英国文学归纳
Part I Date (1* 10 = 10 points)
Historical Context
1. The Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066) [Poetry]
450 Anglo-Saxon and Jutish Invasions from North-West Germany
1066 Death of English King Edward (the Confessor); Election of Harold, Son of Godwin, as King. Norwegian forces defeated at Stamford Bridge (near York) NORMAN CONQUEST: Harold defeated by William of Normandy at Hastings
2. The Anglo-Norman Period (1066-1485)
1485 The Accession of Henry VII and the Start of the Tudor Dynasty
3. The Renaissance (1485-1660) [Drama]
1492 Columbus’s voyage to the America
1611 Authorized version of Bible
4. The 17th Century (1642-1649, 1660-1688)[Poetry, Drama]
1642-1651 The English Civil War
1660 Restoration
1688 Glorious Revolution
1689 The Bills of Rights
1707 The Act of Union
5. The 18th Century:The Age of Enlightenment/Reason [prose, novel]
1714-1830 House of Hanover
1760-1840 The Industrial Revolution
1733 John Kay’s flying shuttle
1765 James Watt stream engine
6.The Romantic Period (1798-1832):Age of Revolution[Poetry]
1789 The beginning of French Revolution/ publication of Wordsworth’s Lyric Ballad 1932 Walter Scott’s death/ Reform Bill
7.The Victorian Period (1837-1901):Age of Paradox[Novel]
1832-1848 The Chartist Movement
1859 On the Origin of Species Charles Darwin
1899-1902 The Boer War
8.The Twentieth-Century (1900-1945)
1917~ The House of Windsor
1918 Boundary of literature
1936 Edward VIII’s abdication
1952~ Elizabeth II
1979 Mrs. Thatcher became the first woman P.M.
Important works
1. The Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066)
Bede Ecclesiastical History of the English People
Caedmon Caedmon’s hymn
Cynewulf The Fates of the Apostles The Dream of Rood
Beowulf Pagan epic
2.The Anglo-Norman Period (1066-1485)
1)Romance Cycles(new theme: courtly love)
The mater of France : Chanson de Roland
The matter of Rome :
The matter of Britain : Sir Gawain and the Green Knights
2)Epic : Layamon’s Brut :first national epic in English
3)Alliterative Revival :
①William Langland Piers the Plowman
②John Gower Confessio Amantis
4)Ballad : Get up and Bar the Door
5)Medieval Drama
①Mystery Play
②Miracle Play
③Morality Play
④Interlude
6)Prose and Poetry
①Sir Thomas Malory : Le Morte D’s Arthur
②John Skeleton : The Bowge of Court Magnificence
③Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales
3. The Renaissance (1485-1660)
Key Words: man as center; earthly achievement; individualism
1)Poetry
Sir Thomas Wyatt & Henry Howard Sonnet
Sir Philip Sidney ①Astrophel and Stella②Arcadia ③Defense of Poetry Edmund Spenser The Fairy Queen
2)Prose
Sir Thomas More Utopia 1516
Sir Francis Bacon Essay “Of Truth”“Of Studies”
Richard Hooker The Law of Ecclesiastical Ploite
Sir Thomas Nashe The Unfortunate Traveler
3)Drama
Christopher Marlow ①Tamburlaine the Great ②Dr. Faustus ③The Jew of
Malta ④ Edward Ⅱ
Thomas Kyd The Spanish Tragedy
Robert Greene Frier Bacon and Frier Bongay
William Shakespeare Halmet Sonnet 18
4.The 17th Century (1642-1649, 1660-1688) [Poetry and Drama]
Key words: strong touch in politics and religion; classicism
1)Poetry
A. Metaphysical Poet:玄学派诗人
①John Donne(the founder ) 1593 Songs ans Sonnets
(Frankness and Realism) 1618 Holy Sonnets : Death Be Not Proud
A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
②Andrew Marvell To His Coy Mistress
B. Cabalier Poets:骑士派also knows as the son of Ben(Ben Johnson)
没有重要的诗人和作品
John Milton
Masque: Comus(1634)
Elegy: Lycidas(1637)
Poerty : Paradise lost (1667)—a long epic in blank verse, taken from old testament Sonnet: On His Blindness(1655) On His Deceased Wife
2)Prose
John Bunyan: christian writer and preacher--The Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程
Theme: Christian Sets Out for the Celestial City;
*“Vanity Fair”is the best know section in the book
3)Drama
