美国药典-中英文对照(翻译资料)

美国药典－中英文对照

译文

美国药典中记载的辣椒碱资料

辣椒碱（辣椒素）

分子结构式：C18H27NO3，分子量：305.41，化学名：（反）－N－[（4－N－羟基－3－甲氧基苯基）－甲基]－8－甲基－6－壬烯基酰胺

以干燥提取物计算，辣椒碱含辣椒二萜类化合物总量为标示量的90％－100%,其中辣椒素的含量达到50％以上，辣椒素和二氢辣椒素总量超过75％，其它辣椒素类化合物总量不足15％。

注意事项：小心处置辣椒碱，谨防吸入辣椒碱微粒，勿使身体接触辣椒碱。

包装贮藏：密封包装，置避光，阴凉处保存。

标示量：以辣椒二萜类化合物总百分含量表示。

美国药典参考标准：美国药典辣椒素标准规范，美国药典二氢辣椒素标准规范。

鉴别：配制1.0mg/ml辣椒碱甲醇溶液，配制符合美国药典标准的辣椒碱1.0mg/ml甲醇溶液作为对照液，分别点样于0.25mm厚硅胶、凝胶混合薄层板上，点样量为10礚，将薄层板放于乙醚－甲醇（19:1）展开剂中展开，待展开剂前沿至薄层板3/4处时将薄层板取出，晾干，用0.5% 2,6-二溴苯醌-氯化亚胺甲醇溶液喷雾显色，放于氨气中片刻，取出，鉴别色谱图：供试液主要斑点颜色（兰色）及R值与对照液主要斑点颜色（兰色）及R值一致。

熔点〈741〉: 57°－66°, 一般熔融起始温度至结束温度温差不超过5°。

干燥失重〈731〉: 置40°P2O5真空干燥器中干燥5小时，失重不超过1.0%。

灼烧残渣：≤1.0％。

辣椒素，二氢辣椒素及其它辣椒二萜类化合物含量测定：

流动相：磷酸水溶液（l ：1000，V/V）：乙腈(600:400)混匀，0.5祄微

孔滤膜滤过，脱气。流动相视色谱行为可作适当调整。

辣椒素对照液：精密称取美国药典标准的辣椒碱适量溶于甲醇中，配制约0.1 mg/mL的辣椒甲醇溶液。

二氢辣椒素对照液：精密称取美国药典标准的辣椒碱适量溶于甲醇中，配制约0.025mg/mL的辣椒甲醇溶液。

供试液：精密量取辣椒碱约25 mg于250 mL容量瓶中，甲醇稀释至刻度，摇匀。

色谱条件：检测波长281 nm，色谱柱（4.6 mm x 250 cm，5祄），柱温：30°，调流速使辣椒碱主要色谱峰保留时间约为20 min。记录辣椒碱对照液色谱图及峰面积，重复进样，RSD≤2%。

样品处理：辣椒素对照液，二氢辣椒素对照液，供试液分别进样20 礚，记录色谱图至两倍主要色谱峰保留时间，记录所有色谱峰面积，按公式

25,000(C/W)(ru/rs)计算辣椒素百分含量, 公式中C为辣椒素对照液浓度，单位mg/ mL,W为供试液中辣椒碱含量，单位mg，ru 和rs分别代表供试液中和对照液中辣椒素峰面积。辣椒素含量不低于55％。按公式25,000(C/W)(ru/rs)计算二氢辣椒素含量，公式中 C 为二氢辣椒素对照液浓度，单位mg/mL, W 为供试液中辣椒素含量，单位为mg, ru 和rs分别代表供试液和对照液中二氢辣椒素峰面积。测得辣椒素和二氢辣椒素总百分含量不低于75%. 根据记录供试液和对照液色谱图峰面积，按公式25,000(C/W)(ru/rs)计算其它辣椒二萜类化合物百分含量，公式中C为对照液中辣椒素浓度，单位mg/mL，W为供试液中辣椒素含量，单位为mg，ru为供试液中其它辣椒二萜类化合物而非辣椒素、二氢辣椒素峰面积之和，rs为对照液中辣椒素峰面积。其它辣椒二萜类化合物总百分含量不超过15％。

C18H27NO3 305.41

6-Nonenamide,

(E)-N-[(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)methyl]-8-methyl.

