托福句子简化题难题汇总
要被简化的句子已经用阴影标出，然后提出下列问题：Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence
in the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
正确选项特征
Express the essential information ——必保留主要信息
问：什么是essential information?
答：主要逻辑中的主干信息。
例: 虽然今天很冷，但是穿着漂亮衣服的小明还是开开心心地在外面堆雪人。
Essential information: 小明堆雪人
正确选项：选项的essential information必须包含小明堆雪人。
注:虽然小明堆雪人，但是今天很冷。这一选项是错误的。因为在这里小明堆雪人是次要信息。
错误选项特征
1.leave out essential information
形式：逻辑错误，主干错误
解决方法：反其道而行之——一定要在选项最重要的位置找到题干最主要的信息，排除无中生有的新的逻辑关系
2.change the meaning in important ways
形式: 细节题常见错误选项（混，偏，无，极，比，反）
解决方法：从选项回到原句比较细节（先从常见错误选项入手）
四. 解题步骤
1.找原句逻辑：
找逻辑连接词词。
常见逻辑连接词：
转折：but, however, yet, nevertheless
让步：although，though，even though，despite，in spite of
比较对比：more/less than, as…as , while, whereas, unlike
条件：if, only if, except, unless, provide that, as long as。
因果：because (of) ,since, as, why, for, therefore, hence, thus, consequently, lead to, as a result (of),result in, result from, reason, A contribute to
B, attribute/ascribe A to B, explain, come from, so A that B,A be responsible for B
注意:
在因果关系中要注意区分谁是结果，谁是原因。
要注意隐性因果关系词: force, make, explain,不能直接排除选项中有因果逻辑关系的词。
转折关系只是说明转折之后的信息是主要信息是主要信息，要保留。不能直接排除选项中没有转折关系的项。
2.找原句主干：
谁做什么，谁是什么（一般删掉修饰语:定语从句，介词短语结构，时间地点状语）
注意：若两个句子有对比关系，因为两个分句中被比较的事物本质可能都差不多，所以表修饰的定语从句才是关键，这时候定语时关键。
*第一二步实际上是找到原句的essential information
3.看选项逻辑，主干
4.对比原文与选项主要信息。
排除有明显与主要信息矛盾的选项了，排除无中生有的逻辑
*这个步骤在实际做题的时候，其实是和第三步同时发生的。
5.对比细节：
一般情况下已经排除了三个排除，只剩下正确选项。
如果还剩下两个选项，就应该从选项回到原句比较细节（细节有所缩减，但是选项中的细节必定在原句中已经体现）
五. 例题解析
Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Despite the fact that wealth is relatively evenly distributed in pastoral societies, gender inequality still exists because only men can acquire military skills and social status.
B. Inequalities of gender existed in pastoralist societies until most communities began to require women to possess the same skills as men and take part in the military.
C. Inequalities of gender in pastoralist societies were caused by steep hierarchies of wealth and differences in military training between men and women.
D. In pastoral societies, gender inequality is comparatively mild because wealth is relatively evenly distributed and women have to learn most of the same skills that men do.
解析：
找原句逻辑：but (but之后重要)
找原句主干: they seems to have been softened (by.. and also by)
3．找选项主干逻辑
A. Despite… (不重要), gender inequality still exists because…
B. Inequalities of gender existed in …until…
C. Inequalities of gender were caused by…
D. Gender inequality is comparatively mild because…
4. 对比原文与选项主要信息
Softened的概念只在D comparative mild中出现，所以选择D.
OG
Applied Arts and Fine Arts
因果
Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits.
Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○Functional applied-art objects cannot vary much from the basic patterns determined by the laws of physics.
○The function of applied-art objects is determined by basic patterns in the laws of
physics.
○Since functional applied-art objects vary only within certain limits, arbitrary decisions cannot have determined their general form.
○The general form of applied-art objects is limited by some arbitrary decision that is not determined by the laws of physics.