Jacobean Drama: revenge tragedy: John Webster—The Duchess of Malfi
Citizen comedy: Thomas Dekker—The Shoemaker’s Holiday
Domestic tragedy: 没有加粗加红的
Restoration Drama: heroic tragedy: John Dryden—All For Love
Comedy of manners: George Etherege—the founder of the comedy of…
John Ford: Jacobean and Caroline playwright and poet—Tis Pity She’s a Whore
Ben Johnson:
Comedy of Humors (癖性喜剧)
Satirical Comedy(讽刺喜剧) : The Alchemist(1610) 《炼金术士》
Volpone or the Fox (1605) 悲剧结尾
City comedy(市民喜剧)
Tragedy(悲剧)
Masques(宫廷假面剧)
Poetry: son of Ben
1611 The Works of Benjamin Johnson 合集
Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher: A Maid’s Tragedy (1611)
5. The 18th Century:The Age of Enlightenment/Reason [prose, novel]
Key words: neo-classicism, realism, sentimentalism, pre-romanticism
1)Prose
①Joseph Addison: The Spectator (periodical)
18 critical essay on Paradise Lost
Sir Roger at Church Sir Roger at the Assizes
②Richard Steele: The Talta The Spectator
③Dr. Samuel Johnson: The Dictionary of the English Language
Lives of English poets
④Edward Gibbon: The Decline and Fall of Roman Empire
⑤Edmund Burke:The Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime
and the Beautiful
2)Poetry
Neo-classicism: Alexander Pope, Satire and Heroic Couple--The Rape of the Lock(1712-14)) Sentimanlism: ①James Thomas The Seasons(1726-1730)
②Thomas Gray Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard(Graveyard School)
Pre-romantic ①William Blake: London; The Tiger; The Chimney Sweeper
②Robert Burns: My Heart is in the Highlands; John Anderson, My Jo;
A Red Red Rose; To a Mouse
3)Novel
Daniel Defoe (the father of modern novel, a satire poet) Robinson Crusoe (1719) Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travel A Modest Proposal
Samuel Richardson: Pamela(Virtue Rewarded ); Clarissa
Henry Fielding: The History of Tom Jones (1749)
Laurence Stern: Life and Opinion of Tristram Shandy(1767) sentimental novel 4)Drama
Tragedy: Pseudo-classic Tragedy 伪古典主义悲剧
Sentimental comedy 感伤主义剧作
Domestic comedy 家庭悲剧
Comedy: Oliver Goldsmith: The Good-natur’d Man(1768); She Stops to Conquer(1773) Richard Sheridan: The School for Scandal (1777)
The Rivals(1775); The Critical(1779)
6. The Romantic Period (1798-1932):Age of Revolution[Poetry]
●Change from agricultural to industrial , shift of power
●Feature: freedom, individualism; children: pure, holy; everyday speech
●Difference between neo-classicism and romanticism
Reason/ passion, imagination commercial/ natural industrial/ pastoral
Present/past society/individual stability order/freedom
1)Poet
Lake poet
①William Wordsworth
Lyric Ballads (1798) with S.T. Coleridge The Prelude 序曲
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud Tintern Abbey
She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
The Solitary Reaper 孤独的割麦女
②Samuel Taylor Coleridge(philosophy & literary criticism)
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 古舟子吟Kubla Khan 忽必烈汗
Biography literature (Prose)文学传记
③Robert Southey: Life of Nelson(1813) 纳尔逊传
Satanic School (Rebellious, revolutionary, romantic)
①George Gordon Byron (Byronic hero)
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (1812-1818) 《恰尔德．哈罗尔德游记》Don Juan (1819-1824): epic satire《唐璜》
She Walks in Beauty
When We Two Parted
②Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱(revolutionary, prophetic, optimistic)
Lyric: Ode to the West Wind 西风颂To a Skylark 致云雀
Prose:A Defense of Poetry 诗辩—poetry reform
Drama: Prometheus Unbound (1819) —symbol of human fulfillment
Elegy: Adonais (1821)《阿多尼斯》
③John Keats: “Beauty id truth, truth is beauty”
Ode on a Grecian Urn Ode to a Nightingale To Autumn Bright Star
2)Novel
①Walter Scott(founder of historian novel)
Waverley(1814)威福利Ivanhoe(1819) 艾凡赫
②Jane Austen (1775-1817): comedy of manners 风尚小说
Northanger Abbey Pride and Prejudice
③Mary Shelley (1797-1851)玛丽．雪莱: gothic tradition
