Lecture 08 DielectricsDeposition-part 2

英语翻译基础期末复习完整

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翻译研究中的概念混淆(翻译策略、方法与技巧)).

翻译研究中的概念混淆 ——以“翻译策略”、“翻译方法”和“翻译技巧”为例 熊兵华中师范大学 《中国翻译》2014（3）82-88 摘要：本文对学界在“翻译策略”、“翻译方法”和“翻译技巧”这三个基本概念上所存在的普遍的混淆进行了剖析，提出应对这三个概念进行明确区分。在此基础上论文对这三个概念的定义、特性、相互关系及其各自的分类体系进行了系统阐述。 关键词：翻译策略；翻译方法；翻译技巧；混淆；定义；分类 1．话题缘起 在翻译研究中，有一个问题一直以来都未引起学界足够的重视，并因此在一定程度上妨碍了翻译研究的进一步发展，这个问题即为翻译研究中的概念混淆，其中又尤以“翻译策略”、“翻译方法”和“翻译技巧”这三个概念的混淆为甚。一方面，学界对翻译“策略”、“方法”和“技巧”的讨论虽多如牛毛，但把它们作为一个方法论系统的关键要素进行综合研究，深入考察其各自的内涵、相互关系及分类体系的系统性研究还相当少见。另一方面，学界在对这三个术语的认识和使用上普遍存在着定义不明、分类不当、概念混淆不清的问题。例如，在一些翻译教材中中，“归化”与“异化”一方面被作为“翻译方法”加以讨论(如龚芬，2011：79—81)，另一方面又被视为“翻译策略”进行阐述(同上：93—106)。一些翻译论文把本应属于翻译技巧层面的增补型翻译(类似于增译)、浓缩型翻译(类似于减译)划归为“翻译策略”的类别(如李克兴，2004：66—67)。在一些翻译方向的硕士研究生论文中，把翻译“策略”、“方法”、“技巧”混为一谈的更是比比皆是。甚至翻译专业的老师对此问题也存在一些模糊的、甚至是错误的看法(如把归化等同于意译，把异化等同于直译)。 国外学界对此也存在一些模糊或混淆(或未予严格区分。比如Shuttleworth & Cowie (2004：44，59)一方面把domestication／foreignization称作是“strategy”，另一方面却又把free／literal translation也视为“strategy”(同上：63，96 )。Vinay & Darbelnet (1958／2000：84—93) 把翻译方法(method)分为两类：直接翻译(direct translation)和间接翻译(oblique translation)，前者包括三种处理方式(procedures)，即借译，拟译，直译，后者包括四种处理方式，即词类转换，视点转换，等值翻译，顺应翻译。可在论述中却经常把其划分出来的“方法”(methods)和“处理方式”(procedures)混为一谈。另外，他们把“借译、拟译、直译、等值翻译、顺应翻译”和“词类转换、视角转换”划归为一类(同属procedures)也欠妥当，因为前者应属“翻译方法”的范畴，而后者则应属“翻译技巧”的范畴。实际上，这里Vinay ＆Darbelnet的分类涉及到三个层面：翻译策略、翻译方法和翻译技巧。其划分出来的两大“翻译方法”(直接翻译和间接翻译)其实应为“翻译策略”(所以Munday说，“The two general translation strategies identified by Vinay ＆Darbelnet are direct translation and oblique translation”，见Munday，2008：56)，而在其划分出来的七类“处理方式”中，前三类和最后两类属于“翻译方法”，第四、第五类则属于“翻译技巧”。总之，Vinay ＆Darbelnet在其分类中把翻译“策略、方法、技巧”混淆在一起，这也导致后来很长时间学界在这几个概念上的混淆(Molina ＆Albir，2002：506 0 关于国外译学界在译学术语，特别是在“翻译策略、翻译方法、翻译技巧”三个术语上所存在的概念混淆、使用混乱的问题，Chesterman(2005)和Molina & Albir(2002)曾专门撰文予以讨论。如Chesterman指出，学界用于描述文本操作过程的术语除翻译“策略”外，其他还有“技巧、方法、转换、转化、变易”等等(2005：17)。他认为这种众多术语相互混用

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四种翻译方法 1.直译和意译 所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。 每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时，就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容，但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。（张培基） 应当指出，在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下，直译有其可取之处，一方面有助于保存原著的格调，另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。 Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used. Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.（郭著章） 直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下，在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义，求得内容和形式相符的方法。