The Origins of Cetaceans
让步
of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in
in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways ○Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a
backbone.
○The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its
missing fluke.
○Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like
modern whales.
○By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a
different way from the way Ambulocetus swam.
Desert Formation
因果
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the
tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.
of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in
in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways
essential information.
○Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.
○Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.
○The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.
○Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.
Early Cinema
因果
of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in
○Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one.
○Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines.
○Edison did not want to develop projection technology because it limited the number of machines he could sell.
○Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.
Aggression
对比
of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the
out essential information.
○People who believe that they are fighting a just war act aggressively while those who believe that they are fighting an unjust war do not.
○People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified are more likely to act
aggressively than those who believe differently.
○People who normally do not believe that aggression is necessary and justified may act aggressively during wartime.
○People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified do not necessarily act
aggressively during wartime.
Artisans and Industrialization
并列
Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior.
○Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly.
○The responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade.
○Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members.
○Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them.
Swimming Machines
these fishes and tends to slow them down.
○These fishes often have a problem opening their mouths while swimming.
○The streamlining of these fishes prevents them from slowing down.
○The streamlining of these fishes tends to slow down their breathing.
○Opening the mouth to breathe can reduce the speed of these fishes.
Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States
对比
were more isolated and languishing economically.
○Whigs were able to attract support only in the wealthiest parts of the economy because Democrats dominated in other areas.
○Whig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas, respectively.
○The semisubsistence farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly
isolated by the Whigs' control of the market economy.
○The Democrats' power was greatest in poorer areas while the Whigs were strongest in those areas where the market was already fully operating.
The Expression of Emotions
were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses.
○The Fore's facial expressions indicated their unwillingness to pretend to be story characters. ○The Fore were asked to display familiar facial expressions when they told their stories.
○The Fore exhibited the same relationship of facial expressions and basic emotions that is seen in Western culture when they acted out stories.
○The Fore were familiar with the facial expressions and basic emotions of characters in stories.
Geology and Landscape
转折
○When they are relatively young, hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature.
○Although they seem permanent, hills and mountains exist for a relatively short period of geological time.
○Hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature, but only for a short time.
○Hills and mountains resist the destructive forces of nature better than other types of landforms.
Loie Fuller
让步
emanated from her visual effects.
○Fuller was more interested in dance’s visual impact than in its narrative or emotional possibilities.
○Fuller used visual effects to dramatize the stories and emotions expressed in her work.
○Fuller believed that the drama of her dancing sprang from her emotional style of storytelling. ○Fuller’s focus on the visual effects of dance resulted from her early theatrical training as an actress.
Green Icebergs
转折
icebergs under a great variety of light conditions.
○One explanation notes that green icebergs stand out among other icebergs under a great variety of light conditions, but this is attributed to an optical illusion.
○One explanation for the color of green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion that occurs when the light from a near-horizon red Sun shines on a blue iceberg.
○One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to a great variety of light conditions, but green icebergs stand out best among other icebergs when illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun.
○One explanation attributes the color of green icebergs to an optical illusion under special light conditions, but green icebergs appear distinct from other icebergs under a great variety of light conditions.
TPO-1
Groundwater
转折
films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
○Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.
○Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.
○Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.
○If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.
The Origins of Theater
转折
For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.
○A society’s rites were more likely to be retained in the oral tradition if its myths were admired for artistic qualities.
○The artistic quality of a myth was sometimes an essential reason for a society to abandon it from the oral tradition.
○Some early societies stopped using myths in their religious practices when rites ceased to be seen as useful for social well-being.
○Myths sometimes survived in a society’s tradition because of their artistic qualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.
Timberline Vegetation on Mountains
因果
Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes.
○Because of their deformed shapes at high altitudes, trees are not likely to be seriously harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes.
○As altitude increases, the velocity of winds increase, leading to a serious decrease in the number of trees found at high altitudes.
○The deformed shapes of trees at high altitudes show that wind velocity, which increase with altitude, can cause serious hardship for trees.
○Increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees, and this may cause serious stress for trees.
TPO-3
Architecture
因果，对比
In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose,
dramatically.
○Unchanging physical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be made with materials discovered long ago.
○Building materials have changed in order to increase architectural size and strength, but physical laws of structure have not changed.
○When people first started to build, the structural methods used to provide strength and size were inadequate because they were not based on physical laws.
○Unlike building materials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws.
Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer
转折
○Despite the current impressive size of the Ogallala aquifer, the region’s climate keeps the rates of water addition very small.
○Although the aquifer has been adding water at the rate of only half a centimeter a year, it will eventually accumulate enough water of fill Lake Huron.
○Because of the region’s present climatic conditions, water is being added each year to the aquifer.
○Even when the region experiences unfortunate climatic conditions, the rates of addition of water continue to increase.
The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems
否定
place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform.
○Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.
○Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity. ○Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy environments.
○A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms.
TPO-4
Deer Populations of the Puget Sound
递进
In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.
○Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse.
○Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.
○Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit.
○According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.
Cave Art in Europe
因果
○Upper Paleolithic people, like many contemporary peoples, believed that if they drew a human image in their cave art, it would cause death or injury.
○Many contemporary people believe that the drawing of a human image can cause death or injury, so they, like Upper Paleolithic people, rarely depicted human figures in their cave art.
○If Upper Paleolithic people, like many contemporary peoples, believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, this belief might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.
○Although many contemporary peoples believe that the drawing of a human image can cause death or injury, researchers cannot explain why Upper Paleolithic people rarely depicted human figures in their cave art.
Petroleum Resources
Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.
○Higher temperatures and pressures promote sedimentation, which is responsible for petroleum formation.
○Deposits of sediments on top of organic matter increase the temperature of and pressure on the matter.
○Increase pressure and heat from the weight of the sediment turn the organic remains into petroleum.
○The remains of microscopic organisms transform into petroleum once they are buried under mud.
TPO-5
Minerals and Plants
an abandoned mine or an irrigation pond contaminated by runoff.
○Before considering phytoremediation, hyperaccumulating species of plants local to the target area must be identified.
○The investigation begins with an evaluation of toxic sites in the target area to determine the extent of contamination.
○The first step in phytoremediation is the planting of hyperaccumulating plants in the area to be cleaned up.
○Mines and irrigation ponds can be kept from becoming contaminated by planting hyperaccumulating species in targeted areas.
The Origin of the Pacific Island People
转折
accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.
○ Some people have argued that the Pacific was settled by traders who became lost while transporting domesticated plants and animals.
○ The original Polynesian settlers were probably marooned on the islands, but they may have been joined later by carefully prepared colonization expeditions.
○ Although it seems reasonable to believe that colonization expeditions would set out fully stocked, this is contradicted by much of the evidence.
○ The settlement of the Pacific islands was probably intentional and well planned rather than accidental as some people have proposed.
The Cambrian Explosion
转折
At one time, the animals present in these fossil beds were assigned to various modern animal groups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils represent unique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period, leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.
○ The animals found in the Tommotian fossil bed were once thought to belong to a variety of modern animal groups, but now they are thought to have descended from a single group.
○ Animals in the Tommotian fossil beds were initially assigned to modern animal groups but are now thought to belong to groups that emerged and died out during the Cambrian period.
○ Though at first they thought otherwise, paleontologists now agree that the animals in the Tommotian have body forms from which modern animals have descended.
○ It is unclear whether the Tommotian fossils from the early Cambrian period represent unique body forms or whether they should be assigned to various modern animal groups.
TPO-6
Powering the Industrial Revolution
让步
factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.
○ Running water was the best power source for factories since it could keep machines operating continuously, but since it was abundant only in Lancashire and Scotland, most mills and factories that were located elsewhere could not be water driven.
○ The disadvantage of using waterpower is that streams do not necessarily flow in places that are the most suitable for factories, which explains why so many water-powered grain and textile mills were located in undesirable places.