Frankenstein (creation, childbirth, responsibility)
3)Prose
① Charles Lamb: Dream Children: A Reverie
Poor Relations
Tales from Shakespeare
4)Drama
①poetic drama 诗剧
Wordsworth: The Borders
S.T. Coleridge Remorse
② Melo Drama 情节剧
7.The Victorian Period (1837-1901):Age of Paradox[Novel]
Key words: 3 periods: 30-40 rapid economic development and severe social problems
50-60 prosperity and relative stability
70-1901 decline of the British Empire
1)Prose: Silver of prose
①Thomas Carlyle (The savage of Chelesea) Past and Present(1843)
②Cardinal John Henry Newman (a religious thinker, the leader of Oxford Movement)
③Walter Pater (critic) Studies in the History of Renaissance(1837）
2)Poetry: stricter morality; severe tone; polish
①Alfred Lord Tennyson (Poet Laureate; people’s poet; Lord of Language)
Ulysses(dramatic monologue 戏剧独白)
Break! Break! Break!(Lyrics)
Crossing the Bar
②Robert Browning(Forerunner of modernism; dramatic monologue)
My Last Duchess
The Ring and the Book(1868-1869)(12 books)--an epic length poem
Homme-Thoughts, from Abroad
③Matthew Arnold: Dover Beach(1867)
④Elizabeth Barrett Browning: Sonnets from the Portuguese(1850)--Robert Browning Wife
⑤Thomas Hood: The song of the shirt The Bridge of Signs
⑥The pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (1848)
3)Novel: Gold age of novel, represent a large and comprehensive social world
①Early phase(1830-1850s): optimistic
Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist(1838) 雾都孤儿
Hard Times (1854)艰难时代
Great Expectation (1860-61) 远大前程
②Mid and High Victorian Phase(1870s): dichotomy and complexity
George Eliot: Adam Bede ; The Mill on the Floss(1860)
Anthony Trollope: Barchester Tower(1857)
George Meredith: The Egoist(1879)
③ Later phase(late 1880s~): naturalism
Thomas Hardy(fatalism): Tess of the Urbervrlles(1891)
Far from the Madding Crowd(1874)
Jude the Obscure(1896)
④ Others
William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fair(1847)名利场
The History of Henry Esmond(1852)
Henry James(American; international theme; the outsider sense): Daisy Miller(1879) Chrlotte Bronte: Jane Eyre(1847)
Elizabeth Gaskell: Mary Barton(1848); North and South(1855); Wives and Daughters(1866) Robert Louis Stevenson: The Treasure Island(1883);
The Strange Case of Doctor Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
4)Drama
①Oscar Wilde(naturalism; spokesman of Asthetic Movement)
The Picture of Dorian(1891) Lady Windermere’e Fan(1892)
The Happy Prince and Other Tales(collection)
The Importance of Being Earnest (1895) high comedy 高雅喜剧《认真的重要性》
Salome (1893) (biblical tragedy) 《莎乐美》
8.The Twentieth-Century (1900-1945)
Key words: rejection of 19th and the consensus between author and reader
1)Poetry: modern poetry to 1945, easy language with various forms
①Thomas Hardy(links bewteen 19&20th) Wessex Poems 性格与环境小说
The Dynasts(1904-08)群王，唯一的史诗剧
The Oxen
②Modernist poetry: Imagism 意象派
William Bulter Yeats(Irish Renaissance leader-Celtic twilight):
Easter 1916
The Second Coming(1921)
Sailing to Byzantium
The Lake Isle of Innisfree
T.S. Eliot
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
The Wasteland(1922)荒原
Four Quaetets 四个四重素
Objective Correlative 客观时应构
2)Drama: drama of ideas
①The Theatre of ideas
George Bernard Shaw: Major Barbara芭芭拉上校Pygmalion 皮革马利文
Saint Joan圣女贞德Widower’s House 1892
Mrs. Warren’s Profession Man Superman
②Irish Dramatic Revival/Renaissance
John Millington Synge: The Thinker’s Wedding in 1908
Sean O’Casey: Juno and the Peacock (1924) The Plough and the Stars
③The Theater of Entertainment &Poetic Drama
W. Somerset Maugham: The Circle (1921)
3)Novel: realism VS modernism
①Realism:
Arnold Bennett: The Old Wives’ Tale (1908)
John Galsworthy: The Forsyte Saga
H.G. Wells: The Time Machine (1895)
②Naturalism
Saki: The Unbearable Bassington (1912)
③Modernism
