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一个完美的市场【外文翻译】(01)

一个完美的市场【外文翻译】(01)
一个完美的市场【外文翻译】(01)

外文翻译

外文文献译文

一个完美的市场

《经济人》出版社,2004年5月13日

2000年科技泡沫爆发时,很好网上公司好象消失了,众多的网上贸易也被迫流产。幸存的网上公司都缩小了业务量,好在与日俱增的互联网用户在激励着他们。现在,对网上公司的评价又有所提高了,并且很多公司的确也已开始赢利了,但工商界还是谨慎地评价互联网的潜能。就算这样,有人还是大胆的预言:世界上大量经济不久都会以某种方式移进电脑里。

一些数据说明了问题,据美国商务部不完全统计表明,去年网上零售额增加了26%,达到550亿美元。这听起来的确是一个很大的数目,这仅相当于全球零售业总额的1.6%。不难看出,大部分的成年消费者依然习惯传统的消费方式。

其实商务部公布的数据也仅仅涉及部分产业。例如:该数字不包括网上旅游服务,这一电子商务界最成功也是增长最快的行业之IAC(InterActiveCorp)是https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f02774158.html, 和https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f02774158.html,两个站的拥有者,去年仅它一家就有100亿美元的营业额。包括航空业、宾馆业、出租车公司在内的网上营业总额也有大幅攀升,但这些网上营业额攀升的企业在商务部的数字中并未得到体现。

同样,商务部的数字也没有包含金融服务、票务代理、网上色情(根据据美国一家成人杂志报道,去年美国网上色情业务业务额高达20亿美元)等行业在内。另外大量与博彩业相关的商业形为(世界范围内的网上博彩业营业额高达60亿美元)也没有提及。还有网上药店,很多美国人都喜欢跨国界买加拿大的药。

另外,商务部的数字虽然包括了拍卖网站的利润,却没有包含所拍卖成交货物的价值在内,据估算,其价值高达数百亿美元。去年仅eBay这家最大的拍卖网站出手的货物价值就高达240亿美元。按照商务部的规定,数十亿美元的成交货物总价值是没有包括其中的,况且很多B2B模式的商贸形为都是不公开的,例如沃尔玛公司就明确地告诫其供货商,若想成为其2500亿美元的营业额的一部分,必需采用自己的运转体系。

很容易看出电子商务已经很大,而且它将会变得更大了。

互联网正在深深地改变着消费者的消费行为。现在,有1/5的美国人在到商店购买电子产品前,会先到网上去看看最低的价钱,哪怕只省下一角钱的硬币。更让人吃惊的是,有3/4的美国人在购买新汽车之前都会首先想到互联网,尽管最终交易仍然会是用传统的方式---从经销商那购买。但是他们首先会到网上去了解有关要购汽车的各种信息,并且挑选最好的经销商。有时,他们还会到相关网站上去打印自己想买的汽车的资料。

作为资深调查顾问的福里斯特先生提供的图表显示,在欧洲6亿消费者中,有半数采取在网上查询商品信息,然后离线购买的方式来消费。当然不同国家又有不同的消费习惯,例如在意大利和西班牙,采取在网上查询然后离线购买的人数大约是网上直接购买的两倍。但在德国和英国这两个最发达的网络国家里,二者基本相当。福里斯特称,人们从网上购物一般都是从一些简单的物品开始的,如DVD光盘,然后向较复杂的商品过渡。在美国,二手汽车是一个增长最快的一个领域。

如果网站的导购工作得好的话,人们看起来是很乐意网上购物的。现在网站的做法越来越聪明,给顾客越多越好的服务。估计在将来,人们网上购物的份额占购物总额的比率会有很大的提高。

网站的建设对公司的商业活动的作用是巨大的。一个公司不注重网站的建设无异于是在商战中商业自杀。即使公司并不从事网上交易,但人们可以通过网站了解公司的品牌,产品和服务。一个无价值的网站往往说明了一个无价值的公司,它会在人们的鼠标下被无情的抛弃。所有一个公司必须要建设一个很棒的网站,以确保它能出现在人们每次搜索结果的前列。

对很多用户来说,一个搜索网站是他们进入互联网的接触点。全球知名的搜索引擎早已进入词典:人们会说他“谷歌”了一个公司,一个产品或是一个管道工。这种搜索行为也成为了互联网上最有成效的广告途径之一。并且这也是接近青少年这一顾客群体最好的方式,因为他们花在互联网上的时间远远超过看电视的时间。所有这些都说明,网上搜索成了互联网的一下个战场,例如,谷歌就是依赖其优异的搜索功能来抗衡雅虎和微软。