○ Since machines could be operated continuously only where running water was abundant, grain and textile mills, as well as other factories, tended to be located only in Lancashire and Scotland.
○ Running water was the only source of power that was suitable for the continuous operation of machines, but to make use of it, factories had to be located where the water was, regardless of whether such locations made sense otherwise.
William Smith
转折
But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world.
○The discovery of regional differences in the sequences of rocks led geologists to believe that rock types could someday become reliable time markers.
○Careful analysis of strata revealed that rocks cannot establish geological time because the pattern of rock layers varies from place to place.
○Smith's catalogs of rock strata indicated that the sequences of rocks are different from place to place and from region to region.
○Because people did not catalog regional differences in sequences of rocks, it was believed that rocks could never be reliable time markers.
Infantile Amnesia
因果
enduring memories, even when they hear stories that promote such remembering in preschoolers.
○Incomplete physiological development may partly explain why hearing stories does not improve long-term memory in infants and toddlers.
○One reason why preschoolers fail to comprehend the stories they hear is that they are physiologically immature.
○Given the chance to hear stories, infants and toddlers may form enduring memories despite physiological immaturity.
○Physiologically mature children seem to have no difficulty remembering stories they heard as preschoolers.
TPO-7
The Geologic History of the Mediterranean
因果
Mediterranean.
○The strait of Gibraltar reopened when the Mediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water from one sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting.
○The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.
○The cascades of water from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas.
○As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic and Mediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascades of water between them.
Ancient Rome and Greece
bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. ○The regularity and power of stone walls inspired Romans attempting to unify the parts of their realm.
○Although the Romans used different types of designs when building their walls, they used regular controls to maintain their realm.
○Several types of control united the Roman realm, just as design and cement held Roman walls together.
托福阅读句子简化题真题分析
托福阅读句子简化题真题分析 在学会确定句子简化题（简称“句简题”）的核心信息后，我们来做一道来做好人力资源，企业无忧 自TPO 31的句简题。题目如下： Graves drew two conclusions from these observations. First, at least some of the observed differences between the enzymes of the Atlantic and Pacific fish populations were not random but were the result of evolutionary adaptation. Second, it appears that closely related populations of fishes on both sides of the isthmus are starting to genetically diverge from each other. Because Graves’s study of geographically isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations that are neutral or adaptive, divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in process. Q12 Which of the sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A.Graves’s study provides evidence that isthmus fishes are in the process of becoming geographically isolated. B.Graves’s study of mutating isthmus fishes yields results that differ from results of other studies involving allopatric speciation. C.Graves’s study of isolated populations of isthmus fishes provides some evidence that allopatric speciation might be beginning. D.Graves’s study indicates that when isolated, populations of isthmus fishes register neutral or adaptive mutations. 1. 首先确定句子核心信息 Because Graves’s study of geographically isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations that are neutral or adaptive, 【divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in process.】 词汇： A glimpse of 看见，瞥见 Mutation 突变，变种 Divergence 变化，变异 Allopatric speciation 异地物种形成 2. 理解大意 该句是由because引导的原因状语从句和方括号内的主句组成的嵌套句，从句的主谓宾已用绿色字体标出，大意为：因为G的研究让人们看到了突变的逐渐 1
