, the hourglass came into use. An hourglass is a glass container for measuring time in which sand moves slowly from the top half to the bottom in exactly one hour. The hourglass is turned over every hour so the sand could flow again.

A water clock was another way to tell time. A container had a line with a number beside it for every hour. It also had a tiny hole in the bottom. The container was filled with water that dripped through the hole. When the water level reached the first line, one hour had passed. Each time the water level fell to another line, one more hour has passed.

Candles and water clocks helped people know how much time had gone by. But candles had to be remade, and water clocks had to be refilled. So, after glass blowing was invented, the hourglass came into use. Glass bulbs were joined by a narrow tunnel of glass, and fine, dry sand was placed in the top bulb. The hourglass was easy to use, but it had to be turned over every hour so the sand could flow again.

It was about 600 years ago that the first clock with the face and an hour hand was made. One of the first clocks with a face and an hour hand was built for a king of France and placed in the tower of his palace. The clock did not show minutes or seconds. Since there were no planes or trains to catch, people were not worried about knowing the exact time.

Gradually, clocks began to be popular and unusual. One clock was in the shape of a cart with a horse and driver. One of the wheels was the face of the clock.

Watches came into use as soon as clocks were made small enough to be carried. These did not always tell the correct time, either. They were often put into beautiful watchcases, which were made to look like anything the owner wanted.

The pendulum clock was invented in l657. This was the beginning of the style of clocks we call "grandfather clocks", which were enclosed in tall wooden boxes. Pendulum clocks showed the hours more exactly than earlier clocks, since the weight on the pendulum could be moved up or down to make the clock go faster or slower. About forty years later, minute and second hands were put on some clocks. Grandfather clocks are very much in demand again today. They are usually very expensive, however, and require more space than other styles of clocks.

As people began to go to more places and do more things, they were more interested in knowing the correct time. By 1900, almost every house had a clock, and nearly every well-dressed gentleman wore a watch on a chain tucked in his vest pocket.

Today, of course, we have electric clocks that keep giving the right time until the electricity goes off Scientists have invented clocks that look like 1arge machines and tell the correct time to a split second.

The most modem electric clocks for home use do not have faces or hands. These clocks are called digital clocks, and they tell the time with a set of numerals which appear in a little window. The seconds are counted off like the tenths of a mile on the meter of a car.

Many electric c1ocks are combined with radios, which can sometimes be set to turn on automatically. Thus instead of an alarm ringing in your ear in the morning, you can hear soft music

playing when it is time to get up. Some clocks will even start the coffee maker!

Task 9

【答案】

A.

1) F 2) T 3) F 4) T 5) F 6) F 7) T

B.

1) London; Paris; geological difficulties; crowded; rocky

2) the height of the skyscrapers; anything but flat

3) dug a trench; laid the rails

4) unskilled laborers; Irish; Italian; specialists

5) explosives; rubble; framing; deadly

【原文】

Scott Simon: When the New York City subway was built 100 years ago, it was a marvel of (Host) engineering--it still is. Other subways had already been started in London, Paris, a few other places, but the geological difficulties of building an underground system on a

crowded and rocky island were unique. As part of NPR's series on the 100-year

anniversary of the New York City subway system, Robert Smith travels to the deepest

station in Manhattan to tell the story of the men who built it.

Robert Smith: It's easy to think that the only vertical variation in Manhattan is in the height of the (Reporter) skyscrapers, but New York City on the ground is anything but flat. Riding the path of the original subway line, you can see the challenge that early builders faced. North

of Harlem, the subway emerges from a tunnel, and within seconds it's racing along a

high trestle over the Manhattan valley.

Ms. Vivian Heller: It's actually very hilly.

(Author, The City Beneath Us)

Robert Smith: Vivian Heller is the author of The City Beneath Us, the history of the subway system.

As the subway plunges back underground, she points out the window at the other thing

that made building subways so difficult.

Ms. Vivian Heller: The actual rock itself is so treacherous and unstable, that was another element that they had to work with that was tricky.

Robert Smith: The early workers built most of the subway with a technique known as cut and coven They dug a trench, laid the rails, and then covered it over again. But up here

in-northern Manhattan, cut and cover would have made the subway feel like a roller

coaster, so in order to keep the train level, planners had to go deep.