Joseph Conrad: Heart of Darkness The Nigger of the Narcissus
Lord Jim Nostromo
E.M. Forster(freedom,tolerance, individualism)
A Passage to India (1924) (Except for the Marabar Caves)
Howards End
Aspects of the novel 小说面面观
D. H. Lawrence(critic to society):Sons and Lovers; The Rainbow; Women in Love
④Stream of Consciousness
Virginia Woolf: Orlando(A Biography) A Room of One’s Own
Mrs. Dalloway (An Excerpt) Three Guineas
The (second) Common Reader
James Joyce: Dubliners
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
Ulysses
Finnegan Wake
⑤ Satirical Fiction
Aldous Huxley: Brave New World (1932)—anti-Utopia
Evelyn Waugh: A Handful of Dust
Brideshead Revisted
George Owell (political satirist ): Animal Farm
Nineteen Eight-Four(1949)
⑥Woman Writers
Katherine Mansfield(modern short story writer): The Garden Party and other stories
Bliss&Other Stories
Jean Rhys: Wide Saegasso Sea
Part III Definition (5 * 4 = 20 points)
The Anglo-Saxon Period:
Epic:
An epic is a long narrative poem (there are 3182 lines in Beowulf) that operates on a grand scale and deals with the deeds of warriors and heroes. Epic poems also interlace the main narrative with myths, legends, folktales and past events; there is a composite effect, the entire culture of a country cohering in the overall experience of the poem.
The Renaissance
The Renaissance was a European phenomenon. It marked a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally it referred to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It had its origin in north Italy in the fourteenth century with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature, and spread northward to other European countries—to France, to Germany, to the Low countries, and lastly to England. It revived the study of Roman and Greek classics and marked the beginning of bourgeois revolution.
Humanism:
Humanism was a literary and philosophic system of thought which attempted to place the affairs of mankind at the centre of its concerns. Originating in Italy during the Renaissance, it soon spread throughout most of Western Europe. Humanist thought was based on a new reading of Greek and Roman literature, an affirmation of the importance of Platonic philosophy, and a
reinterpretation of the writings of Aristotle.
The 17th Century:
Classical Unities
Classicism in the theatre was developed by 17th century French playwrights from what they judged to be the rules of Greek classical theatre, including the “Classical unities” of time, place and action, found in the Poetics of Aristotle.
Unity of time referred to the need for the entire action of the play to take place in a fictional 24-hour period
Unity of place meant that the action should unfold in a single location
Unity of action meant that the play should be constructed around a single 'plot-line', such as a tragic love affair or a conflict between honor and duty.
The 18th Century:
Neoclassicism
All forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers
The artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy.
Literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.
The Romantic Period:
Romantic Movement
An attitude or intellectual orientation that characterized many works of arts in Western civilization over a period from the late 18th to the mid-19th century
A rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality
A reaction against the Enlightenment and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general
Emphasizing the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendental
Romantic Ode
Evolved from the ancient Greek ode, written in a serous tone to celebrate an event or to praise an individual;
Not intended to be sung, yet quite emotional;
The author focuses on a scene, ponders its meaning, and presents a highly personal reaction to it that includes a special insight at the end of the poem.
