信息管理专业英语翻译

1A vulnerability is a weakness that a person can eXploit to accomplish something that is not authorized or intended as legitimate use of a network or system.

一个漏洞是一个软弱,一个人要有所成就,能利用未被授权或打算作为合法使用网络或系统。

When a vulnerability is exploited to compromise the security of systems or information on those systems，the result is a security incident,Vulnerabilities may be caused by engineering or design errors，or faulty implementation.

当一个漏洞是利用妥协的安全系统或信息在这些系统中,其结果是一个安全漏洞事件,可能是由于工程或设计错误,或错误的实现。

Why the Internet Is Vulnerable（为什么互联网是脆弱）

2Many early network protocols that now form part of the Internet infrastructure were designe without security in mind.

许多早期的网络协议,现在互联网基础设施的组成部分是不安全的理念,设计。

Without a fundamentally secwre infrastructure，network defense becomes more diffcult.

没有从根本上安全的基础设施、网络防御变得更加困难。

Furthermore, the Internet is an extremely dynamic environment, in terms of both topology and emerging technology。

,包括拓扑和新兴技术。

。and may be hard to detect or trace。An attacker does not have to be phsically present to carry out the attack.

由于互联网的营销公开和原设计的协议、网络攻击通常是快速,简单,便宜,而且可能很难检测或跟踪一个攻击者不必一股脑的礼物进行攻击。

In fact,many attacks can be launched readily from anywhere in the word, and the location of the attacker can easily be hidden.

事实上,许多攻击可以启动容易从任何地方在词的位置,攻击者可以很容易的被隐藏。

Nor is it always necessary to“break in”to a site (gain privileges on it ) to compromise confidentiality,integrity,or availability of its information on service.

”网站(获得特权)妥协的保密性,完整性或可用性的信息服务。

It is common for sites to be unaware of the risks or unconcerned about the amount of trust they place in the Intemet.

这是常见的网站不知道或不关心的风险量的信任他们的地方在因特网。

They may not be aware of what can happen to their information and systems.

他们可能还不知道会发生什么,他们的信息和系统。

They may believe that their site will not be a target or that precautions they have taken are sufficient.

他们可能认为,他们的网站将不是一个目标,或者他们已经采取足够的预防措施。

Because the technology is constantly changing and intruders are constantly developing new tools and techniques，solutions do not remain effective indefinitely.

因为技术是不断变化的,不断发展新的入侵者是工具和技术,解决方案不能无限期地保持有效。

5Since much of the traffic on the Internet is not encrypted,confidentiality and integrity are diffcult to achieve.

因为大部分的交通网络是不加密的,保密性和完整性都难实现。

This situation undermines not only annlications (such as financial applications that are

network-based ) but also more fundamental mechanisms such as authentication and

non-repudiation.

这种情况不仅annlications破坏(如金融应用程序,这些应用程序是基于网络的),但也更根本的机制,比如身份验证和不可抵赖性。

As a result, sites may be affected by a security compromise at another site over which they have no control .

因此,网站可能会受到安全妥协在另一个网站而失去控制。

An example of this is a packet sniffer that is installed at one site but allows the intruder to gather information about other domains (possibly in other counties).

一个例子是一个数据包嗅探器,安装在一个站点上但允许入侵者收集信息关于其他域(可能在其他国家)。

6Another factor that contributes to the vulnerability of the Internet is the rapid growth and use of the netword,accompanied by rapid deployment of network services involving complex applications. 另一个因素导致的脆弱性是互联网快速发展和使用网络,伴随着快速部署的网络服务涉及复杂的应

用程序。

Often,these services are not designed, configured,or maintained securely.

通常,这些服务不是设计、配置或维护安全。

In the rush to yet new products to market developers do not adequately ensure that they do not repeat previous mistakes or introduce new vulnerabilities

在急于然而新产品市场开发人员不充分确保他们不重复以前的错误或引入新的漏洞

7Compounding the problem, operating system security is rarely a purchase criterion.

让问题更加复杂的是,操作系统安全是很少购买标准。

Commercial operating system vendors often report that sales are driven by customer demand for performance,price,easy of use,maintenance,and support.

商业操作系统供应商经常报告,销售是由客户要求的性能、价格、容易使用、维护和支持。

As a result ,off-the-shelf operating systems are shipped in an easy-to-use but insecure configuration that allow sits to use the system soon after installation.

因此,现成的操作系统是在一个易于使用的但不安全的运来配置,允许坐使用系统安装后不久。These host/sites are often not fully configured from a security perspective before connecting.

