unit1 international trade

Unit1 international trade

1、Definition and importance国际贸易的定义和重要性

International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories.

国际贸易是指跨越各国国境或领土的资本、货物和服务的交换活动。

注释：exchange: 交换，汇兑 (另外常用的一个短语：foreign exchange: 外汇)border: 边(界, 缘, 境); 界线 territory: 领土, 领地, 版图, 地区, 活动范围

In most countries, it represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP).

在大多数国家，国际贸易占国内生产总值很大的比重。

注释：represent: 表现, 表示, 描绘, 讲述, 代表, 象征 significant: 重要的, 重大的, 值得注意的 share: 份额 gross domestic product: 国内生产总值

While international trade has been present throughout much of history, its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries.

国际贸易在整个历史发展过程中也得到了体现，国际贸易在经济、社会、政治等方面的重要性在近几个世纪的发展中不断增长。

注释：throughout: 遍及，贯穿economic: 经济(上)的，经济学的 social: 社会的，社会上的 political: 政治上的，政治的 importance: 重要(性)，重要方面(意义)on the rise: 在上涨，在增长 recent: 近来的 century: 世纪Industrialization，advanced transportation,globalization,multinational corporations,and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system

产业化，先进的交通，全球化，跨国公司和外包都具有对国际贸易体系产生重大影响

Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization.

越来越多的国际贸易对于全球化的持续是至关重要的。

International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world power.

国际贸易是经济收入的任何被认为是一个世界大国的国家的主要来源。

Without international trade,nations would be limited to the goods and services produced within their own borders

如果没有国际贸易，国家将限制于在他们自己的边界生产商品和服务。

2.Differences between international trade and domestic trade

国际贸易与国内贸易之间的差异

International trade is typically more costly than domestic trade

国际贸易成本通常比国内贸易成本高

The reason is that crossing a national border typically involves additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays ,and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system, or a different culture

其原因是跨越一个国家边境通常需要额外的费用，如关税，延迟时间成本，由于边境国家的相关成本差异，如语言，法律制度或不同的文化。

Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across national borders

另一个国内与国际贸易不同的是生产要素。如资金和劳动力在国内通常比跨越国界多。

Thus,international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services.

因此,国际贸易主要局限于商品和服务贸易。

Then,trade in goods and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of production.

然后,在货物和服务贸易可以作为一种替代品的生产要素贸易。

Instead of importing the factor of production ,a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of prodution and are thus embodying the respective factor

而不是引进生产要素的进口货物,一个国家能够使集约利用生产的因素,也包含了各自的因素

An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the united states from china

一个例子是，从美国进口劳动密集型货物到中国

Instead of importing chinese labor,the united states is importing goods from china that were produced with chinese labor

代替进口中国劳动力，美国从中国进口的货物由中国劳动力制造

International trade is also a branch of economics, which ,together with international finance, forms the large branch of international economics 国际贸易也是经济的一个分支,结合国际金融,形成大树枝国际经济学

3．Risks in International Trade国际贸易的风险

There are some risks in multilateral trade.

多边贸易有一些风险

They mainly include economic risks and political risks.

主要包括经济风险和政治风险

Economic risks include the risks of insolvency of the buyer;the risk of the failure of the buyer to pay the amount due within six months after the due date;the risk of non-acceptance;the risks of exchange rate,and so on.

经济风险包括买方破产的风险，在买方未支付到期日之后的六个月内到期数额的风险;对不接受的风险;汇率风险，等等。

Political risks include the risk of cancellation or non-renewal of export or import licences;war risks;risk of expropriation or confiscation of the importer’s company;risk of the imposition of an import ban after the shipment of the goods;transfer risk—imposition of exchange controls by the importer’s country or foreign currency shortages;and influence of political parties on an importer’s company.

政治风险包括取消或不更新进口/出口许可证风险，战争险，征用或没收进口商公司风险。发货之后实施进口禁令，外汇转换风险，征收由进口商所在国货外汇短缺外汇管制和各政党对进口商公司影响。

4.World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织

The World Trade Organization is best described as an umbrella organization under which the agreements that came out of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations are gathered.