(E)-8-Methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide [404-86-4].

Capsaicin contains not less than 90.0 percent and not more than 110.0 percent of the labeled percentage of total capsaicinoids.The content of

capsaicin (C18H27NO3) is not less than 55 percent, and the sum of the contents of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin (C18H29NO3) is not less than 75 percent, and the content of other capsaicinoids is not more than 15 percent, all calculated on the dried basis.

Caution——Handle Capsaicin with care. Prevent inhalation of particles of it and prevent its contact with any part of the body.

Packaging and storage——Preserve in tight containers, protected from light, and store in a cool place.

Labeling——Label it to state the percentage content of total capsaicinoids.

USP Reference standards〈11〉——USP Capsaicin RS. USP Dihydrocapsaicin RS.

Identification——Prepare a test solution of Capsaicin in methanol containing l mg per mL. Prepare a Standard solution of USP Capsaicin RS in methanol containing l mg per mL. Separately apply 10 -礚portions of the test solution and the Standard solution to a thin-layer chromatographic plate(see Chromatography 〈21〉)coated with a 0.25-mm layer of chromatographic silica gel mixture. Develop the chromatograms in a solvent system consisting of a mixture of ether and methanol (19:1) until the solvent front has moved about threefourths of the length of the plate. Remove the plate from the chamber, and allow it to air-dry. Spray the plate with a 0.5% solution of

2,6-dibromoquinone-chlorimide in methanol, allow to stand in a chamber containing ammonia fumes, and examine the chromatograms:the blue color and the R value of the principal spot obtained from the test solution correspond to those properties of the principal spot obtained from the Standard solution.

Melting range〈741〉: between 57°and 66°, but the range between beginning and end of melting does not exceed 5°.

Loss on drying〈731〉: Dry it in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide at 40°for 5 hours: it loses not more than 1.0% of its weight.

Residue on ignition〈281〉: not more than 1.0%.

Content of capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and other capsaicinoids—Mobile phase—Prepare a mixture of diluted phosphoric acid (l in 1000) and acetonitrile (600:400). Filter through a filter having a porosity of 0.5 祄or finer, and degas. Make adjustments if necessary (see System Suitability under Chromatography 〈621〉).

Standard dihydrocapsaicin solution—Dissolve an accurately weighed quantity of USP Capsaicin RS quantitatively in methanol to obtain a solution having a known concentration of about 0.1 mg per mL.

Standard dihydrocapsaicin solution—Dissolve an accurately weighed quantity of USP Dihydrocapsaicin RS quantitatively in methanol to obtain a solution having a known concentration of about 0.025 mg per mL.

Test solution—Transfer about 25 mg of Capsaicin, accurately weighed, to a 250-mL volumetric flask, dilute with methanol to volume, and mix.

Chromatographic system (see Chromatography〈621〉) —The liquid chromatograph is equipped with a 281-nm detector and a 4.6-mm x 25-cm column that contains 5-μm packi ng L11 and is maintained at a constant temperature of about 30°. Adjust the flow rate to obtain a retention time of about 20 minutes for the main capsaicin peak. Chromatograph the Standard capsaicin solution, and record the peak responses as directed for procedure: the relative standard deviation for replicate injections is not more than 2%.

Procedure—Separately inject equal volunes (about 20 μL) of the Standard capsaicin solution, the Standard dihydrocapsaicin solution, and the Test solution into the chromatograph, record the chromatogram for a period of time that is twice that of the retention time of capsaicin, and measure the areas of the responses for all of the peaks. Calculate the percentage of capsaicin (C18H27NO3) in the portion of Capsaicin taken by the formula:

25,000(C/W)(gu/gs),

in which C is the concentration, in mg per mL, of USP Capsaicin RS in the Standard capsaicin solution, W is the weight, in mg, of Capsaicin taken to

prepare the Test solution, and ru and rs are the capsaicin peak responses obtained from the Test solution, and the Standard ate the percentage of dihydrocapsaicin (C18H29NO3) in the portion of Capsaicin taken by the formula: 25,000(C/W)(gu/gs),

in which C is the concentration, in mg per mL, of USP Dihydrocapsaicin RS in the Standard capsaicin solution, W is the weight, in mg, of Capsaicin taken to prepare the Test solution, and ru and rs are the dihydrocapsaicin peak responses obtained from the Test solution and the Standard dihydrocapsaicin solution, respectively. The sum of the percentage of capsaicin found and of the percentage of dihydrocapsaicin found is not less than 75%. Using the chromatograms obtained from the Standard capsaicin solution and the Test solution, calculate the percentage of other capsaicinoids in the portion of Capsaicin taken by the formula:

25,000(C/W)(gu/gs),

in which C is the concentration, in mg per mL, of USP Capsaicin RS in the, W is the weight, in mg, of Capsaicin taken to prepare the Test solution, rT is the sum of the peak responses of the capsaicinoids other than capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in the chromatogram obtained from the Test solution, and rs is the capsaicin peak response obtained from the Standard capsaicin solution. Not more than 15% of other capsaicinoids is found.

[[i] 本帖最后由tinalongding 于2008-12-8 17:24 编辑[/i]]

2008-12-8 17:23 tinalongding

Papain

Papain [9001-73-4]

Papain is a purified proteolytic substance derived from Carica papaya

Linné(Fam.caricaceae).papain,when assayed directed herein, contains not less than 6000 units per mg. Papain of a higher digestive power may be reduced to

the official standard by admixture with papain of lower activity ,lactose,or other suitable diluents.

One USP Unit of papain is the activ ity that releases the of 1μg of tyrosine from a specified casein substance under the conditions of the Assay，using the enzyme concentration that liberates 40μg of tyrosine per mL of test solution. Packaging and storage－Preserve in tight,light-resistant containers in a cool place.

USP reference standards (11)—USP papain RS.

pH<791>:between 4.8 and 6.2 in a solution (1 in 50).

Loss on drying <731>—Dry it in a vacuum oven at 60℃for 4 hours : it losses not more than 7.0% of its weight.

Assay (casein digestive power)—

Dibasic sodium phosphate.,0.05M—dissolve 7.1g of anhydrous dibasic sodium phosphate in water to make 1000mL.add 1 drop of toluene as a preservative. Citric acid,0.05M—dissolve 10.5g of citric acid monohydrate in water to make 1000mL. Add 1 drop on toluene as a preservative.

Casein substrate—Disperse 1 g of Hammersten-type casein in 50 mL on 0.05M Dibasic sodium phosphate. Place in a boiling water bath for 30 minutes with occasional stirring.Cool to room temperature ,and add 0.05 M Citric acid to adjust to a pH of 6.0±0.1.stir the solution rapidly and continuously during the addition of the 0.05M Citric acid to prevent precipitation of the casein. Dilute with water to 100 mL .prepare fresh daily.

Buffer solution (Phosphate-Cysteine Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate Buffer) —dissolve 3.55g of anhydrous dibasic phosphate in 400mL of water in a 500-mL volumetric flask.Add 7.0 g of disodium EDTA and 3.05 g of cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate. Adjust with 1 N hydrochloric acid or 1 N sodium hydroxide to a pH of 6.0±0.1 . dilute with water to volume ,and mix. Prepare fresh daily.

Trichloroacetic acid solution —Dissolve 30g of reagent grade trichloroacetic acid in water. and dilute with water to 100mL. This solution may be stored at

room temperature.

Standard preparation —Weigh accurately 100 mg of USP Papain RS in a 100-mL volumetric flask. And add Buffer solution to dissolve. Dilute with Buffer solution to volume, and mix. Transfer 2.0 mL of this solution to a 50-mL volumetric flask, dilute with Buffer solution to volume, and mix. Use within 30 minutes after preparation.

Assay preparation—Transfer an accurately weighed amount of

papain.,equivalent to about 100mg of USP Papain RS, to a 10-mL volumetric flask, dilute with Buffer solution to volume, and mix. Transfer 2.0 mL of this solution to a 50-mL volumetric flsk, dilute with Buffer solution to volume, and mix.

Procedure—Into each of 12 test tubes (18-×150-mm) pipet 5.0 mL of casein substrate. Place in a water bath at 40°, and allow 10 minutes to reach bath temperature. Into each of two of the tubes (the tests are run in duplicate except for the blanks) labeled S1 ,pipet 1.0 mL of the Standard preparation and 1.0mL of the Buffer solution, Mix by swirling , note zero time,insert the stopper, and replace in the bath . Into each of 2 other tubes ,labeled S2 pipet 1.5mL of standard . preparation and 0.5 mL of Buffer solution , and proceed as before . Repeat this procedure for 2 tubes ,labeled S3to which 2.0mL of standard preparation is added , and for 2 tube ,labled U2,to which 1.5mL of Assay preparation and 0.5mL Buffer solution are added.After 60

minutes,accurary timed,add to all 12 tubes 3.0 mL of trichloroacetic acid solution,and shake vigorously . With the 4 tubes to which no standard preparation or Assay preparation were added,prepare blanks by

pipeting,respectively ,1.0mL of standard preparation and 1.0 mL of Buffer solution 1.5mL of standard preparation and 0.5 mL of Buffer solution;2.0mL of standard preparation;and 1.5mL Assay preparation and 0.5 mL of Buffer solution.Replace all tubes in the 40° water bath for 30 to 40 minutes,to allow to coagulate fully the precipitated protein.Filter through medium-porosity filter paper,discarding the first 3 mL of the filtrate(filtrates used are clear).Read the

absorbances at 280 nm,of the filtrates if all solutions against their respective blanks.Plot the absorbance readings for S1,S2¬ and S3 against the enzyme concentration of each corresponding level.By interpolation from this

curve,taking into consideration dilution factors,calculate the potency in Units,in the weight of papain taken by the formula.:

(50,000/3)CA,

In which 50,000/3 is a factor derived by the expression 100(50/2)(10/1.5),C is the concentration,in mg per mL,obtained from the standard curve,and A is the activity of the Reference Standard in Units per mg.

翻译仅供参考：

木瓜蛋白酶

木瓜蛋白酶[9001-73-4]

木瓜蛋白酶是一种源自番木瓜乳汁（Fam.caricaceae）的纯化的水解蛋白物。木瓜蛋白酶在这里定向检测时其含量不得少于6000单位每毫克。具有较高的消化能力的木瓜蛋白酶也许可以通过掺加低活力的木瓜蛋白酶，乳糖或者其他合适的填充物来降低消化能力以达到官方的标准。

定义木瓜蛋白酶一个USP活力单位为在测定条件下指定的酪蛋白物质释放1μg

酪氨酸所需要的量，所用的酶试液的浓度相当与每毫升释放40μg酪氨酸。

包装与保藏—包装要包紧，保存在避光，阴凉的地方

USP 参考标准（11）—USP 木瓜蛋白酶R.S

pH<791>在溶液中介于4.8与6.2之间（1 in 50？）

干燥失重<731>—60℃时在真空干燥箱中干燥4小时：失重不得少于本身的7.0％检测（酪蛋白消化能力）

0.05M磷酸氢二钠溶液—准确称取7.1g无水磷酸氢二钠用蒸馏水水溶解并定容至1000mL。加一滴甲苯作为防腐剂。

0.05M柠檬酸—准确称取10.5g柠檬酸一水合物用蒸馏水溶解并定容至

1000mL。加一滴甲苯作为防腐剂。酪蛋白底物—将1g Hammersten-type 酪蛋白分散于50mL磷酸氢二钠溶液中，将上述溶液沸水浴加热30分钟并在必要时搅拌。酪蛋白溶解后冷却至室温再用0.05M柠檬酸调节pH至6.0±0.1。为了防止酪蛋白沉淀，加入0.05M柠檬酸的过程中要不断的快速搅拌。然后将上述溶液定容至100mL，临时现配。