Historical Novel
The historical novel is a literary genre characterized by the attempt to fuse strong dramatic plot lines and credible human psychology, within a setting constituted from specific historical detail (typically based upon diligent research into actual events, locations, and characters, as well as cultural customs, costume, and speech).
The Victorian Age:
The Victorian Compromise
The Victorian compromise” is one wa y of seeing this dilemma. It implies a kind of double standard between national success and the exploitation of lowerclass workers at home and of colonies overseas; a compromise between philanthropy and tolerance (the abolition of slavery, 1833; tolerance for Catholics, 1829) and repression (the punishment of the Tolpuddle Martyrs (托尔普德尔蒙难者), 1834; the conditions of the poor).
Aestheticism
a literary movement, Aestheticism blossomed during the 1880s, influenced by the Pre-Raphaelites （前拉斐尔派）, John Ruskin and Walter Pater in particular.
Aestheticism advocated a sentimental archaism as ideal of beauty, declaring that art is superior to life, proclaiming the famous doctrine of “art for art’s sake”.
Aesthetes argued that art exists for the sake of its beauty alone, and that it need serve no political, didactic, or other purpose.
Dramatic Monologue
Dramatic monologue: a poem written in the form of a speech of an individual character; it compresses into a single vivid scene a narrative sense of the speaker’s history and psychological insight into his character.
The form is chiefly associated with Robert Browning, who raised it to a highly sophisticated level in such poems as “My Last Duchess”, but it is actually much older.
The form is also common in folk ballads, a tradition that Robert Burns imitated with broad satiric effect.
The 20th Century: 1900-1945:
Modernism
A general term applied retrospectively to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends in the literature of the early 20th century, including symbolism, futurism, expressionism, imagism, along with innovations of unaffiliated writers.
Modernist literature is characterized chiefly by a rejection of 19th-century traditions and of their consensus between author and reader: the conventions of realism, for instance, were abandoned by Franz Kafka. In fiction, the accepted continuity of chronological development was upset by Joseph Conrad, and William Faulkner, while James Joyce and Virginia Woolf attempted new ways of tracing the flow of characters’ thoughts in their stream-of-consciousness styles.
Stream of Consciousness
Stream of consciousness is a term widely used in discussions of the twentieth-century novel. It is usually used to refer to particular techniques of presentation which a number of Modernist novelists developed.
The term refers to the continuous flow of sense-perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and memories in the human mind; or a literary method of representing such a blending of mental processes in fictional characters, usually in an unpunctuated or disjointed form of interior monologue. For many modern novelists it became a central task to find a way of recording this kind of subjective “flow” in the language and form of the novel.
Poems:
The Renaissance:
William Shakespeare: Sonnet 18
The 17th Century
John Donne: “Holy Sonnet 10: Death Be Not Proud”
John Milton: “Sonnet: On His Blindness”
The 18th Century
Thomas Gray: “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”
The Romantic Period:
William Wordsworth: “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”
George Gordon, Lord Byron: “She Walks in Beauty”
Percy Bysshe Shelley: “Ode to the West Wind”
John Keats: “Ode on a Grecian Urn”
The Victorian Age:
Alfred, Lord Tennyson: “Break, Break, Break”
Robert Browning: “My Last Duchess”
Matthew Arnold: “Dover Beach”
Twentieth-Century Literature: 1900-1945:
Thomas Hardy: “The Oxen”
英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结概要
《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题 2. Romance (名词解释 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story 4. Ballad(名词解释 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释 8. Renaissance(名词解释 9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释 11. Blank verse(名词解释12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies” (推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的sonnet 也很重要,最重要属 sonnet18。 (其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse写成的,故事情节来自 Old Testament,另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。
罗经国《新编英国文学选读》(第4版)教材【复习笔记+考研真题典型题详解】-第1~6章【圣才出品】