Ms. Vivian Heller: It was 180 feet, so it was really a mining operation because of the depth involved.

So now we're at 191st Street.

Voice: A hundred and ninety-first.

Ms. Vivian Heller: This is the Ft. George tunnel section.

Simon: "This station is at the deepest point of the original line, and it has the wet chill of a cave. This section would prove the most challenging to the chief engineer and

visionary of the New York subway," William Barclay Parsons.

Ms. Vivian Heller: He was chosen to be chief engineer when he was 35 years old, and many people felt that he was much too young for this huge undertaking. He was interrogated

very closely and revealed a knowledge of all of the systems of the city that was

incredibly minute and detailed, and actually he just astonished everyone.

Robert Smith: The cut-and-cover sections of the subway were built mostly by unskilled laborers, African-Americans and Irish and Italian immigrants. But Par-sons knew he would

need specialists for the tunneling sections. Clifton Hood is a history professor at

Hobart and William Smith Colleges. He wrote a subway history called 722 Miles. Professor Clifton Hood: These were miners who came from the anthracite coal mines in eastern (Author, 722 Miles) Pennsylvania. They came from silver mines in Colorado,

from the Klondike gold strike. They came from South Africa's gold and diamond

mines. They were highly skilled workers who were paid about $3.75 a day, which

was quite a good wage in those times, and they came with real skills.

Robert Smith: Not much is known about the men's lives. They stayed in rowdy boarding houses up above the tunnel in Washington Heights, and dance halls and casinos opened to

serve them. In photos from the time, they stand with their faces in deep shadow,

their black hats and vests covered in a light rock dust. They would drill holes for

explosives, set them off, clear out the rubble, build framing; and then do it all over

again. It was loud and smelly work and sometimes deadly. The worst disaster in

the building of the subway took place just a few hundred feet from the 191st Street

station in October of 1903. Author Vivian Heller.

Ms. Vivian Heller: The poignant thing about the Ft. George disaster is that the tunnel was almost completed when it occurred, and the schedule had been stepped up. The contractor

was pressing the foremen, so they had gone from doing two blasts a day to doing

three blasts a day.

Robert Smith: After one of those blasts, a supervisor gave the all clear and the men went back inside the tunnel. Then a 300-ten boulder fell from the roof.

Professor Clifton Hood: Six are killed instantly and several more are very, very badly hurt. There's a Catholic priest who bravely goes down, ministers the last rites to these men, most

of them Italian men crushed so badly they're not recognizable, their names aren't

even known. They're described in the newspapers just by their employment

number.

Robert Smith: Engineer William Parsons, when he wrote about the incident in his journal, didn't even mention that in the end 10 people died in the accident. Clifton Hood

says that in the technological triumph of the subway, the story of the people who

built it has gotten lost.

Professor Clifton Hood: We ignore these workers. They're not given much attention in the triumphal accounts of the subways. You don't see their images on any of the stations. Most

New Yorkers who ride through the subway don't give a single thought to the fact

that real people actually built it, and in some cases died and were injured building

it. That's a part of the story that I think we really need to get back in.

Robert Smith: The only monument that exists to the workers of the tunnels is the sub-way itself and the city it transformed. Robert Smith, NPR News, New York.

Task 10

The University of Oxford, situated in the city of Oxford, England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world . The universities of Oxford and Cambridge are sometimes referred to collectively as Oxbridge. The two universities have a long history of competition with each other, as they are two oldest and most famous universities in England.

The date of Oxford’s foundation is unknown, and indeed it may not have been a single event , but there is evidence of teaching there as early as 1096. When Henry II of England of forbade English students to study at the University of Paris in 1167, Oxford began to grow very quickly . The foundation of the first halls of residence, which later became college, dates from this period and later. Following the murder of two students accused of rape in 1209, the University was disbanded, and this led to the foundation of the University of Cambridge. In 1214, the University returned to Oxford with a charter, and the University’s status was formally confirmed.

Unit 13

Task 1

【答案】

1) He was wearing rubber boots and a dirty jacket. He needed a hair cut badly and was unshaven.

2) Because it was hard for him to believe such a man could afford to buy sixteen expensive cars.