伞式组织是对世界贸易组织的一个最好描述，根据该协议，来对乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判进行集中。

The WTO thus serves four basic functions:

世界贸易组织有四个基本职责

(1)to implement, administer, and carry out WTO Agreement and it annexes; 实施、管理,开展WTO协定和它的附件

(2)to act as a forum for ongoing multilateral trade negotiations;

作一个论坛对正在进行的多边贸易谈判

(3)to serve as a tribunal for resolving disputes;

作为法庭解决纠纷

(4)to review the trade policies and practices of member states.

审查贸易政策和成员国做法

Additionally,the WTO is to cooperate with t he International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in order to achieve greater cohererece in global economic policy making.

此外，世界贸易组织是与国际货币基金和世界银行合作，以实现全球经济决策的更大的连贯性决策

5.Barriers to international trade 国际贸易壁垒

A trade barrier is a general term that describes any goverment policy or regulation that restricts international trade.

贸易壁垒是一个通用术语，它描述任何政府政策或法规，限制国际贸易。

The barriers can take many fooms,including:import duties,import licenses,export licenses ,import quotas,tariffs,subsidies,and

non-tariff barriers to trade

壁垒可以采取许多形式，包括：进口关税，进口许可证，出口许可证，进口配额，关税，补贴和非关税贸易壁垒

Most trade barriers work on the same principle:the imposition of some sort of cost on trade that raises the price of trade products.

大多数贸易壁垒的工作原则是一样的:对于某种贸易成本,提高了贸易产品的价格。

If two or more nations repeatedly use trade barriers against each other,then a trade war results.

如果两个或更多的国家频繁运用贸易壁垒，导致互相贸易战争。

6.Steps of International Trade

any international transcation should start with market research.

任何国际交易应该以市场调研开始

An importer/exporter must acquire good knowledge of the foreign market

to which his products are to be sold so that can trade with customers successfully.

出口商/进口商必须很好的了解到他在国际市场上销售的产品，这样可以与客户交易成功。

After that,the following things should be done

在此之后，应做以下事情

?Seeking customers 寻找客户

?Contact each other by sending inquiries 发送询盘互相联系

?Status inquiry 询价状况

?Quotations or offers;acceptance or non acceptance报价或出价，接

受或不接受

?Order; contract订单，合同

?Obtaining import/export license; opening L/C ，receiving L/C，if

any 获得进口/出口许可证，开立信用证/接受信用证

?Preparation of goods by the seller卖方准备货物

?Inspection or survey of goods 检查货物

?Reserving shipping space either by the seller or buyer,depending

on the trade terms 根据贸易条款，由卖家或买家保留仓位

?Effecting insurance投保

?Customs clearance and loading 通关并装船

?Shipping advice 装船通知

?Negotiation of export documents under L/C by the beneficiary

谈判的出口单据信用证由受益人承担

?Redemption of documents under L/C 赎单信用证

?Customs clearance for import 进口海关放行

?Delivery of goods 交货

?Lodging and settling claims (if any)索理赔

练习：

1.单选

(1)Any international transaction starts with ( )

A．an offer B.quotations C.status inquiry D.markets research (2)A barrier to trade may take any form including import duties,import license,export license,import quotas,tariffs,subsidies and ( )

A.import system

B.non-tariff barriers

C.export system

D.international trade policy

(3)After the negotiation of export documents under L/C by the beneficiary,the importer,after viewing the documents,should do the ( )of the documents by effecting payment.

A.redemption

B.claim

C.deliver the goods

D.import clearance

(4)Under L/C operations,the ( )should open the L/C with its bank.

A.seller

B.advising bank

C.buyer

D.issuing bank

(5)To cooperate with the IMF is the ( )function of WTO.

A.additional

B.basic

C.only

D.main

2．判断

(1)The economical,social,and political of international trade has been rising in recent centuries.( )

(2)For any country,international trade is a major source of economic revenue.( )

(3)International trade is as costly as domestic trade ( )

(4)In international trade,both political risks and economic risks are invoved.( )

(5) If two nations repeatedly use trade barriers against each other,then

a trade war results ( )

3.多选

(1)International trade is the exchange of ( )across international borders or territories.