第1章盎格鲁-撒克逊时期(450～1066) 1.1 复习笔记 Ⅰ. Historical Background（历史背景） (1) The earliest settlers of the British Isles were the Celts, who migrated to the British Isles about 600 B.C. 不列颠群岛最早的定居者是凯尔特人，他们大约在公元前600年移民到不列颠群岛。 (2) From 55 B.C. to 407 A.D. the British Isles were under the rule of the Roman Empire. 从公元前55年到公元407年，不列颠群岛处于罗马帝国的统治之下。 (3) About 450 A.D., waves of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes invaded the British Isles. They settled in England, and drove the Celts into Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. 公元450年左右，盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人占领了不列颠群岛。他们在英格兰定居，将凯尔特人驱逐到威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰。 (4) It was around 500 A.D., in the struggle against Cerdic, the founder of the kingdom of Wessex, that the Celtic King Arthur, a legendary figure, is said to have acquired his fame. 大约在公元500年，在与威塞克斯王国创始人塞迪奇的斗争中，传说中的凯尔特王亚瑟获得了他的名声。 (5) Beginning from the later part of the 8th century, the Danes, or the Vikings, came to invade England, at first, along the eastern coast, but later they threatened
(完整)最全面英国文学史知识点总结,推荐文档
英国文学史 I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
英国文学选读知识总结
Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400) 乔叟He was born in 1343 in London. He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the “Poets Corner”.The father of English Poetry and one of the greatest narrative poets of England.“The Canterbury Tales” (1387-1400) It is Chaucer?s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature. Chaucer’s Contribution to English Literature Chaucer is regarded as the founder of English poetry and has been called “the founder of English realism.” He is the firs t great poet who wrote in the English language. He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the “heroic couplet” (英雄双韵体) to English poetry.His masterpiece “The Canterbury T ales” is one of the monumental works in English literature 公爵夫人之书，百鸟议会，声誉之堂，特罗勒思和克里西德 Structure of a poem: A poem can be broken down into three parts: (1) Stanza (节) : a group of lines set off from the other lines in a poem. It is the poetic equivalent of a paragraph in prose. In traditional poems, the stanza usually contains a unit of thought.(2) The line (行) : a single line of poetry (3) The foot (音步) : a syllable or a group of 2 or 3 syllables. T o scan a line of poetry one counts the number of feet in a line. For a beginner, the easiest thing to do is to count the number of stresses. Typically a foot will contain a stressed and an unstressed syllable. William Shakespeare (1564-1616)playwright, poet, actor.Shakespeare and Aeschylus are the two greatest dramatic geniuses the world has ever known.—Carl Marks.The Great Tragedies: 《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet,1601 ) 《奥赛罗》(Othello, 1604) 《李尔王》(King Lear, 1605) 《麦克白》(Macbeth, 1606) The Great Comedies威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice, 1596) 《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night's Dream,1596) 《第十二夜》(Twelfth Night, 1600) 《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It, 1601) Shakespeare’s car eer as a dramatist may be divided into four major phases.: The First Period(1590-1594) This period is the period of his apprenticeship in play-writing. Works: Henry VI The Comedy of Errors《错误的喜剧》/《连环错》Love?s Labor?s Lost 《迷失的爱》/《空爱一场》/《爱的徒劳》Romeo and Juliet, etc. The Second Period (1595-1600) This period is his mature period, mainly a period of “great comedies” and mature historical plays. It includes 6 comedies, 5 historical plays and 1 Roman tragedy. His sonnets are also thought to be written in this period. The Third Period (1601-1607) The third period of Shakespeare?s dramatic career is mainly the period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”. It includes 5 tragedies, 3 comedies and 2 Roman tragedies.Major works written in this period:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra The Fourth Period (1608-1612) The fourth period of Shakespeare?s work is the period of romantic drama. It includes 4 romances or “reconciliation（和解，复合）plays”. Shakespeare’s Literary Position:Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers in world literature. Hamlet:Hamle t is considered the summit of Shakespeare?s art. It is one of Shakespeare?s canon, and it is universally included in the list of the world?s greatest works.It?s written in the form of blank verse.blank verse : poetry in rhymeless iambic pentameter.（素体诗剧）The story, coming from an old Danish legend, is a tragedy of the “revenge” genre. Shakespeare incorporates into the medieval story other major humanistic themes, including love, justice, good and evil, and most notably, madness, and the spirit of the time Injustice, conspiracy, and betrayal in the society。1. first blow: father?s murder and mother?s re-marriage2.second blow: betrayal of his two former friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern3. third blow: betrayal of his girl friend OpheliaThe greatness o f the play: in praise of the noble quality of Prince Hamlet as a representative of humanist thinkers and his disillusionment with the corrupt and degenerated society in which he lived.