这些主机/网站常常没有完全配置之前从安全角度连接。

This lack of secure configuration makes them vulnerable to attacks,which sometimes occur within minutes of connection.

这种缺乏安全的配置使他们容易受到攻击,这有时发生后几分钟内连接。

8Finally, the explosive growth of the Intemet has expanded the need for well-trained and experienced people to engineer and manage the network in a secure manner.

最后,爆炸性增长的互联网已扩大需要训练有素、经验丰富的人,工程师和管理网络安全的方式。Because the need for network security experts far exceeds the supply,inexperienced people are called upon secure systems,opening windows of opportunity for the intruder community.

因为需要网络安全专家供不应求,没有经验的人呼吁安全的系统,开放的机会窗口为入侵者社区。Type of Technical Vulnerabilities 技术漏洞的类型

9The following taxonomy is useful in understanding the technical cause behind successful intrusion techniques,and helps experts identify general solutions for addressing each type of problem.

以下分类是有用的在理解技术原因成功入侵技术,并帮助专家识别通用于解决每种类型的问题。Flaws in Software or Protocol

缺陷在软件或协议

10Protocols define the rules and conventions for computers to communicate on a network.

协议定义了规则和惯例来进行计算机通信网络。

If a protocol has a fundamental deign flaw,it is vulnerable to exploitation no matter how well it is implemented.

如果一个协议有一个基本的设计缺陷,它是容易受到剥削无论它如何被实现。

An example of this is the Network file System (NFS),which allows systems to share files.

一个例子是网络文件系统(NFS),它允许系统共享文件。

This protocol does not include a provision for authentication; that is，there is no way of verifying that a person logging in really is whom he or she claims to be.

这个协议不包括提供认证;那就是,没有办法验证登录,一个人真的是被他或她声称是。

NFS servers are targets for the intruder community.

NFS服务器目标社区的入侵者。

11When software is designed or specified,often security is left out of the initial description and is later "added on" to the system.

当软件被设计或指定,通常安全是排除在最初的描述和后来的“添加”到系统。

Because the additional components were not part of the original design,the software may not behave as planned and unexpected vulnerabilities may be present.

因为额外的组件是属于原始设计,软件可能不像计划和意想不到的可能出现的漏洞。Weaknesses in How Protocols and Software Are Implemented

弱点在协议和软件如何实现

12 Even when a protocol is well designed，it can be vulnerable because of the way it is implemented.

甚至当一个协议是良好设计的,它可以是脆弱的,因为它是如何实现的。

For example,a protocol for electronic mail may be implemented in a way that permits intruders to connect to the mail port of the victim’s machine and fool the machine into performing a task not intended by the service..

例如,一个协议,电子邮件可能实施的方式,允许入侵者连接到邮件港口受害者的机器和傻瓜机器到执行任务不能由服务. .

If intruders supply certain data for the “To:”field instead of a correct E-mail address,they may be able to fool the machine into sending them user and password information or granting them access to the victim's machine with privileges to read protected files or run programs on the system.

如果入侵者提供某些数据的“:”字段,而不是一个正确的电子邮件地址,他们也许能够愚弄机进入发送用户和密码信息或向他们授予访问权限的受害者的机读文件或运行程序保护系统上。

This tune of vulnerability enables intruders to attack the victim’s machine from remote sites without access to an account on the victim’s system.

这首曲子的脆弱性使入侵者攻击受害者的机器从远程站点没有获得一个帐户在受害者的系统。This tune of attack often is just a first step leading to the exploitation of flaws in system or application software.

这首曲子的攻击往往只是第一步导致缺陷的开发系统或应用程序软件。

13Software may he vulnerable because of flaws that were not identified before the software was released.This type of vulnerability has a wide range of subclasses,which intruders often exploit using their oen attack tools.For readers who are familiar with software desgin,the following examples of subclasses are inciuded:

软件可能他脆弱,是因为缺陷,没有明确的软件发布之前。这种类型的漏洞已经广泛的子类,入侵者经常利用他们的厄恩攻击工具。让读者熟悉软件设计,下面的例子包括子类:

race conditions in file access

在文件访问竞争条件

non-existent checking of data content and size

不存在的检查数据内容和大小

non-existent checking for success or failure

不存在检查成功或失败

inability to adapt to resource exhaustion

无法适应资源枯竭

incomplete checking of operating environment

不完整的检查的操作环境

专业英语翻译中的常见问题(详细翻译技巧)

英译汉几个常见问题如下： 1）英译汉时语言组织不符合中文的讲话习惯。在不改变原文绝大部分意思的情况下，不需要字对字或者严格遵守英语语序，在获得原句含意后务必采用中文的思维将译文写出。要求是在读着看过译文后，不能让读着感觉到文章是翻译而得的，即不能留有丝毫翻译的痕迹。 2）英译汉时译文上下文的用词不一致。尤其是学术文献或论文的翻译，除了学术用语和专业用语需要准确，更重要的是全文上下文中同一个词或者短句翻译出的用词或短语必须一致。例如一开始将control panel翻译为“控制面板”，那么全文都不得改变这个译法。 3）英译汉时用词过于口语化。除了剧本，台词，字幕等需要口语化用词的翻译稿件以外。其余大部分翻译，例如文献，论文，合同，申请书，标书等，用词尽量书面化。例如“weight”在统计学和分析学中不可翻译为“给予数值”，必须翻译为“赋权”，两者意思相近，但是采用后者。 4）英译汉时词汇含意理解产生偏差。这是死记单词造成的后果。翻译中，在无上下文的情况下，除非是专有学术名词（例“diabetes”基本上永远都是糖尿病的意思），其余的单词很难说究竟是什么意思，我们只能说某个词大概是对照中文某个词的感觉，但是决不可死认一个意思，死认单词意思造成翻译不通、翻译错误等。当然也不能糊译，不能为了使句子翻译通顺而胡编一个意思。 5）英译汉时英语长句中的意群划分有误。原版的英语资料中长句较多，往往40-50个词之间没有一个标点，修饰成分和意群划分的错误会导致理解错误和翻译错误。原则上，英语中的各类从句，特别是状语从句在句子中的位置相对灵活，没搞明白其修饰对象就会错译。 汉译英几个常见问题如下： 1）汉译英时字对字翻译。这是翻译中最致命的错误，很多人以为认识对应的英语单词或者知道对应的英语单词，这句话才会翻译。其实不是，原则上四千词汇量就能解释大部分英语单词的含义，只不过大部分人不知道如何用简单词汇造句去描述或解释高难度单词。 2）汉译英时中式语序。何谓中式语序，即以“主+谓+宾”为主的句型。这种句子写多了，一旦遇上长句或者语法功能上缺少成分的句子就懵了。所以必须多读，多了解原版英语的句子是如何写的。 3）汉译英时短句太多。这里并不是指写英语短句不好，在考试中建议写短句，这是为了避免语法错误，当然也不要太短了。在较为正式的或专业性强的文本中，汉译英在必要时需要翻译成长句。例如不久前的某论文中的一句：筛选出对靶基因干扰效率最高的 HER2-shRNA慢病毒表达载体并成功包装成病毒去感染SKOV-3细胞而后在体外进行实验的结果显示Her2/neu的siRNA慢病毒载体可以显著抑制靶基因的表达并使卵巢癌SKOV3细胞的生物学行为明显受抑。因此，熟练掌握各类从句的写法和作用很重要。 4）汉译英时英语词汇词义辨析不清而导致误用，用词不准。大部分人的翻译习惯是，凡是中文有英文的对应单词，就二话不说直接用，其实这个是不对的。很多同义词意思相近，用法和所用的语境场合完全不同。例如“base”“basis”“foundation”，意思几乎相同，但是用法完全不同。尤其是学术文章，误用就导致歧义。 5）汉译英时逻辑混乱结构不清。汉译英中的逻辑和语句结构相当重要。逻辑混乱，即译文毫无章法，思绪混沌，不知所云。结构不清，即英语的从句或其他成分在句中的位置胡乱摆放，进行翻译的人员自然是清楚的指导这些英语句子的含义，因为是看着中文翻译过来的，想不知道中文含义都难，但是没看过中文的读着就会因此而看得云里雾里，从而导致读者难以理解译文。