A.goods

B.services

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f24679905.html,nd

D.capital

(2)What factors influence the international trade system? ( )

A.capital

B.globalization

C.outsourcing

D.tariffs

(3)The economic risks involved in international trade are ( )

A.risk of cancellation of import or export license

B.failure of the buyer to pay the amount within 6 months after validity

C.war risks

D.insolvenvy of the buyer

(4)Please list the basic functions of the WTO.( )

A.To carry out the WTO agreement

B.To act as a forum for ongoing multilateral negotiations.

C.To serve as a tribunal for solving disputes.

D.To cooperate with the IMF and the World Bank.

(5)( )are the barriers to international trade.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f24679905.html,nd

B.import duties

C.export license

D.tariffs

FOB贸易术语解释(中英文)

FOB贸易术语解释（中英文） FREE ON BOARD (... named port of shipment) “Free on Board" means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship''s rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that point. The FOB term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term can be used only for sea or inland waterway transport. If the parties do not intend to deliver the goods across the ship''s rail, the FCA term should he used. A THE SELLER''S OBLIGATIONS B THE BUYER''S OBLIGATIONS A1 Provision of goods in conformity with the contract The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice, or its equivalent electronic message, in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity winch may be required by the contract. B1 Payment of the price The buyer must pay the price as provided in the contract of sale. A2 Licences, authorisations and formalities The seller must obtain at his own risk and expense any export licence or other official authorisation and carry out, where applicable1 , all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods. B2 Licences, authorisations and formalities

国际贸易术语中英文精修订

国际贸易术语中英文标准化管理部编码-[99968T-6889628-J68568-1689N]

外销员辅导物流货运费英文术语大全 海运费oceanfreight 集卡运费、短驳费Drayage 订舱费bookingcharge 报关费customsclearancefee 操作劳务费labourfeeorhandlingcharge 商检换单费exchangefeeforCIP 换单费D/Ofee 拆箱费De-vanningcharge 港杂费portsur-charge 电放费B/Lsurrenderfee 冲关费emergentdeclearationchange 海关查验费customsinspectionfee 待时费waitingcharge 仓储费storagefee 改单费amendmentcharge 拼箱服务费LCLservicecharge 动、植检疫费animal&plantquarantinefee 移动式其重机费mobilecranecharge 进出库费warehousein/outcharge 提箱费containerstuffingcharge 滞期费demurragecharge 滞箱费containerdetentioncharge 卡车运费cartagefee 商检费commodityinspectionfee 转运费transportationcharge 污箱费containerdirtynesschange 坏箱费用containerdamagecharge 清洁箱费containerclearancecharge 分拨费dispatchcharge 车上交货FOT(freeontrack) 电汇手续费T/Tfee 转境费/过境费I/Ebondedcharge

全套外贸术语 贸易术语 中英文对照

1. Trade-related Terms 贸易相关术语 A．贸易 Foreign Trade 对外贸易 Entrepot Trade F。）转口贸易 Home （Domestic）Trade 内贸 Coastal Trade 沿海贸易 Cross-border Trade 边境贸易 Barter Trade 易货贸易 Compensation Trade 补偿（互补）贸易 Bilateral trade （between China and the US）（中美）双边贸易Multilateral Trade ( Multilaterism ) 多边贸易 Trading House/Corporation/Firm/Company 贸易公司 Liner Trade 集装箱班轮运输 B．合同 Contract 合同 Active service contracts on file 在备有效服务合同

Sales Contract 销售合同 Sales Confirmation 销售确认书 Agreement 协议 Vessel sharing Agreement 共用舱位协议 Slot-sharing Agreement 共用箱位协议 Slot Exchange Agreement 箱位互换协议 Amendment 修正合同 Appendix 附录 Quota 配额 C．服务合同 Service Contract as provided in the Shipping Act of 1984， a contract between a shipper （or a shippers association）and an ocean carrier （or conference）in which the shipper makes a commitment to provide a certain minimum quantity of cargo or freight revenue over a fixed time period，and the ocean common carrier or

国际贸易术语(中英文对照)

分析证书certificate of analysis 一致性证书certificate of conformity 质量证书certificate of quality 测试报告test report 产品性能报告product performance report 产品规格型号报告product specification report 工艺数据报告process data report 首样测试报告first sample test report 价格／销售目录price ／sales catalogue 参与方信息party information 农产品加工厂证书mill certificate 家产品加工厂证书post receipt 邮政收据post receipt 重量证书weight certificate 重量单weight list 证书ceitificate 价值与原产地综合证书combined certificate of value and origin 移动声明Ａ．ＴＲ．１movement certificate Ａ．ＴＲ．１ 数量证书certificate of quantity 质量数据报文quality data message 查询query 查询回复response to query 订购单purchase order 制造说明manufacturing instructions 领料单stores requisition 产品售价单invoicing data sheet 包装说明packing instruction 内部运输单internal transport order 统计及其他管理用内部单证statistical and oter administrative internal docu-ments 直接支付估价申请direct payment valuation request 直接支付估价单direct payment valuation 临时支付估价单rpovisional payment valuation 支付估价单payment valuation 数量估价单quantity valuation request 数量估价申请quantity valuation request 合同数量单contract bill of quantities-BOQ 不祭价投标数量单unpriced tender BOQ 标价投标数量单priced tender BOQ 询价单enquiry 临时支付申请interim application for payment 支付协议agreement to pay 意向书letter of intent 订单order 总订单blanket order

贸易术语中英文对照

国际贸易—— 出口信贷 export credit 出口津贴 export subsidy 商品倾销 dumping 外汇倾销 exchange dumping 优惠关税 special preferences 保税仓库 bonded warehouse 贸易顺差 favorable balance of trade 贸易逆差 unfavorable balance of trade 进口配额制 import quotas 自由贸易区 free trade zone 对外贸易值 value of foreign trade 国际贸易值 value of international trade 普遍优惠制 generalized system of preferences-GSP 最惠国待遇 most-favored nation treatment-MFNT 价格条件—— 价格术语trade term (price term) 运费freight 单价 price 码头费wharfage

总值 total value 卸货费landing charges 金额 amount 关税customs duty 净价 net price 印花税stamp duty 含佣价price including commission 港口税portdues 回佣return commission 装运港portof shipment 折扣discount,allowance 卸货港port of discharge 批发价 wholesale price 目的港portof destination 零售价 retail price 进口许口证inportlicence 现货价格spot price 出口许口证exportlicence 期货价格forward price 现行价格（时价）current price/ prevailing price

13种贸易术语的比较归纳-贸易术语的归纳总结

13种贸易术语归纳对比

FOB、CIF、CFR异同比较： 共同点： 1、三种价格术语都适用于海运和内河运输，其承运人一般只限于船公司。 2、三种价格术语交货点均为装运港船舷风险点均以在装运港越过船舷即从卖方转移至买方。 3、费用点：卖方均要承担货物在装运港越过船舷为止的一切费用。 4、提单：卖方均需向买方提交已装船清洁提单。 5、装船通知：装运前后卖方均应及时向买方发出装船通知。 6、风险点：卖方在装运港将货物装船后的风险即转移到买方。

7、目的港的进口清关，费用等均由买方负责办理；装运港的装船，陆运，出口报关，办理许可证等均由卖方办理。 8、卖方都有在装运港安排订舱、配船的义务。 不同点： 1、价格术语后港口性质不一样，FOB后的港口指卖方所在国的港口，而CFR与CIF 后的港口指买方所在国的港口 2、费用构成不一样，报价不一样。FOB价格是考虑货物从原料购进、生产直到出口报关货物装到买方指定船舱同的一切费用和利润为止，而CFR是在FOB价格的基础上再加上海运费,CIF则是在FOB价格的基础上再加上海运费和保险费。 3、码头作业费的支付对象不同。按照谁支付海运费谁支付THC费用的原则，FOB价格条款中THC费用应由买方承担，CFR与CIF中THC应由卖方承担，现行国内THC标准为20‘柜370元，大柜40’为560元，THC费用应在贸易合同中明确注明由谁支付。 4、保险费支付、办理不同：FOB、CFR 保险由买方办理，卖方应于装船前通知买方；CIF 保险由卖方办理并支付保险费，卖方按合同条款，保险条款办理保险并将保险单交给买方。 5、装船通知告知买方时间不同：FOB价格和CFR在装船前告知买方，装船内容、装船细节以便买方有充足的时间办理货物海上保险而CIF是由卖方投保可在装船后几天内告知买方装船通知。 FCA、CPT、CIP异同比较： 共同点： 1、适用于任何运输方式，包括多式联运，也包括海运。在船舷无实际意义