缓冲溶液（磷酸盐—半胱氨酸－磷酸氢二钠EDTA－2Na缓冲）

——准确称取3.55g二代磷酸盐用400mL水溶解移入到500mL的容量瓶中，同时加入7.0g EDTA及3.05g 半胱氨酸盐酸盐一水物。用1mol/L盐酸或1mol/L 氢氧化钠溶液调至pH6.0±0.1。用水稀释至刻度，混匀，临用现配。

三氯乙酸溶液—准确称取30g 试剂级三氯乙酸用水溶解并定容到100mL。此溶液可以保存于室温。

标准试剂—精确称取100mg RS级USP木瓜蛋白酶置于100mL容量瓶中，加入缓冲溶液使之溶解，再用缓冲溶液定容至刻度，混匀。移取2.0mL此溶液置于50mL容量瓶中，然后用缓冲溶液定容至刻度，混匀。配好后30min内用。

待测试剂—将准确称取的与100mg USP RS级木瓜蛋白酶当量的木瓜蛋白酶移入100mL的容量瓶中，用缓冲溶液稀释至刻度，混匀。移取2mL此溶液到50mL 容量瓶中并用缓冲溶液定容至刻度，混匀。

步骤——用吸量管每次吸取5ml酪蛋白底物分别加往12支试管（18×150mm）中，将试管置于40°水浴加热10分钟以使溶液达到水浴温度。然后每两管（除空白之外其他管操作完全相同）标上S1 ，往上述两管中吸入1.0mL标准试剂和1.0mL缓冲溶液，涡流混匀，记下开始时间，加入终止剂，放回水浴中。其他两管标上S2 吸入1.5mL标准溶液和0.5mL缓冲溶液，以后操作同前。对两试管重复此过程标上S3 吸入2.0mL标准试剂，对后拿两试管标上U2 加入1.5mL 待测试剂和0.5mL缓冲溶液。精确计时60分钟后，往所有的12支试管中加入3.0ml三氯乙酸溶液并剧烈震荡。同时准备四支没有加入标准试剂或待测试剂的试管作为空白对照分别加入1.0mL标准试剂和1.0mL缓冲溶液，1.5mL标准试剂和0.5mL缓冲溶液，2.0mL标准试剂以及1.5mL待测试剂和0.5mL缓冲溶液。将所有试管放回40℃水浴30分钟到40分钟以便使蛋白质沉淀物完全凝结。用

中等孔径滤纸过滤，弃去首先收集的3mL滤液（所用的滤液要是清澈的）。分别读出溶液滤液在其相应的空白作为参比溶液下在280nm处的吸光度。将

S1,S2¬ 和S3对应的吸光度读数对各自相应的酶浓度水平作图。通过对图像用内插法，并考虑稀释因子，用单位，木瓜蛋白酶质量计算通过下述公式计算其效价：(50,000/3)CA

其中50,000/3源自表达式100（50/2）（10/1.5）得到的因数，C表示浓度单位：mg/mL，从标准曲线获得，A表示参比标准的活力单位：单位/毫克

PS中英文对照资料

Photoshop中英文对照 1、File 文件 New 新建 Open 打开 Open As 打开为 Open Recent 最近打开文件 Close 关闭 Save 存储 Save As 存储为 Save for Web 存储为Web所用格式Revert 恢复 Place 置入 Import 输入 PDF Image PDF图象导入Annotations 注释 Export 输出 Manage Workflow 管理工作流程Check In 登记 Undo Check Out 还原注销 Upload To Server 上载到服务器Add To Workflow 添加到工作流程 Open From Workflow 从工作流程打开 Automate 自动 Batch 批处理 Create Droplet 创建快捷批处理 Conditional Mode Change 条件模式更改 Contact Sheet 联系表 Fix Image 限制图像 Multi Page PDF to PSD 多页面PDF文件到PSD文件 Picture package 图片包 Web Photo Gallery Web照片画廊File Info 文件简介 Print Options 打印选项 Page Setup 页面设置 Print 打印 Jump to 跳转到 Exit 退出 2、Edit 编辑 Undo 还原 Step Forward 向前 Step Backward 返回 Fade 消退 Cut 剪切 Copy 拷贝 Copy Merged 合并拷贝 Paste 粘贴 Paste Into 粘贴入 Clear 清除 Fill 填充 Stroke 描边 Free Transform 自由变形Transform 变换 Again 再次 Scale 缩放 Rotate 旋转 Skew 斜切 Distort 扭曲 Perspective 透视 Rotate 180°旋转180度 Rotate 90°CW 顺时针旋转90度Rotate 90°CCW 逆时针旋转90度