电子信息类专业英语翻译

1.This electron beam sweeps across each line at a uniform rate，then flies back to scan another line directly below the previous one and so on，until the horizontal lines into which it is desired to break or split the picture have been scanned in the desired sequence． 电子束以均匀的速率扫描每一行，然后飞速返回去扫描下一行，直到把被扫描的图像按所希望的顺序分割成行。 2.The technical possibilities could well exist，therefore，of nation-wide integrated transmission network of high capacity，controlled by computers，interconnected globally by satellite and submarine cable，providing speedy and reliable communications throughout the word 因此，在技术上完全可能实现全国性的集成发送网络。这种网络容量大，由计算机控制，并能通过卫星和海底电缆实现全球互联，提供世界范围的高速、可靠的通信。 3.Transit time is the primary factor which limits the ability of a transistor to operate at high frequency． 渡越时间是限制晶体管高频工作能力的主要因素 4.The intensity of sound is inversely proportional to the square of the distance measured from the source of the sound. 声强与到声源的距离的平方成反比。 5.The attenuation of the filter is nearly constant to within 0.5 dB over the entire frequency band． 该滤波器的衰减近于恒定, 整个频带内的变化在0.5 dB以内。 6.At present, the state of most semiconductor device technology is such that the device design and process technology must be supplemented by screening and inspection procedures, if ultimate device reliability is to be obtained and controlled． 目前, 大多数半导体器件的技术尚未十分完善, 以至若要获得并控制器件最终的可靠性, 就必须辅以筛选和检验, 以弥补设计和工艺技术之不足 7.Bandwidth of transistor amplifiers vary from about 250 MHz in the L band to 1000 MHz in the X band． 晶体管放大器的带宽在L波段约为250 MHz, 在X波段为1000 MHz。 8.The output of the differential amplifier is fed to the circuit’s output stage via an offset-compensation network, which causes the op-amp’s output to center at zero volts. The output stage takes the form of a complementary emitter follower, and provides a low-impedance output. 差动放大级的输出通过一个失调补偿网络与输出级相连, 目的是使运放的输出以0 V为中心。输出级采用互补的射极跟随器的形式以使输出阻抗很低 9.Because of the very high open-loop voltage gain of the op-amp, the output is driven into positive saturation (close to +V) when the sample voltage goes slightly above the reference voltage, and driven into negative saturation (close to-V) when the sample voltage goes slightly below the reference voltage. 由于运放的开环电压增益很高, 当取样电压略高于参考电压时, 输出趋向于正向饱和状态(接近+V)。当取样电压低于参考电压时, 输出趋向于负向饱和状态(接近-V)。 10.If the signal source were direct connected instead of capacitor coupled, there would be a low resistance path from the base to the negative supply line, and this would affect the circuit bias conditions. 如果信号源和电路不是用电容耦合而是直接相连，从基极到负电源线就会一个低阻通路，并且这将影响到电路偏置状态 11.The differential amplifier has a high-impedance (constant-current)“tail”to give it a high input impedance and a high degree of common-mode signal rejection. It also has a high-impedance collector (or drain) load, to give it a large amount of signal-voltage gain (typically about 100 dB). 差动放大极有一个高阻抗的“尾巴”（恒流源）以提供高输入阻抗和对共模信号的深度抑制，同时，它还具有一个高阻抗和集电极或漏极负载以提供高的信号电压增益（典型的数据是100dB). 12.On the other hand, a DC negative-logic system, as in Figure 3.6(b), is one which designates the more negative voltage state of the bit as the 1 level and the more positive as the 0 level. 另一方面, 如图3.6(b)所示, 把比特的较低的电压状态记为1电平, 较高的电压状态记为0电平, 这样的系统称为直流负逻辑系统。 13.For example, to represent the 10 numerals (0, 1, 2, …, 9) and the 26 letters of the English alphabet would require 36

信息管理专业英语第二版参考答案

Unit 1 【Ex1、】根据课文内容,回答以下问题。 1.In human terms and in the broadest sense, information is anything that you are capable of perceiving、 2.It includes written communications, spoken communications, photographs, art, music, and nearly anything that is perceptible、 3.If we consider information in the sense of all stimuli as information, then we can’t really find organization in all cases、 4.No、 5.Traditionally, in libraries, information was contained in books, periodicals, newspapers, and other types of recorded media、People access it through a library’s catalog and with the assistance of indexes, in the case of periodical and newspaper articles、 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f57577280.html,puterized “information systems”、 7.The problem for most researchers is that they have yet to discover the organizing principles that are designed to help them find the information they need、 8.For library materials, the organizing principle is a detailed subject classification system available for searching in an online “catalog”、 9.The one thing common to all of these access systems is organization、 10.No, it isn’t、 【Ex2、】根据给出的汉语词义与规定的词类写出相应的英语单词。每词的首字母已给出。 n.取回,恢复,修补;检索retrieval n.机械装置,机构,机制mechanism adj.特有的,表示特性的,典型的characteristic n.分类,分级classification n.风格,方式,样式,习惯manner n.文件,公文document vt.解释,说明Interpret vt.使自动化,自动操作automate n.分类assortment n.法则,原则,原理principle n.排列,安排arrangement n.&vt.访问,存取access n.浏览器;浏览书本的人browser n.目录catalog n.索引index n.材料,原料,物资,素材material

电子信息工程专业英语作业3

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管理信息系统MIS(Management Information System)

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