3) He asked the young man to leave.

4) He went to a showroom on the other side of the street and asked for sixteen cars.

5) He took a bundle of bank notes out of his pocket and paid for the cars in cash.

6) He explained that the cars were for himself and his fifteen colleagues. He and his colleagues

worked on a Norwegian fishing-boat. They had all earned a lot of money that season, and they want to buy cars.

【原文】

A young man went to a car showroom. He was wearing rubber boots and a dirty jacket. He needed a hair cut badly and was unshaven. The young man looked at an expensive car carefully and then turned to speak to the salesman.

“How much does this car cost?” he said.

“One thousand two hundred and eighteen pounds,” th e salesman said.

“I’ll have sixteen of them,” the young man said.

The salesman smiled. He found it hard to be polite. “You are joking, of course,” he said. “I’m afraid we can’t help you. This car is not for sale.”

The salesman showed his customer to the door, and the young man left the shop without a word. He went to a showroom on the other side of the street and asked for sixteen cars. The second salesman was polite and helpful. The young man took a bundle of bank notes out of his pocket and paid for the cars in cash. He explained that the cars were for himself and his fifteen colleagues. He said that he and his colleagues worked on a Norwegian fishing-boat. “We have all earned a lot of money this season.” The man said, “and we want to buy cars.”

Naturally, the second salesman was delighted.

Task 2

【答案】

A.

1) It is Victorian brass.

2) The stallholder says it's worth twenty quid.

3) The stallholder is asking fifteen for it.

4) It means “pound”.

5) He says that Lucy must be joking, and he paid more than that for it himself.

B.

1) Fifteen, fourteen, thirteen, and twelve fifty.

2) Ten, eleven, twelve and twelve fifty.

【原文】

Lucy: Excuse me.

Stallholder: Yes, Miss?

Lucy: How much do you want for this plate?

Stallholder: Let me see. Oh, yes.., that's a lovely example of Victorian brass. It's worth twenty quid.

Lucy: Twenty pounds! Oh, that's too much for me. It's a pity. It's really nice.

Stallholder: Ah, I said it's worth twenty quid. I'm only asking fifteen for it.

Lucy: Fifteen pounds?

Lucy: Excuse me.

Stallholder: Yes, Miss?

Lucy: How much do you want for this plate?

Stallholder: Let me see. Oh, yes.., that's a lovely example of Victorian brass. It's worth twenty quid.

Lucy: Twenty pounds! Oh, that's too much for me. It's a pity. It's really nice.

Stallholder: Ah, I said it's worth twenty quid. I'm only asking fifteen for it.

Lucy: Fifteen pounds?

Stallholder: Yes. It's a real bargain.

Lucy: Oh, I'm sure it is, but I can't afford that!

Stallholder: Well, look.., just for you, I'll make it fourteen quid. I can't go any lower than that.

Lucy: I'll give you ten.

Stallholder: Ten! Come on, love. You must be joking! I paid more than that for it myself. Fourteen. It's worth every penny.

Lucy: Well, perhaps I could give you eleven.

Stallholder: Thirteen. That's my final offer.

Lucy: Twelve.

Stallholder: Twelve fifty.

Lucy: All right, twelve fifty.

Stallholder: There you are, love. You've got a real bargain there.

Lucy: Yes, thank you very much.

Task 3

【答案】

A.

1) make out 2) draw out 3) letters 4) ONL Y; words 5) amount; numbers 6) last, signature

B.

3, March, 2011; Cash; Twenty pounds only;￡20----00; signature

【原文】

Alex: Good morning.

Cashier: Good morning.

Alex: I would…I would like to know how to make o ut this check?

Cashier: Right. Em... Do you want to draw out some money?

Alex: Yes. ￡200.

Cashier: ￡ 200. OK. Well, the first thing you need to do is write today's date in the top right-hand corner where you see the line, at the top you write just today's date...and the year. You must put the year in. And if you want to draw out money after it says PAY...can you see over on the left-hand side?

Alex: The first...line?

Cashier: That's it. On the first line it says PAY and you write CASH afterwards.

Alex: In letters?

Cashier: Yes. CASH, you write CASH, OK? Then below that, right below that, you have to write the amount of money you want. So just two hundred pounds and then you write ONL Y at the end in words. Then at the end of that line where you can see the box, see over on the right-hand side, you have to write the amount you want in numbers. And then below the box, the last thing you have to do in the bottom right-hand corner is just write your signature.

Alex: Thank you very much.

Cashier: Okay. Bye-bye then.

Alex: Bye.

Task 4

【答案】

A.

1) $7.56 2) $0.6 for 8 percent sales tax. 3) $8.16 4) $10.16 5) 2 bucks.

B.

1) tube; $1.09; bars; $.85; tube; $1.39; bottle; $.79; box; $.99; $.29; stick; $.98; tube; $.89; package; $.69 2) Here's your change

【原文】

Cashier: Next?

Li: I'm next.

Cashier: Let's see now. You have one family-size tube of tooth paste: $1.09. Three bars of soap: $.85.

A tube of shampoo: $1.39. A bottle of aspirin: $.79. One box of Kleenex: $.99. A comb: $.29.

One stick of deodorant: $.98. A tube of shaving cream: $.89. A package of razor blades: $.69.

That's $7.56, and 8 percent sales tax. Total: $8.16.

Li: Here's a 10-dollar bill.

Cashier: Got 16￠, Mister?

Li: Just a minute. I'll look. Yes. Here you are, 16￠.

Cashier: Thanks. Here's your change. Next, please. Please step up.

Li: Excuse me, Miss. You gave me $1 in change. My bill was $8.16 and I gave you a 10-dollar bill.

Cashier: Oh, yeah. Sorry, Mister. Here's your buck. Next, please.

Task 5

【答案】

A

1) There are 10 denominations, namely $10,000; $5,000, $1,000; $500; $100; $50, $20, $10, $5 and

$1. 2) They are the same size and the same green color. 3) The best bet is to forget the pictures and concentrate on the large numbers in all four comers on the front and back. 4) There are five denominations of coins: $.01 or 1￠; $.05 or 5￠; $. 10 or 10￠; $.25 or 25￠; and $.50 or 50￠.

5) No, they aren’t. Because a dime is smaller than either a nickel or a penny.

B.

1) $1; $5; $10; $20 2) White House; Treasury Building; Lincoln Memorial; “ONE”; American insignia 3) cash; bucks; dough; bread; moolah; greenbacks; a dollar; a single; a buck; a bill; five dollars; a fiver; a five spot; five bucks; singles; a ten; ten bucks; ten spot 4) penny; cent; one cent; nickel; five cents; dime; ten cents; quarter; two bits; twenty-five cents; fifty-cent piece 5) change; small change; silver; silver

【原文】

The US government prints paper money in the following denominations: $10,000; $5,000; $1,000; $500; $100; $50; $20; $10; $5 and $1.

You, and almost everybody else, will never see some of these bills; twenties, tens, fives and ones are the most commonly used. You will find a picture of George Washington on the $1 bill, Abraham Lincoln on the $5, Alexander Hamilton on the $10 and Andrew Jackson on the $20. There are also pictures on the back: the White House on the $20, the Treasury Building on the $10, the Lincoln Memorial on the $5 and a big "ONE" and the American insignia on the $1. However, all paper bills are the same size and the same green color, so you have to look carefully before handing someone money and when receiving change. Your best bet is to forget the pictures and concentrate on the large numbers in all four comers of the front and back.

Money in general is referred to as: "cash", "bucks", "dough", "bread", "moolah", "greenbacks", etc. A one-dollar bill is most often called "a dollar", "a single", "a buck" or "a bill"; a five-dollar bill is "five dollars", "a fiver", "a five spot" or "five bucks". Five singles make five dollars. A ten-dollar bill might be "a ten", "ten bucks" or a "ten spot".

There are, of course, 100 cents in a dollar. Coins come in the following denominations: $.01 or 1￠; $.05 or 5￠; $. 10 or 10￠; $.25 or 25￠; and $.50 or 50￠. They are referred respectively to a penny, a cent, or one cent; a nickel or five cents; a dime or ten cents; a quarter, two bits or twenty-five cents; and a fifty-cent piece.