托福阅读题型解析之这三类错题原本可以避免
托福阅读题型解析之这三类错题原 本可以避免 托福阅读题型解析, 这三类错题原本可以避免,今天给大家带来了托福阅读题型解析，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 托福阅读题型解析这三类错题原本可以避免 托福阅读题型解析一简化题 形成原因： 这种题型可能大家最常见的解决方法就是根据翻译来解题，但是你的翻译正确吗?这就是这种题型错误的主要原因了。 分析及解决方法： 这种题型的正确解题方法应该是利用对句子的理解来解题，而不是靠翻译，再说你的翻译也不一定是正确的。这类题型容易出错的主要原因在于考生往往先对原句进行翻译，然后从选项中找出和原句翻译类似的答案。这样的解题方式的弊端在于浪费时间，而且往往选项翻译都和原句出入不大，在选择时常常出错。
句子简化题的正确做法是利用逻辑解题。使用这种方式不容易出错，因为这种解题方法是从题型考察目的得来的。步骤是：首先看到句子之后的第一个反应是找句子内部的逻辑关系。常见的逻辑关系有两种转折或者因果。举例来说，若原句有转折的逻辑关系，第一步需要做的事情是排掉选项中逻辑关系不对的即不是表示转折的，若选项中还有两个以上逻辑关系都相符合，那么采用的原则是逻辑成分的对应。托福阅读*技巧：这是第一步有逻辑关系的时候采用的方法;如果原句中没有明显的逻辑关系需要采用第二步--提取原句中的主干信息，排掉选项中主干信息不符的选项。 托福阅读题型解析二词汇题 形成原因： 这是托福阅读考试当是出场率较高的一类题型，这种题型的易错原因主要是因为词汇量不足、忽略词汇语境的作用导致的。 分析及解决方法： 对于托福阅读考试当中出现频率较高的题型——词汇题，大部分原因是因为考生的词汇的不足，造成词汇不熟悉或者被选项词给难住了。考生需要知道的是，托福阅读考试词汇题一般考察的是英语六级以上的词汇水平，要想这类题型不出错，那么你的词汇基础就一定要打好。
托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲
托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲 托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲, 3个步骤搞定难点题型，今天给大家带来了托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲。希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲3个步骤搞定难点题型 托福阅读句子简化题解题流程介绍 1 看原句是否有逻辑关系 2 原句有逻辑关系，看选项，保留逻辑关系选项，去除无逻辑关系选项 3 半句细节对比解题 注：逻辑关系一般有，对比、转折、因果、条件等等 托福阅读句子简化题思路实例分析 If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
A.Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores. B.Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension. C.Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film. D.If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist. 解题： 1看原句是否有逻辑关系，初步浏览了一下，看到了but这个表转折的连接词，这是一个有逻辑关系的句子。 2 看选项，找到表转折的连接词，只有A选项符合。 原句的大意是： 如果孔很大，那么里面的水就大如水滴，表面的张力不能将其托住，里面的水很快就会流尽;但是如果孔足够小，孔里的水
句子简化题 专项
句子简化题专项练习 简单 1.OG-1 The Origins of Cetaceans Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.（请写出错误选项错在哪里并在选项中标出）○Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone. ○The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke. ○Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales. ○By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam. 本句主干：The structure of the backbone shows 本句逻辑： 本句话翻译：脊椎的构造表明，她可以像现在鲸类一样上下移动身体尾部，尽管他没有尾巴 2.OG-2 Desert Formation Paragraph 10: Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. （请写出错误选项错在哪里并在选项中标出）
托福阅读精选45句长难句翻译
精选45句托福阅读长难句翻译及词汇注释 （涵盖部分句子简化题翻译） 1.The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment（沉积物）-laden（装满的）river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing（沉积）the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope（斜面）. 虽然是较为小型的，但类似的事情也在当下发生，无论什么地方的、大量携带沉积物的河水或溪流从山谷中流至较为平坦的地带，都会随着流速的减慢会沉淀下它的携带物。 河流通常以扇形蔓延，使沉积物以一种平滑的扇形斜面的形式沉积。 2.In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie（躺在某上） what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they ar e now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels （石子，砂砾）and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars（沙洲，堤坝）, will be saturated（浸湿）with groundwater. 在地势较低的城市里，地面上几乎所有曾是河床的地方都被土壤掩埋。如果曾是河床的地方现在处于河流（的上表面）之下，旧时河床的石砾、沙子和沙洲就会被地表水浸湿。 3.But note that porosity（孔隙度）is not the same as permeability（渗透率）, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities（腔，洞）and the crevices （裂缝，缺口）linking them. 但是要注意的在测量水可以从一种材料间通过的轻松程度的时候，孔隙度并不等同于渗透率。这个要依材料中每个独立的洞和裂缝的大小而定。 4.If the pores（毛孔，气孔）are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain（使液体流走）away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films（薄膜）, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held. 如果气孔很大，其内部的水分会以滴的形式存在，水分会由于过重、不能被表面张力持住而流走。反之，如果气孔很小，其内部的水分会以薄膜的形式存在，水分太轻以至于不能克服固定它们的表面张力，因此水分就会被以膜的形式保留。 5.But the myths that have grown up around the rites（隆重的仪式或典礼）may continue as part of the group’s oral（口头的; 口述的）tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced（分离）from these rites.
新托福阅读句子简化解题方法探析
新托福阅读句子简化解题方法探析 朗阁海外考试研究中心徐露露 在托福阅读的十大题型中，句子简化题相对来说是一个比较低调的题型，它以每篇文章一道题的概率默默而坚实地存在着。而就该题型的难度来说，处于十大题型的中间水平；就答题技巧性而言，属于十大题型中技巧性较强的题型。该题型需要考生从四个选项中选出一个句子能够作为段落中一个阴影句子的同义句。 朗阁福州托福培训中心的托福培训专家认为，该题型主要考察两个方面：逻辑&语义。因此，考生可以沿着这两个方向去解题。 一、逻辑 所谓逻辑层面，即同义替换句与原句必须保持在逻辑关系上的一致。常考的逻辑关系包括因果关系，转折关系，比较关系。 A. 因果关系 a. 显性因果 1）因： Because; for; as; since; on account of; with 2）果： So; so that; therefore; thereby; as a result; hence; thus; consequently; accordingly b. 隐性因果 1）导致（因→果） Cause; lead to; give rise to; result in 2）由…而来（果→因） Result from; derive from; originate from; initiate from; stem from 3）反映/体现（果→因）
Reflect; demonstrate; suggest 4）考虑到/依赖于（因→果） Reason; considering; in view of; thanks to; rely on; depend on; according to; resort to 例题： The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected， as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. 10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage？ Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. ○ Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people. ○ Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land. ○ The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort. ○ Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is redu ced in the vast areas affected. 解题步骤： 1.观察阴影部分句子，发现表隐性因果的短语result from 2.浏览选项，发现A和B选项含有因果关系 3.分析原句： 原句中“因”： ？大量受到影响的土地vast areas of land
托福阅读TPO27句子简化题分析——题1
Crafts in the Ancient Near East Paragraph 1 Some of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the second half of that millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute. But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history. Q1 Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A.Although scholars cannot accurately determine the size of the Uruk population, they know the citizens were not dependent on agriculture. B.Scholars do not have enough evidence to determine whether the agricultural areas just outside of Uruk were large enough to feed the city’s population C.Because city populations cannot feed themselves, scholars think the surrounding farms provided food for the people in Uruk D.Scholars believe that the inhabitants of Uruk were able to support themselves from produce grown in field surrounding the city. 确定句子核心信息 While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute. 分析：本句是由while引导的让步状语从句（注：while出现在句中引导对比对照关系的状语从句；如出现在句首则引导让步关系的状语从句，）+主句scholars assume that…the city组成一个虽然…但是…的大结构。主句句末有一个which引导的非限定性定语从句，该从句意图在于对前面意义完整的主句进行补充说明。所以该句最核心的意思就是句中标红的部分。
托福阅读难点题型解题思路实例分析
托福阅读难点题型解题思路实例分 析 托福阅读难点题型解题思路实例分析, 句子简化题做法介绍。今天给大家带来托福阅读难点题型解题思路实例分析,希望可以帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 托福阅读难点题型解题思路实例分析句子简化题做法介绍托福阅读句子简化题怎么做? 托福阅读的句子简化题要求考生快速地把*段落中打上阴影的一个长难句简化成一个意思不变的同义句。解答句子简化题其实有一个规律，那就是：原句的核心信息在正确选项中一定被同义改写了，但是句子中的重要的逻辑关系是不会变的。知道这个规律，解开这道题就变得简单了。 托福阅读句子简化题解题技巧实例讲解 下面，我们来看官方真题Official3Desertification这篇*的句子简化题： The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendousnumbers of people affected,