另一条忠告就是公司最好在一家已拥有相当访问量的网站上登载自己的商品信息和服务。易趣、雅虎、亚马逊正在某些方面成为众多公司的展示自己商品的巨大平台,不过一个公司要参与到这个平台中来,不得不经得住激烈的价格战。网上消

费者往往会拿商品网上报价与当地商店里作一比较,甚至会与别的国家的售价进行比较,即使网上销售在境外是被禁止的,也会有很多商家为他们服务。

芝加哥凯洛格管理学院莫汉伯.索赫尼教授说,现在人们的购物行为已经改变。例如,有人想买一部数码相机,他会先到商店里看看实物,了解了详情,选定好型号以后,他会跟售货员说:“我回去考虑一下”,他回家后会在网上查到该。型号相机的最低价,然后在网上进行购买。所以,教授认为消费者的购物行为不再遵循传统的购物模式。

不仅仅是价格的透明度让网络消费者变成强势,网络购物的模式也让人们容易“见异思迁”。“网络是世界上最自私的场所”,雅虎的总裁说,“人们应用互联网可以说是,想什么做什么,随心所欲”。

不是雅虎,像雅虎这样尽力寻找并提供客户需要的各种资料的网站不少。消费者最关心是产品的详实信息和价格。亚马逊的总裁杰夫·贝佐斯说:“我们经营的基础就是信任”。亚马逊现在是世界闻名的图书经销商,以前它也曾在网上销售其它的商品,如保健品,珠宝和精美的食品。除了笨重体制大价格低的东西,杰夫·贝佐斯先生认为他可以卖的东西还有很多,这也就是,成千上万人选择易趣的原因。

即便是这样,没人会认为传统的商店就会完全消失了,很多传统的商店还是有很好的业绩,比如跳蚤市场等。但象音像和旅游市场则受到了来自互联网实实在在的冲击。作为互联网上最大的旅游代理商的Expedia旅游公司,其老板声称未来美国民众网上预订旅游服务的比例,将会从如今的20%上升到50%。Bezos先生估计未来十年网上零售业将会达到零售总额的10-15%,并将深刻地改变人们的消费观念。

面对来势汹汹的网上营销,传统的商场将如何应对呢?戴尔计算机公司的创始人迈克尔.先生,一直领导个人计算机的直销市场,他认为凭借各层销售商店去出售计算机的方式只能进陈列馆作为古董了,戴尔采用的直销方式已收到了良好的效果。近来,苹果和索尼的专卖店计划展示全部可以在网上查到的该品牌商品,也是应对措施之一。从长远看,网上和离线销售方式也必将融合,传统商店也将成为多种销售手段并存的集合体:打印出的商品名录、家庭电视直销、电视订货以及电子商务网站具全。但从消费者角度来说,从网上订货还是他们最为乐意的消费方式。

优势就在于其低价,往往都是以最低价直接到消费者。如果在互联网上消费者可以买到最低价格的商品并能得到最好的服务,还会有人去其它地方购物吗?

人们喜欢在网上购物很多是因为方便。当然,可能会遇到欺诈行为。但随着互

联网的发展,它传递商品信息速度进一步加快,加上提供同一商品的多家网站必然会考虑自己的长远发展,而争相提供准确详实的商品信息和价格,并提供优质服务,以抓住更多的用户。所以网上市场肯定会越来越完善。

外文文献原文

A perfect market

May 13th 2004 From The Economist print edition

E-commerce is coming of age, says Paul Markillie, but not in the way predicted in the bubble years

When the technology bubble burst in 2000, the crazy valuations for online companies vanished with it, and many businesses folded. The survivors plugged on as best they could, encouraged by the growing number of internet users. Now valuations are rising again and some of the dotcoms are making real profits, but the business world has become much more cautious about the internet’s potential. The funny thing is that the wild predictions made at the height of the boom—namely, that vast chunks of the world economy would move into cyberspace—are, in one way or another, coming true.

The raw numbers tell only part of the story. According to America’s Department of Commerce, online retail sales in the world’s bigge st market last year rose by 26%, to $55 billion. That sounds a lot of money, but it amounts to only 1.6% of total retail sales. The vast majority of people still buy most things in the good old “bricks-and-mortar” world.