自考英美文学选读要点总结整理出考点26位作家完整教学内容
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理(只考26位作家) [英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴 1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。 2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。 3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。 4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。 5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。 6. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。 7. The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即将格律，韵脚（式），组织结构，意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题，并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。 8. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛，威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。 9. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚 17. The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love’s Labour’s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维洛那二绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。 18. In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段，他写了五部历史剧：《理查三世》，《约翰王》，《亨利四世》，《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第十二夜》，《温莎的风流娘儿们》，还有两部悲剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。 19. Shakespeare’s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two comedies are All’s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧），悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。 20. The last period of Shakespeare’s work includes his principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest; and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧：《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。21. Shakespeare’s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet’s own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。 22. Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的。 23. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are
英国文学复习总结
英国文学复习总结详解 Part one:Early and medieval English literature 1.Beowulf《贝奥武甫》------the national epic of the English people ,it is also the epic of the Anglo-Saxon.(P3) 2.The name of the terrible monster------Grendel(格伦德尔)(P3) 3.the most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration(头韵)，others are metaphor （暗喻）and understatement(保守陈述)(P5) 4The Norman Conquest （诺曼征服）marks the establishment of feudalism in England. (P6) 5.The romance(传奇文学)(P8) The most popular of literature in fedual England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The hero of the romance was the the knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons. It was written for the noble class(贵族的文学) Romances falls into three cycles : “matters of Britain”( adventures of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table),“matters of France” (Emperor Charlemagne and his peers) “matters of Rome”. (Alexander the Great and so for th) 6. William Langland威廉·朗兰------ Piers the Plowman《耕者皮尔斯》(P11) 7.The ballads(民谣)(P17) The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.It is a story told in song ,usually in 4-line stanzas [?st?nz?],with the second and fourth lines rhymed. It was written for common people(平民文学). The subjects of ballads are various in kind,as the struggle of young loves against their feudal-minded families,the conflict between love and wealth ,the cruelty of envy,the criticism of the civil war,and the matters of class struggle. The most famous ballads are the ballads of Robin Hood. 8.Geoffrey Chaucer’ Contributions <1>Father of English poetry in 14th century. Chaucer introduces from France the rhymed stanzas of various types instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse,especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter(the heroic couplet) to English poetry.(P26) <2>Chaucer is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. His production of so much excellent poetry is an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country.He did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.(P26) <3>the founder of English realism(P23) The Prologue(序言)suppies a miniature of the English so ciety of Chaucer’s time <4>. he forerunner of humanisim (P24 倒数第二行) 9.Geoffrey Chaucer died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey（威斯敏斯特教堂）thus founding the “Poets’ Corner”..(P20) 10.The Romaunt of the Rose(translated from Franch)《玫瑰传奇》 Troilus and Criseyde(adapted from the Italian)《特洛勒斯和克莱西》 10. Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟------The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》 The tales of the Knight,the Pardoner（卖赎罪券者），the Nun’s Priest (尼姑的牧师)，the Wife of Bath,together with the Prologue,are the best of the whole collection.(P24)（了解一下） Part two:The English renaissance
英国文学总结