as well as from thegreat difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. A Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects largeareas of land and great numbers of people. B Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread overlarge areas of land. C The spread of deserts is considered a very seriousproblem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countriesare involved in the effort. D Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless thepopulation is reduced in the vast areas affected. 很多托福考生在做句子简化题时，习惯性地把待简化的句子翻译成中文，那样做其实不仅慢，而且很容易乱。 正确的做法是： 1.找出句子的主谓宾，也就是谁做了什么，然后关注句子的逻辑关系。例题的主语是：seriousness of desertification，逻辑关系词是表示原因的：result from，所以我们可以优先看有表示原因的选项，他们中若有正确答案，那么剩下的选项就无需过问了。
托福句子简化题难题汇总
OG Applied Arts and Fine Arts 因果 Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits. ○Functional applied-art objects cannot vary much from the basic patterns determined by the laws of physics. ○The function of applied-art objects is determined by basic patterns in the laws of physics. ○Since functional applied-art objects vary only within certain limits, arbitrary decisions cannot have determined their general form. ○The general form of applied-art objects is limited by some arbitrary decision that is not determined by the laws of physics. The Origins of Cetaceans 让步 of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways ○Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone. ○The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke.
2020年12月12日托福阅读真题
2020年12月12日托福阅读真题 12月12日托福阅读第一篇 主要内容：讲learning standard test set，就是如何测试不同种类动物的intelligence。 不同物种的智商不一样。人们很想知道动物的智商和人类有什么 不同，遇事通过动物学习水平来检测。 前三段都是讲的这个test是怎么操作的。最先举的例子好像是猴子和什么，做的对比实验。第一次让它从三角形和长方形里选，选三 角形就给奖励，选正方形就不给;第二次从圆形和多边形里选，依旧是选圆形给奖励，选择多边形不给。后面持续变化通过大量实验来看这 种动物的improvements，就比如这种动物在实行第几十次测试时准确率增加了多少。一种猴子经过了三十次测试准确率就达到百分之九十了，然后这个测试的结果表明智商高的动物大脑也大。于是大家都觉 得能够参考。 后面三段都在反驳这个方法不可取。又举了一个澳大利亚的mouse like的动物的例子，同样做类似上面的实验，第一次区分ab第二次区分黑白。这种动物大脑很小但是测试结果很高，是因为他们生活在wide open areas，很容易被捕食者发现，他们要避免天地还要抓很敏捷的昆虫做实物，所以这方面水平很强。然后这里有个句子简化题， 大意是说动物的process different，不能说明学习水平，也不能用之前的实验来测试。然后还说了海豚虽然做这个实验成绩很低，但是如 果把visual的图形换成auditory的声音就会很好，所欲这个实验不 可取是因为首先实验produce中很小的difference都会造成result 的很大不同，而且这些difference都是不可避免的。其次，对某些动物不适用。 12月12日托福阅读第二篇 主要内容：中世纪欧洲政府的变革。
托福阅读句子简化题应对技巧3个实例精讲
托福阅读句子简化题应对技巧3个实 例精讲 常有同学觉得托福阅读中的句子简化题难做，几个选项看着都差不多实在区分不出其中的差别。今天给大家带来了托福阅读句子简化题应对技巧3个实例精讲,希望能够帮助到大家在托福考试中拿高分，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 【题型思路】托福阅读句子简化题应对技巧3个实例精讲托福阅读句子简化题解题思路实例分析 例1 [结果]These plants are termed opportunists because [原因]they rely on their seeds’ falling into settings where competing plants have been removed by natural processes, such as along an eroding riverbank, on landslips, or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy. A. Because [原因]their seeds grow in places where competing plants are no longer present, [结果]dandelions are classified as opportunists.