But the commerce department’s figur es deal with only part of the retail industry. For instance, they exclude online travel services, one of the most successful and fastest-growing sectors of e-commerce. InterActiveCorp (IAC), the owner of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f02774158.html, and https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f02774158.html,, alone sold $10 billion-worth of travel last year—and it has plenty of competition, not least from airlines, hotels and car-rental companies, all of which increasingly sell online.

Nor do the figures take in things like financial services, ticket-sales agencies, pornography (a $2 billion business in America last year, according to Adult Video News, a trade magazine), online dating and a host of other activities, from tracing ancestors to gambling (worth perhaps $6 billion worldwide). They also leave out purchases in grey markets, such as the online pharmacies that are thought to be responsible for a good proportion of the $700m that Americans spent last year on buying cut-price prescription drugs from across the border in Canada.

And there is more. The commerce department’s figures include the fees earned by internet auction sites, but not the value of goods that are sold: an astonishing $24 billion-worth of trade was done last year on eBay, the biggest online auctioneer. Nor, by definition, do they include the billions of dollars-worth of goods bought and sold by businesses connecting to each other over the internet. Some of these B2B services are proprietary; for example, Wal-Mart tells its suppliers that they must use its own system if they want to be part of its annual turnover of $250 billion.

So e-commerce is already very big, and it is going to get much bigger.

To start with, the internet is profoundly changing consumer behaviour. One in five customers walking into a Sears department store in America to buy an electrical appliance will have researched their purchase online—and most will know down to a dime what they intend to pay. More surprisingly, three out of four Americans start shopping for new cars online, even though most end up buying them from traditional dealers. The difference is that these customers come to the showroom armed with information about the car and the best available deals. Sometimes they even have computer print-outs identifying the particular vehicle from the dealer’s stock that they want to buy.

Half of the 60m consumers in Europe who have an internet connection bought products offline after having investigated prices and details online, according to a study by Forrester, a research consultancy (see chart 1). Different countries have different habits. In Italy and Spain, for instance, people are twice as likely to buy offline as online after researching on the internet. But in Britain and Germany, the two most developed internet markets, the numbers are evenly split. Forrester says that people begin to shop online for simple, predictable products, such as DVDs, and then graduate to more complex items. Used-car sales are now one of the biggest online growth areas in America.

People seem to enjoy shopping on the internet, if high customer-satisfaction scores are any guide. Websites are doing ever more and cleverer things to serve and entertain their customers, and seem set to take a much bigger share of people’s overall spending in the future.

This has enormous implications for business. A company that neglects its website may be committing commercial suicide. A website is increasingly becoming the gateway

to a company’s brand, products and services—even if the firm does not sell online. A useless website suggests a useless company, and a rival is only a mouse-click away. But even the coolest website will be lost in cyberspace if people cannot find it, so companies have to ensure that they appear high up in internet search results.

For many users, a search site is now their point of entry to the internet. The best-known search engine has already entered the lexicon: people say they have “Googled” a company, a product or their plumber. The search business has also developed one of the most effective forms of advertising on the internet. And it is already the best way to reach some consumers: teenagers and young men spend more time online than watching television. All this means that search is turning into the internet’s next big battleground as Google defends itself against challenges from Yahoo! and Microsoft.

The other way to get noticed online is to offer goods and services through one of the big sites that already get a lot of traffic. Ebay, Yahoo! and Amazon are becoming huge trading platforms for other companies. But to take part, a company’s products have t o stand up to intense price competition. People check online prices, compare them with those in their local high street and may well take a peek at what customers in other countries are paying. Even if websites are prevented from shipping their goods abroad, there are plenty of web-based entrepreneurs ready to oblige.

What is going on here is arbitrage between different sales channels, says Mohanbir Sawhney, professor of technology at the Kellogg School of Management in Chicago. For instance, someone might use the internet to research digital cameras, but visit a photographic shop for a hands-on demonstration. “I’ll think about it,” they will tell the sales assistant. Back home, they will use a search engine to find the lowest price and buy online. In this way, consumers are “deconstructing the purchasing process”, says Professor Sawhney. They are unbundling product information from the transaction itself Is not only price transparency that makes internet consumers so powerful; it is also the way the net makes it easy for them to be fickle. If they do not like a website, they swiftly move on. “The web is the most selfish environment in the world,” says Daniel Rosensweig, chief operating officer of Yahoo! “People want to use the internet whenever they want, ho w they want and for whatever they want.”