Coins are called "change", "small change" or "silver", though they aren't made of silver anymore. Coins are generally recognized by their size, but somebody "goofed" on the dime, which is smaller than either a nickel or a penny. All the others are in size order.

Task 6

【答案】

1) It means we don't carry most of our weekly or monthly wage around in our pockets, and we don't leave it at home where it might easily be stolen. 2) Because we don't want to travel around the city with hundreds of dollars in cash to pay these bills, nor do we want to waste the time and carfare.

3) The author recommends an account that is a savings and a checking account in one. 4) Because often commercial banks have many offices in a city or town.

5) You sign your name on the back of the check, mark it "for deposit only" and deposit the money in your account. 6) It is generally about $4 per month or 15￠for every check you write.

7) You should have received in the mail all your bills, such as the rent, the gas and electricity, the phone, perhaps a doctor or dentist bill, etc. 8) You can use a small plastic card to tell the computer to transfer the same amount of money from your savings to your checking account. 9) No, it doesn’t. 10) The computer will oblige as long as you have the amount you're asking for in your account.

【原文】

We have a rule of thumb: "Don't carry around any more cash than you can afford to have stolen."

This means we don't carry most of our weekly or monthly wage around in our pockets, and we don't leave it at home where it might easily be stolen.

Furthermore, we have to pay certain bills every month. We don't want to travel around the city with hundreds of dollars in cash to pay these bills, nor do we want to waste the time and carfare. So we need bank accounts. And so do you.

The kinds of savings and checking accounts available in the US are numerous and complex, but as you will have only a small amount of money to deal with each month, your choices are limited. Let us recommend to you an account that is both a savings and a checking account in one. Though they are called by a wide variety of names —each bank gives its account a different name —they all follow essentially the same pattern. We think that savings banks generally give slightly better deals to people like you with little money, but you should ask people in your area what's the best, cheapest and most convenient. Often commercial banks have many, many more offices in a city or town, and that makes banking easier for you.

How does all this work? You receive your monthly money from the Chinese government, probably in the form of a check, a piece of paper with your name on it and the amount you are entitled to, say $420. You sign your name on the back of the check, mark it "for deposit only" and deposit the money in your account. Then you withdraw, say, $50 to pay for groceries, carfare and other daily expenses, "spending money" or "pocket money". The remaining $370 will earn about 5 percent interest from the day it is deposited until the day you take it out. In this way, your interest on the savings account may be enough money to cover the cost of the account, generally about $4 per month or 15￠for every check you write.

By about the 10th of every month you should have received in the mail all your bills — the rent, the gas and electricity, the phone, perhaps a doctor or dentist bill, etc. You sit down with your check book and write a check to pay each person. Put each check in the proper envelope, which generally has a return envelope with it, stamp them and mail them. You add up the checks — let's say it's $220, and go to your bank. With a small plastic card you can give a computer directions regarding your account: you can tell the computer to transfer $220 from your savings to your checking account. That $220 will no longer earn any interest; it will sit in your checking account until the landlord and the others take your checks and deposit them in their banks. Then, the proper amount will be deducted from your checking account and everybody will be happy. If your original $50 cash runs out, you can take your little plastic card and ask the computer to give you some cash. The computer will oblige as long as you have the amount you're asking for in your account. If you don't — computers are very smart!

Task 7

【答案】

A.

1) F 2) F 3) T 4) F 5) T

B.

1) The goods bought by hire purchase are, in almost every case, goods that will last —radio and television sets, washing machines, refrigerators, motor-cars and motor-cycles, and articles of furniture.

2) It helps newly-married couples with small incomes to furnish their homes; increases the demand for goods, and in this way helps trade and employment; and by hire purchase, families can spend less money, or perhaps no money, in useless or perhaps harmful ways, for example, on too much alcohol drink.

3) There is the danger that when trade is bad, hire purchase buying may end suddenly and make trade

much worse, with, as a result, a great increase in unemployment.

【原文】

This system of buying goods became very common during the first half of the twentieth century. Today a large proportion of all the families in Great Britain buy furniture, household goods and cars by hire purchase. In the USA, the proportion is much higher than in Great Britain, and people there spend over 10 percent of their income on hire purchase installments.

The goods bought by hire purchase are, in almost every case, goods that will last — radio and

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