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英汉翻译期末考试题 样卷

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英语期末考试翻译句子

Unit1 A new study shows that dogs can detect if someone has cancer just by sniffing the person’s breath. Ordinary household dogs with only a few weeks of basic training learn to accurately distinguish between breath samples of lung- and breast-cancer patients and healthy subjects.One expert, who led the research, said, “Our study provides compelling evidence that cancers hidden beneath the skin can be detected simply by (dogs’) examining the odors of a person’s breath.” Early detection of cancers greatly improves a patient’s survival chances, and researchers hope that man’s best friend, the dog, can become an important tool in early screening. Unit 2 A research team recently replicated a bacterium’s genetic structure entirely from l aboratory chemicals, moving one step closer to creating the world’s first artificial organism. The researchers said, “It’s the second step of a three-step process to create a synthetic organism. But the final step could prove far more difficult.” Nonetheless, the research is pushing forward at a rapid pace. Last June, the team revealed details of an experiment in which researchers inserted the DNA of one species of bacterium into the cells of another. That process almost magically booted up the inserted genome. The research team hopes to use a similar trick to boot up the artificially created genome, so as to create a man-made living organism. Unit 3 In recent years, the psychologists from many countries banded together to do a research which indicated that continued income growth could make people apply themselves to an ongoing consumption race rather than promote overall happiness. Everyone has to spend more and more money in order to maintain a constant level of happiness. This is because our vanity and jealousy are functioning . The way to sort out them out is to cultivate the noble sentiment of being considerate and serving the society. People shouldn’t pin all their hopes on money. Instead , friends, family and work are also playing a very improtant role . Therefore, hapiness is not an inborn trait, but a talent which everyone can learn. Unit 4 I used to feel excited at teaching my students the elegant economic theories that could supposedly cure societal problems of all types. But what is the good of all my complex theories when people were dying of starvation on the sidewalks and porches across from my lecture hall? My lessons were like the American movies where the good guys always win. But when I emerged from the comfort of the classroom, I was faced with the reality of the city streets. Here good guys were mercilessly beaten and trampled. Daily life ws getting worse, and the poor were growing even poorer. Unit 5 No one thought that shy little Einstein would grow up to a prominent scientist. He was slow in learning to speak, and he often paused to consider what he would say during a conversation.In school, Albert Einstein was singled out by his teachers as a troublesome child because he liked to ask difficult strange questions. He did not like to memorize facts and rules, but was interested in what lay below the surface of things. When he was four or five years old, for instance, his father gave him a compass. Little Einstein was curious about the mysterious force that could keep a compass needle always pointing north, which prompted him to read widely in science. His real studies were mostly done at home by reading books on mathematics, physics, and philosophy. Unit 6 Most Americans have great vigor and enthusiasm. They prefer to discipline themselves rather than be disciplined by others. They pride themselves on their independence, their right to make their own minds. They tend to take the initiatives, even when there is a risk in doing so. They have courage and do not give in easily. They are considered sentimental. When they see a flag on ceremonial occasions, or attend parades celebrating Ame rica’s glorious past, tears may come to their eyes. They tend to be emotional at the reunions with family and friends, too. Sometimes, they can laugh at themselves and their country, while they will always remain intensely patriotic.

汉英翻译基础教程期末考试总结

第三章名词的抽象和具体译法第一节名词的抽象译法(p68) 粗枝大叶to be crude and careless (with big branches and large leaves) 海阔天空to talk with random( with a vast sea and boundless sky) 灯红酒绿dissipated and luxurious (with red lights and green wine) 纸醉金迷of life of luxury and dissipation (with drunken paper and bewitched gold) 单枪匹马to be single-handed in doing sth (with a solitary spear and a single horse) 赤胆忠心ardent loyalty (with red gut and heart) 无孔不入to take advantage of every weakness (to get into every hole) 扬眉吐气to feel proud and elated (to raise the eyebrows and let out a breath) 开门见山to come straight to the point (to open the door and see the mountain) 大张旗鼓on a large and spectacular scale (to make a great array of flags and drums) 风雨飘摇(of a situation) being unstable (the wind and rain are rocking) 二．翻译下列句子 （1）这是他们夫妻之间的事情，你去插一脚干吗？ That’s a business of their own, between husband and wife. Why should you get involved in? （2）别人家里鸡零狗碎的事情你都知道得这么全，真是个顺风耳啊！ You know all the bits and pieces of trifles of other families. You are really well informed. （3）这消息让我出了一身冷汗。 I’m extremely terrified by the news. （4）她毛遂自荐来这所小学做老师。 She volunteered for the teaching post in this primary school. （5）我不敢班门弄斧，诚望您发表高见。 I dare not show off in the presence of（在……面前）an expert. I hope you would be kind enough to enlighten（启发，启蒙）us on this matter. （6）敌军闹得全村鸡犬不宁。 The enemy troops threw the whole village into great disorder. （7）敌军军官听说后路已被切断，吓得目瞪口呆。 The enemy officer was stunned by the news that the route of retreat had been cut off. （8）这些问题盘根错节，三言两语说不清楚。 These problems are too complicated to be explained clearly in a few words.

汉英翻译教程期末考试复习要点 Microsoft Word 文档

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