And yet nobody thinks real shops are finished, especially those operating in niche markets. Many bricks-and-mortar bookshops still make a good living, as do flea markets. But many record shops and travel agents could be in for a tougher time. Erik Blachford, the head of IAC’s travel side and boss of Expedia, the biggest internet travel agent, thinks online travel bookings in America could quickly move from 20% of the market to more than half. Mr Bezos reckons online retailers might capture 10-15% of retail sales over the next decade. That would represent a massive shift in spending.

How will traditional shops respond? Michael Dell, the founder of Dell, which leads the personal-computer market by selling direct to the customer, has long thought many shops will turn into showrooms. There are already signs of change on the high street. The latest Apple and Sony stores are designed to display products, in the full expectation that many people will buy online. To some extent, the online and offline worlds may merge. Multi-channel selling could involve a combination of traditional shops, a printed catalogue, a home-shopping channel on TV, a phone-in order service and an e-commerce-enabled website. But often it is likely to be the website where customers will be encouraged to place their orders.

One of the biggest commercial advantages of the internet is a lowering of transaction costs, which usually translates directly into lower prices for the consumer. So, if the lowest prices can be found on the internet and people like the service they get, why would they buy anywhere else?

One reason may be convenience; another, concern about fraud, which poses the biggest threat to online trade. But as long as the internet continues to deliver price and product information quickly, cheaply and securely, e-commerce will continue to grow. Increasingly, companies will have to assume that customers will know exactly where to look for the best buy. This market has the potential to become as perfect as it gets.

市场营销策略外文文献及翻译

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零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献

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中英文翻译 中文翻译: 顾客满意策略与顾客满意营销 自20世纪八十年代末以来,顾客满意战略已日益成为各国企业占有更多的顾客份额,获得竞争优势的整体经营手段。 一、顾客满意策略是现代企业获得顾客“货币选票”的法宝 随着时代的变迁,社会物质财富的极大充裕,顾客中的主体———消费者的需求也先后跨越了物质缺乏的时代、追求数量的时代、追求品质的时代,到了20世纪八十年代末进入了情感消费时代。在我国,随着经济的高速发展,我们也已迅速跨越了物质缺乏时代、追求数量的时代乃至追求品质的时

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营销策略外文翻译

附件1:外文资料翻译译文 营销策略 内容提要:为了组织的销售能是成功的,它需要根据一个营销策略计划来帮助保证其努力的目标和宗旨与市场的需要想吻合。营销策略审查市场以确定潜在顾客的需要,竞争者的战略和市场地位,并且尝试制定出一套能使组织在市场上获取或维护竞争优势的相关战略。有一些因素会对营销策略计划的发展造成冲击性的影响,它包括内部因素例如组织的财产、技能和组织文化,外在因素例如各种各样的市场驱动者、市场或产业运作方式、战略窗口和竞争的本质。一个优选的营销策略计划也需具备一套意外情况防备策略以应对市场治理及组织生产能力的不确定性。 关键词:竞争优势竞争策略市场地位市场份额营销销售计划组织文化营销策略 营销策略简述 无论组织的产品或服务多么好,除非它们的价值能被传达给潜在的顾客,否则组织依然无法实现它的使命。这种传达和交流是组织内市场营销功能的职责。根据美国市场协会,营销是“一个组织效能和一套创造过程、交流和传达产品价值给顾客、处理与顾客关系的有益于组织和它的利益共享者的方式”。营销作用包括相辅相成的两方面。营销策略在市场上审查市场来确定潜在顾客和竞争者本质的需要,并且试图开发出在市场上将使组织获取或维护竞争优势的战略。操作的营销被建立在营销策略作用和贯彻各种各样的计划和策略(包括适当的混合营销的发展)吸引顾客和促进顾客忠实的基础之上的。 产品和服务营销的方法 有很多的方式能用来销售你的产品或服务包括做广告,直接响应、推销活动和宣传。然而,除非你能了解顾客、市场和产业的需要并且竞争的优势和劣势,否则这些方法是不太可能成功的。营销策略帮助一个组织尖化它的焦点和在市场顺利地竞争。营销策略与二个组分有关:目标市场和用最佳的方式传达你的产品价值或服务到那个市场。一个可实行的销售方针的发展取决于几个关键维度。首先,与组织之内的所有全球性战略一样,一个成功的销售方针需要由在组织之内的最高管理层

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