B. [结果]Dandelions are called opportunists because [原 因]they contribute to the natural processes of erosion and the creation of gaps in the forest canopy. C. The term opportunists apply to plants whose seeds fall in places where they can compete with the seeds of other plants. D. The term opportunists apply to plants whose falling seeds are removed by natural processes. 你发现原句中有个because，就知道这句话是在解释，必定有因有果。我们先去找因和果。结果是这些植物被称为机会主义者，原因是它们依赖种子掉进一个环境，后面说这个环境里竞争性的植物已经被移除了，即没有竞争性的环境。对句子稍做整理后变成，因为它们依赖自己的种子掉进一个没有竞争性的环境，所以这些植物被称为机会主义者。 有同学会问，后面的such as要怎么处理。一般我们有个原则，在句子当中如果是补充的信息，那很重要;如果是重复的信息，应该是不重要的。所以看such as只要明白一点，它到底给前面的什么内容举例。看例子的内容，会发现说的都是地方，说明是给setting举例，那么就可以把它放在一边。 于是，我们明白作者原句的意图是在解释有因果的关系，那么四个选项中正确的答案必定在逻辑关系和讲话的意图上和原
【TPO小站】托福阅读分类题型练习
托福阅读分类题型练习
TOEFL阅读讲义 1. 句子简化题 The Great Red Spot One distinctive feature of the planet Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a massive oval of swirling reddish-brown clouds. Were Earth to be juxtaposed with the Great Red Spot, our planet would be dwarfed in comparison, with a diameter less than half that of the Great Red Spot. The Spot’s clouds, most likely tinted red as a result of the phosphorus that they contain, circulate in a counterclockwise direction. The outer winds require six Earth days to complete the circumference of the Great Red Spot, a length of time indicative of vastness of the Great Red Spot. 1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. The density of the Great Red spot is much higher than that the Earth. B. If the diameter of the Great Red Spot were doubled, it would equal that of the Earth. C. By placing the Earth next to the Great Red Spot, one could see the Earth has a much smaller diameter. D. Because the Earth is close to the Great Red Spot, Earth is influenced by its huge size. 答案：C 2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. The Earth’s outer winds move a distance equal to the circumference of the Great Red Spot. B. The outer winds of the Great Red Spot move more quickly than do those on Earth. C. The Winds moving across the Great Red Spot finally change direction every six Earth days. D. The fact that the winds take so long to move around the Great Red Spot proves how big it is. 答案：D
托福阅读解答简化题的几个方法技巧
托福阅读解答简化题的几个方法技巧 摘要：托福阅读由于篇幅较长的文章和各种题型的存在一直为难着大家，其实托福阅读题型还是比较固定的，如果能掌握一些做提的新托福阅读技巧那么对于分数的提高还是很有帮助的，下面就来看看。 点击下载托福阅读模拟题 托福阅读解答简化题的几个方法技巧 托福阅读由于篇幅较长的文章和各种题型的存在一直为难着大家，其实托福阅读题型还是比较固定的，如果能掌握一些做提的新托福阅读技巧那么对于分数的提高还是很有帮助的，下面就来看看。 托福阅读题型中中句子简化题考查的对象是长难句，主要考查考生对句子逻辑关系的把握及句子基本信息的理解。句子简化题出题方式： Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 下面通过具体例子来说明句子简化题做题步骤及新托福阅读技巧。 例1 Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death of injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. 1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. Upper Paleolithic people, like many contemporary peoples, believed that if they drew a human image in their cave art, it would cause death or injury. Many contemporary people believe that the drawing of a human image can cause death or injury, so they, like Upper Paleolithic people, rarely depicted human figures in their cave art. If Upper Paleolithic people, like many contemporary peoples, believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, this belief might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.