英国文学总结： 一：The Anglo-Saxon period（央格鲁萨克逊时期）(450----1066) 1. First Anglo-Saxon poet: Caedom. 2. Two highlights in the development of the Anglo-Saxon literature-----Northumbrian school and Wessex literature 3. “Father of English History” is Venerable Bede. “英国历史之父” 代表作：The Ecclesiastical History of the English People 4. The king Alfred：代表作：The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle He created a style of Anglo-Saxon prose which was not obscure. 他创造了Anglo-Saxon散文体。 5. Anglo-Saxon poetry: Beowulf《贝奥武夫》( national and religion epic) A mixture of paganism(异教) and Christian elements. 二：The Norman Period (1066---1350) =The Medieval Period 1. Romance was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages. (1): the matter of France: the exploits of Charlemagne the great and Roland, Chanson de Roland (2): the matter of Rome: Alexander the great and the Great and the siege of troy. (3): the matter of British: the Arthurian legend: Sir Gawain, Launcelot, Merlin, the death of King Arthur. 三：The Age of Chaucer(乔叟时代) (1350----1440) 1.John Wycliff：Father of English prose“英国散文之父”, translate the Bible into standard English. 2.William Langland: Piers Plowman《农夫彼尔斯》Form: Allegory寓言 3.Geoffrey Chaucer:The Father of English Poetry“英国诗歌之父”，首创“heroic couplets”英雄双韵体，首次用伦敦方言写作，被葬在：Westminster Abbey Works divided three periods: A: 1360—1372: French literature: The book of the Duchess B: 1372---1836: Italian literature: Troilus and Criseyde adapted from Boccaccio The Decameron C: the last fifteen year of his life: The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》 四:The Fifteen Century (1400----1550) 1.Ballds(歌谣) became an important feature in the 15th. The most popular is the Robin Hood Ballads.五：The English Renaissance (1550—1642) 1.Edmund Spenser斯宾塞：The poet’s poet 诗人的诗人 代表作：The Shepherds Calendar《牧羊人日记》 The Faerie Queene《仙后》 Amoretti《爱情小唱》 2. Christopher Marlow马洛创造了无韵体/素体诗“blank verse”, 代表作：Tumburlaine《帖木儿大帝》 The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德斯博士的悲剧》 3. William Shakespeare莎士比亚 代表作：two narrative poems: Venus and Adonis The rape of Lucrece 四部悲剧：Othello Macbeth Hamlet King Lear 四部喜剧：As you like it《皆大欢喜》Mid-summer Night’s Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》 六：The Seventeenth Century (1603---1688) 1.Francis Bacon培根：father of science 科学之父 First English essayist 第一位随笔作家 The founder of English materialist philosophy唯物主义哲学开拓者 代表作：Essay《随笔》----of studies《论学习》
新编英国文学选读 第二版 复习资料
Chapter 8 The age of Romanticism: 1.From the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 to the death of Sir Walter Scott in 1832, a new movement appeared on the literary arena. The essence of this new movement is the glorification of instinct and emotion, a deep veneration of nature, and a flaming zeal to remark the world. 2.The political and social factors that gave rise to the romantic movement were the three revolution: American and French Revolution; national liberation movements; democratic movements. 3.And Industrial Revolution: brought great wealth to the rich and worsened the living condition of the poor; Workers organized themselves and gave voice to their distress by breaking machines, which is called Machine breaking movement(Luddite movement) 4.The shift in literature from emphasis on reason to instinct and emotion was intellectually prepared for by a number of thinkers in the later half of the 18th century. 5.Rousseau: the father of Romanticism. He rejects the worship of reason. He maintains in the really vital problems of life, it is much safer to rely on feelings, to follow our instincts and emotions. He preaches that civilized man should return to nature, praised the natural man as the noble savage and attacks the civilized man as the depraved animals. 6.Edmund Burke: As a political philosopher he is known for his Reflection on the Revolution in France. He distinguished between two kinds of beauty—the sublime and the beautiful. 7.Thomas Paine: He published The Rights of Man in 1791 to answer to Burke’s Reflection. The Rights of Man asserts that man has no property in man and justifies the radical actions of French people in the revolution, claiming that it is the right of people to overthrown a government that opposes humanity. 8.Characteristic features of the romantic movement: 1)Subjectivism: romantic poets describe poetry as the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which express the poet’s mind.The interest of romantic poets is not objective world or the action of men, but in the feelings, thoughts, and experience of the poets themselves. 2)Spontaneity: Wordsworth defines poetry as the spontaneous overflow of feelings. Romanticism is an assertion of independence, a departure from the neo-classis rules. 3)Singularity 4)Worship of nature 5)Simplicity 6)Melancholy 7)It was an age of poetry by which the poets outpoured their feelings and emotions. Romantic poets loved to use a freer verse form. 9.Romanticism is a term that denotes most of the writings that were written between 1798 and 1832. Wordsworth: