2018届松江区高考英语二模
松江区2017学年度第二学期期中质量监控试卷
高三英语
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Aunt Jane is now well over seventy, but she is still a great cinema-goer. The cinema in our town closed down years ago and sometimes she has to travel twenty miles or more to see a good film. And once a month at least she goes up to London to see (21)______ (late) foreign films. Of course she could see most of these films on television, but the idea does not attract her. “It isn’t the same,” she says. “For one thing, the screen’s too small. Besides, I like going to the cinema!”
However, one thing which has always puzzled us is that (22)______ Aunt Jane has lots of friends and enjoys company, she always goes to the cinema alone. We discovered the reason for this only recently—from Mother. “It may surprise you to learn that Aunt Jane wanted to be an actress when she was young,” she told us. “She used to wait outside film studios all day, just (23)_______ (appear) in crowd scenes. Your aunt has probably appeared in dozens of films. Sometimes she did not even know the name of the film they (24)______ (make). Therefore, she couldn’t go to see (25)______ in the film at the cinema!”
“All the time, of course, she was looking for a small part in a film. Her big chance came (26)______ they started to make a film in our town. Jane managed to meet the director at a party and he offered her (27)______ role as a shopkeeper. It really was a very small part, but it was an important moment for Jane. Before the great event, she rehearsed for days. In fact, she turned the sitting-room into a shop! We all had to help, going to and out of the shop (28)______ she could remember her words perfectly. And (29)______ the actual day she was marvelous. Jane thought that this was the beginning of her film career!”
“Unfortu nately, in the end, they did not include the shop scene in the film. But nobody told Jane! When the film first appeared in London, she took all her friends to see it. And of course she wasn’t in it! It was a terrible blow! She stopped (30)______ (go) to film studios and gave up the idea of becoming an actress. She still loves the cinema, as you all know, but from that day she has always gone alone!”
Whether you’re trying to be good at Photoshop, or step up your tennis game, or master a banjo(班卓琴) song, you’re probably __31__ following the age-old advice that practice makes perfect. However, contrary to popular belief, doing the same thing over and over again might not be the most efficient way to learn foreign concepts.
Traditionally, we’re taught using the “blocking” strategy. This instructs us to go over a single idea again and again until we’ve mastered it, before __32__ to the next concept. But several new neurological(神经学的) __33__ show that an up and coming learning method called “interleaving” improves our ability to keep and perform new skills over any traditional means by leaps and bounds.
What interleaving does is to space out learning over a longer period of time, and it __34__ the information we encounter when learning a new skill. So, for example, instead of learning one banjo chord at a time until you __35__ it, you train in several at once and in shorter bursts.
One of the practical ways you can use interleaving to train your brain to pick up new skills quickly and effectively is to practice multiple __36__ skills at once.
Whether you’re trying to improve your motor skills or cognitive(认知的) learning abilities, the key to __37__ how your brain processes new information is to break out of the habit of learning one part of a skill at a time. The advantage of this method is that your brain doesn’t get comfortable or store information in your short-term memory. Instead, interleaving causes your brain to __38__ focus and problem-solve every step of the way, resulting in information getting stored in your long-term memory instead.
Interleaving doesn’t cut any corners, so your brain is always on__39__. Think of the difference between blocking and interleaving like a boxer who practices one __40__ over and over again versus a boxer who practices by sparring in the ring. In the ring, you have to be ready for anything. It makes you faster and sharper.
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Since 1960, considerable scientific researches have been done on chimps in their natural habitats. Astonishingly, scientists have found out that the social __41__ of Chimps are very similar to humans. Chimps will __42__ in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct to __43__ one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly __44__ to share food with their children. Who are able from a young age to gather their own food?
In the laboratory, chimps don’t __45__ share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no greater effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor to the next cage, he will pull __46__ --he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.
Human children, __47__, are extremely cooperative. From the earliest ages, they decide to help others, to share information and to participate in achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this __48__ in a series of experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see a worried adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.
There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally __49__ in young children. One is that these __50__ appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave __51__. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence __52__ in children before their general cognitive skills, at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello, the human children did no better than the chimps on the __53__ world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.
The core of what c hildren’s minds have and chimps’ don’t is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can __54__ what others know or are thinking. But beyond that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They activel y seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a(n) __55__ goal.
41. A. structures B. policies C. behaviors D. responsibilities
42. A. conflict B. cooperate C. offend D. negotiate
43. A. trust B. contact C. isolate D. help
44. A. decline B. manage C. attempt D. oblige
45. A. curiously B. reluctantly C. naturally D. carelessly
46. A. in turn B. at random C. with care D. in advance
47. A. all in all B. as a result C. in no case D. on the other hand
48. A. cooperativeness B. availability C. interrelationship D. attractiveness
49. A. cultivated B. motivated C. possessed D. stimulated
50. A. attitudes B. instincts C. experiences D. coincidences
51. A. creatively B. formally C. socially D. competitively
52. A. develops B. decreases C. changes D. disappears
53. A. abstract B. invisible C. imaginary D. physical
54. A. infer B. adapt C. absorb D. balance
55. A. realistic B. shared C. specific D. ambitious
Section B
(A)
If a driver surfaces too quickly, he may suffer the bends.
Nitrogen(氮) dissolved in his blood is suddenly liberated by the reduction
of pressure. The consequence, if the bubbles accumulate(累积) in a joint,
is sharp pain and a bent body—thus the name. If the bubbles form in his
lungs or his brain, the consequence can be death.
Other air-breathing animals also suffer this decompression(减压)
sickness if they surface too fast: whales, for example. And so, long ago,
did ichthyosaurs. That these ancient sea animals got the bends can be seen
from their bones. If bubbles of nitrogen form inside the bone they can cut off its blood supply. This kills the cells in the bone, and consequently weakens it, sometimes to the point of collapse. Fossil bones that have caved in on themselves are thus a sign that the animal once had the bends.
Bruce Rothschild of the University of Kansas knew all this when he began a study of ichthyosaur bones to find out how widespread the problem was in the past. What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years. To this end, he and his colleagues traveled the world’s natural-history museums, looking at hundreds of ichthyosaurs from the Triassic period and from the later Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.
When he started, he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils, reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression. Instead, he was astonished to discover the opposite. More than 15% of Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs had suffered the bends before they died, but not a single Triassic specimen (标本) showed evidence of that sort of injury.
If ichthyosaurs did evolve an anti-decompression means, they clearly did so quickly—and, most strangely, they lost it afterwards. But that is not what Dr. Rothschild thinks happened. He suspects it was evolution in other animals that caused the change.
Whales that suffer the bends often do so because they have surfaced to escape a predator (捕食性动物) such as a large shark. One of the features of Jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles, both of which were fond of ichthyosaur lunches. Triassic oceans, by contrast, were mercifully shark and crocodile-free. In the Triassic, then, ichthyosaurs were top of the food chain. In the Jurassic and Cretaceous, they were prey (猎物) as well as predator—and often had to make a speedy exit as a result.
56. Which of the following is a typical symptom of the bends?
A. A twisted body.
B. A gradual decrease in blood supply.
C. A sudden release of nitrogen in blood.
D. A drop in blood pressure.
57. The purpose of Rothschild’s study is to see ______.
A. how often ichthyosaurs caught the bends
B. how ichthyosaurs adapted to decompression
C. why ichthyosaurs bent their bodies
D. when ichthyosaurs broke their bones
58. Rothschild’s finding stated in Paragraph 4 ______.
A. confirmed his assumption
B. speeded up his research process
C. disagreed with his assumption
D. changed his research objectives
59. Rothschild might have concluded that ichthyosaurs ______.
A. failed to evolve an anti-decompression means
B. gradually developed measures against the bends
C. died out because of large sharks and crocodiles
D. evolved an anti-decompression means but soon lost it
(B)
How ever wealthy we may be, we can never find enough hours in the day to do everything we want. Economics deals with this problem through the concept of opportunity cost, which simply refers to whether someone’s time or money could be better spent on something else.
Every hour of our time has a value. For every hour we work at one job we could quite easily be doing another, or be sleeping or watching a film. Each of these options has a different opportunity cost—namely, what they cost us in missed opportunities.
Say you intend to watch a football match but the tickets are expensive and it will take you a couple of hours to get to and from the stadium. Why not, you might reason, watch the game from home and use the leftover money and time to have dinner with friends? This—the alternative use of your cash and time—is the opportunity cost.
For economists, every decision is made by knowledge of what one must forgo—in terms of money and enjoyment—in order to take it up. By knowing precisely what you are receiving and what you are missing out on, you ought to be able to make better-informed, more reasonable decisions. Consider that most famous economic rule of all: there’s no such thing as a free lunch. Even if someone offers to take you out to lunch for free, the time you will spend in the restaurant still costs you something in terms of forgone opportunities.
Some people find the idea of opportunity cost extremely discouraging: imagine spending your entire life calculating whether your time would be better spent elsewhere doing something more profitable or enjoyable. Yet, in a sense it’s human nature to do precisely that we assess the advantages and disadvantages of decisions all the time.
In the business world, a popular phrase is “value for money.” People want their cash to go as far as possible. However, another is fast obtaining an advantage: “value for time.” The biggest restriction on our resources is the number of hours we can devote to something, so we look to maximize the return we get on our investment of time. By reading this passage you are giving over a bit of your time which could be spent doing other activities, such as sleeping and eating. In return, however, this passage will help you to think like an economist, closely considering the opportunity cost of each of your decisions.
60. According to the passage, the concept of “opportunity cost” is applied to ______.
A. making more money
B. taking more opportunities
C. reducing missed opportunities
D. weighing the choice of opportunities
61. The “leftover money and time” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to the time ______.
A. spared for watching the match at home
B. taken to have dinner with friends
C. spent on the way to and from the match
D. saved from not going to watch the match
62. What are forgone opportunities?
A. Opportunities you forget in decision-making.
B. Opportunities you give up for better ones.
C. Opportunities you miss accidentally.
D. Opportunities you make up for.
(C)
Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud stated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised(伪装的) shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise”—the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line”. And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only influenced but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It’s your dream”, says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center, “If you don’t like it, change it”.
The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated(产生) during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think abou t the emotional significance of the day’s events—until, it appears, we begin to dream.
And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over repeated bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
At the end of the day, ther e’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping of “we wake up in a panic”, Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suff ering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep—or rather dream—on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.
63. By saying that “dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat” in paragraph 1, the researchers mean that ______.
A. dreams can help us keep our mood comparatively stable
B. dreams can be brought under conscious control
C. dreams represent our unconscious desires and fears
D. we can think logically in the dreams too
64. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to ______.
A. become worse in our unconscious mind
B. develop into happy dreams
C. persist till the time we fall asleep
D. show up in dreams early at night
65. Cartwright believed with much practice, we can learn to ______.
A. control what dreams to dream
B. sleep well without any dreams
C. wake up in time to stop the bad dreams
D. identify what is upsetting about the dreams
66. Cartwright might advise those who sometimes have bad dreams to ______.
A. lead their life as usual
B. seek professional help
C. exercise conscious control
D. avoid anxiety in the daytime
Rhythm of Life
Choosing the right time to sleep, the correct moment to make decisions, the best hour to eat--and even go into hospital—could be your key to perfect health.
Centuries after man discovered the rhythms of the planets and the cycles of crops, scientists have learned that we too live by precise rhythms that govern everything from our basic bodily functions to mental skills. Man is a prisoner of time.
But it’s not just the experts who are switching on to the way our bodies work. __67__ Prince Charles consults a chart which tells him when he will be at his peak on a physical, emotional and intellectual level. Boxer Frank Bruno is another who charts his bio-rhythms to plan for big fights.
__68__ Sleep, blood pressure, hormone levels and heartbeat all follow their own clocks, which may bear only slight relation to our man-made 24-hour cycle.
Research shows that in laboratory experiments when social signals and most importantly, light indicators such as dawn are taken away, people lose touch with the 24-hour clock and sleeping patterns change. Temperature and heartbeat cycles lengthen and settle into “days” lasting about 25 hours.
In the real world, light and dark keep adjusting internal clock to the 24-hour day. But the best indicator of performance is body temperature. As it falls from a 10 p.m. high of 37.2℃to a pre-dawn low of 36.1℃, mental functions fall too. __69__
The most famous example is the nuclear accident at Three Mile Island in the US. The three operators in the control room worked alternating weeks of day, evening and night shifts. __70__ Investigators believe this caused the workers to overlook a warning light and fail to close an open valve.
Finding the secret of what makes us tick has long fascinated scientists and work done over the last decade has yielded important clues. The aim is to help us become more efficient. For example, the time we eat may be important if we want to maximize intellectual or sporting performance. There is already evidence suggesting that the time when medicine is given to patients affects how well it works.
IV. Summary Writing
Quiet Virtue: The Conscientious
The everyday signs of conscientiousness(认真尽责)—being punctual, careful in doing work, self-disciplined, and scrupulous (一丝不苟的) in attending to responsibilities—are typical characteristics of the model organizational citizen, the people who keep things running as they should. They follow the rules, help out, and are concerned about the people they work with. It’s the conscientious worker who helps newcomers or updates people who return after an absence, who gets to work on time and never abuses sick leaves, who always gets things done on deadline.
Conscientiousness is a key to success in any field. In studies of job performance, outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs, from semi-skilled labor to sales and management, depends on conscientiousness. Among sales representatives for a large American car manufacturer, those who were most conscientious had the largest volume of sales.
Conscientiousness also offers a buffer (缓冲) against the threat of job loss in today’s constantly changing market, because employees with this quality are among the most valued. For the sales representatives, their level of conscientiousness mattered almost as much as their sales in determining who stayed on.
But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems. Since conscientious people demand so much of themselves, they can hold other people to their own standards, and so be overly judgmental when others don’t show the same high levels of model behavior. Factory workers who were extremely conscientious, for example, tended to criticize co-workers even about failures that seemed unimportant to those they criticized, which damaged their relationships.
When conscientiousness takes the form of living up to expectations, it can discourage creativity. Success in creative professions like art or advertising calls for a balance between wild ideas and conscientiousness. Without enough conscientiousness to follow through, people become mere dreamers, with nothing to show for their imaginativeness.
V. Translation
72. 请把这封信寄给负责售后服务的人。(whoever)
73. 越来越多的市民有望参与到全民健身活动中来。(expect)
74. 抱怨太多作业是于事无补的，你不妨学学如何合理管理时间。(It’s no use)
75. 现在很多学生沉迷于网络世界，网上聊天代替了面对面交流，这让家长和老师们忧心忡忡。(substitute)
VI. Guided Writing
Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是学生华，你校举办一次校园歌手大赛，现就举办场所（校体育馆，还是租借城市剧院City Theatre）征集学生意见。请你给学校主办这一活动的学生会写一封信，表达你的想法。你的信中必须包括以下容：
1. 说明你的选择
2. 通过比较说明你选择该场所的原因
松江区2017学年第二学期高三年级质量调研考试英语试卷参考答案及评分标准
I. Listening
Comprehension
1.A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. D
6. D
7. D
8. B
9. C 10. C
11. A 12. B 13. D 14. C 15. C 16. B 17. A 18 .C 19. C 20. D
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
21. the latest 22. though 23. to appear 24. were making 25. herself
26. when 27. a 28. until 29. on 30. going
Section B
31. C 32. F 33. G 34. K 35. H 36. A 37. E 38. I 39. D 40. J
I. Reading Comprehension
Section A
41-45 CBAC 46-50 BDACB 51-55 CADAB
Section B
56. A 57. B 58. C 59. A 60. D 61. C 62. B 63. A 64. D 65. C 66. A 67. E 68. B 69. D 70. F
Summary Writing
得分点：
1. Conscientiousness is the feature of model organizational employees and keeps the company functioning successfully.
2. Conscientiousness has both advantages and disadvantages.
3. With conscientiousness, employees give outstanding performance, so they are less likely to be jobless.
4. Meanwhile, conscientious people without social skills tend to do have tense relationship with their fellow workers and conscientiousness can also damage creativity.
V. Translation
72. Send the letter to whoever is in charge of after-sale service, please.
73. More and more citizens are expected to participate in the national fitness program.
74. It’s no use complai ning about too much homework, you may as well learn how to manage your time properly.
75. Now many students are additive to (obsessed with) online world, substituting face-to-face communication with online chatting , which makes parents and teachers concerned.