计算机专业外文文献及翻译

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(2) w 12… . (3) R 1,2, … (4) Δ ? ? ?others toprojectQ rcer humanresou i k 01 (5) . I t I t . (6) △ I ’s a .( ’t .) (7) (5) t I △ ,( △ ). , – a . (8) (6) (7), I ( = △* △ ). (9) =ηi / * , ηi I ; * I , * =∑=R k ki 1 δ . , . , , . 3.3 , , : = ∑∑==N i i N i Ci 11 ω i i N i i N i c t ??∑∑==1 1 ω (2) ∑∑ ==N i i N i 1 1 ω ) E i R i ki i t - ?? ∑=1 δη i c ? 2F Z 2()i t ? ) E i R i ki i t - ??∑=1 δη (3) () ,(N j i K 3,2,1,=?) (4)

英语翻译学习资料(含中英文解释)

例1.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be, rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating（操纵） others . They are aware that there is a difference between being loved and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. 1.dedicate to 把时间，精力用于 2.pretence 虚伪，虚假 6 ．1 斤斤于字比句次，措辞生硬 例2.Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious( 丑恶)—in this respect I've slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever（完全，全然）. If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up —in other words, whichever is easiest. 孤独是很好的实验室，正好适合观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。如今我吃东西的举止十分粗野；这方面一放松就倒退了几百年，实在是一点礼貌也没有。我高兴就用手抓来吃，（eat out of a can）开个罐头端着吃，站着吃；反正怎么省事就怎么吃。 3.Whatsoever 完全，全然 1.Be conditioned by 受……制约 2.Atrocious 丑恶 6 ．2 结构松散，表达过于口语化 例3．有一次，在拥挤的车厢门口，我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一位女乘客：“您下车吗？”女乘客没理他。“您下车吗？”他又问了一遍。女乘客还是没理他。他耐不住了，放大声问：“下车吗？”，那女乘客依然没反应。“你是聋子，还是哑巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客，也引起了车厢里的人都往这里看。女乘客这时也急了，瞪起一双眼睛，回手给了男乘客一拳。（庄绎传，英汉翻译教程，1999 ：练习 3 ） 译文1：Once at the crowded door of the bus, I heard a man passenger asked politely a woman passenger before him: “Are you getting off?” The woman made no

长句翻译中英对照

1、Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history: the simple fact, hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology, that mankind must first of all eat, drink, have shelter and clothing, before it can pursue polities, science, art, religion, etc.; that therefore the production of the immediate material means of subsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the state institutions, the legal conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people concerned have been evolved, and in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case. 正像达尔文发现有机界的规律一样，马克思发现了人类历史的发展规律，即历来被繁茂芜杂的意识形态所掩盖着的一个简单事实：人们首先必须吃、喝、住、穿，然后才能从事政治、科学、艺术、宗教等活动；所以，直接的物质生活资料的生产和一个民族或一个时代的一定的经济发展程度，便构成为基础，人们的国家制度，法律的概念，艺术以至宗教概念，就是从这个基础上发展起来的，因而，也必须由这个基础来解释，而不像过去那样做得正好相反。 2、Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. 行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。 3、How it happened that a little rocky peninsula in a remote corner of the Mediterranean was able to provide our world in less than two centuries with the complete framework for all our present day experiments in politics, literature, drama, sculpture, chemistry, physics and Heaven knows what else, is a question