全套外贸术语,贸易术语,中英文对照

1. Trade-related Terms贸易相关术语 A．贸易 Foreign Trade对外贸易 Entrepot Trade F。）转口贸易 Home（Domestic）Trade内贸 Coastal Trade沿海贸易 Cross-border Trade边境贸易 Barter Trade易货贸易 Compensation Trade补偿（互补）贸易 Bilateral trade（between China and the US）（中美）双边贸易Multilateral Trade ( Multilaterism )多边贸易 Trading House/Corporation/Firm/Company贸易公司 Liner Trade集装箱班轮运输 B．合同 Contract合同 Active service contracts on file在备有效服务合同 Sales Contract销售合同 Sales Confirmation销售确认书 Agreement协议 Vessel sharing Agreement共用舱位协议 Slot-sharing Agreement共用箱位协议 Slot Exchange Agreement箱位互换协议 Amendment修正合同 Appendix附录 Quota配额 C．服务合同 Service Contract as provided in the Shipping Act of 1984， a contract between a shipper（or a shippers association）and an ocean carrier （or conference）in which the shipper makes a commitment to provide a certain minimum quantity of cargo or freight revenue over a fixed time period，and the ocean common carrier or conference commits to a certain rate or rate schedules as wel as a defined service level（such as assured space，transit time， port rotation or similar service features）。The contract may also specify provisions in the event of non-performance on the part of either party服务合同 A service contract is a confidential contract between a VOCC and 1 or more shippers in which the shipper(s) make a cargo commitment, and the carrier makes a rate and service commitment. 服务合同是一家有船承运人与一个和多个托运人签订的保密合同，

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六种主要贸易术语的异同点比较资料

六种主要贸易术语的 异同点比较 六种主要贸易术语的异同点比较 一、FOB、CFR、CIF 的异同点 1.1.相同点 ⑴交货方式：FOB、CFR、CIF合同均属于象征性交货，即单据买卖。 ⑵运输方式：水上运输，包括海运及内河水运。 ⑶交货地点：装运港船上交货。 ⑷风险界点：装运港船舷为界，卖方承担货物越过装运港船舷之前的风险，买方承担货物越过装运港船舷之后的风险。 ⑸卖方的权利和义务：①提供货物及商业发票；②将货物交至船上并及时通知买方；③办理出口手续。 ⑹买方的权利和义务：①付款、接单、提货：②办理进口手续。 1.2.异同点 ⑴办理运输的责任的规左不同，CFR和CIF下由卖方办理运输，FOB合同下由买方办理。 ⑵办理保险的责任不同，CIF合同下由卖方办理保险，FOB和CFR下由买方办理保险。

⑶术语后跟的地点不同，FOB后为指定装运港，CFR和CIF后为指龙目的港。 ⑷价格构成不同，CFR二FOB+F： CIF二CFR+I。 二、FCA、CPT、CIP 的异同点 2.1.相同点 ⑴交货方式：FCA、CPT、CIP合同均属于象征性交货，即单据买卖。 ⑵运输方式：任何方式（水上运输、航空运输、铁路运输、公路运输），包括多式联运。 ⑶交货地点：因运输方式不同时情况而泄。 ⑷风险界点：货交第一承运人为界，卖方承担货物交到承运人之前的风险，买方承担货交承运人之后的风险。 ⑸卖方的权利和义务：①提供货物及商业发票；②将货物交至承运人：③亦理出口手续。 ⑹买方的权利和义务：①付款、接单、提货：②办理进口手续。 2.2.不同点 ⑴办理运输的责任的规迫不同，CPT和CIP下由卖方办理运输，FCA合同下由买方办理。 ⑵办理保险的责任不同，CIP合同下由卖方办理保险，FCA和CPT下由买方办理保险。 ⑶术语后跟的地点不同，FCA后为指定地点，CPT和CIP后为指泄目的地，因运输方式不同，视情况而泄。 ⑷价格构成不同，CPT二FCA+F： CIP二CPT+I。 三、FOB和FCA、CFR和CPT、CIF和CIP的异同点 3.1.FOB和FCA的异同点 3.1.1.相同点 在交货方式、办理运输和保险的责任归谁、货物在运输途中的风险划分、货价构成、按术语签订的合同类型方面都相同。 3.1.2.不同点