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主题酒店设计：当酒店遇上主题
霍华德?斯图兹
主题酒店作为一种正在兴起的酒店发展新形态，在国外已有近50年的历史，而在我国的发展历史不长，分布范围目前也仅仅局限在酒店业比较发达的广东、上海、深圳等地，有以回归大自然、科技或怀旧为主题的酒店，都体现出与众不同的经营特色。虽然主题酒店在我国的出现属于新鲜事物，但是在国际酒店业中属于一种发展新趋势。从国内仅有的几家主题酒店经营情况来看，经营状况均好于其他酒店。
面对前景如此光明的主题酒店，有必要对主题酒店的规划设计进行解析，给正在发展的主题酒店提供一点中肯的“炮灰”。本文从引入主题、定位主题、展示主题、合理配置功能等几部分来阐述。
1. 引入主题
主题酒店也称“特色酒店”，是以某一特定的主题，来体现酒店的建筑风格和装饰艺术，以及特定的文化氛围，让顾客获得富有个性的文化感受，同时将服务项目融入主题，以个性化的服务取代一般化的服务，让顾客获得欢乐、知识和刺激。历史、文化、城市、自然、神话、童话故事等都可以成为酒店借以发挥的主题。
2. 定位主题
能在众多的竞争者中脱颖而出，做强做大。同样，主题酒店亦是如此，只不过当其位于景区之内时，更多的是依附于景区的主题定位，与之相呼应，为其服务。当她位于城市区或者不仅仅依附于景区而存在时，主题酒店的准确定位显得尤为重要，所要考虑的问题也较多。杭州“梦幻城堡”是个因主题定位不准而失败的典型案例。
3. 杭州“梦幻城堡”
2003年年底，计划耗资15亿元人民币、号称“中国首座超五星酒店”的“梦幻城堡”本应从杭州萧山区传来开工的消息，不料却被杭州有关方面宣布其计划流产，有关人士称：“由于方案改变，‘梦幻城堡’不能再建。”“梦幻城堡”原计划是杭州2006年世界休闲博览会的标志性建筑，占地13万平方米，高100多米，其投资方是著名民营企业宋城集团。而其设计者，更是设计过世界最大酒店(米高梅大酒店)的美国著名设计师威尔登·辛普逊先生。
这种超豪华的设计，理应是成功的典范，但却以失败而告终。究其失败的根源，不是说她没有定位，而在于其犯了两个定位上的致命伤。一是主题过于超前脱离市场定位：杭州作为休闲之都，又地处于长江三角洲的中心区域，所以定位在长江三角洲地区休闲散客和商务会议客是合理的。而“梦幻城堡”的主题选择却不支持这一定位，其超五星的建设将远远超出休闲市场的消费能力。二是主题过于异类脱离
城市；而“幻城堡”以“梦幻”为主题，豪华且气势磅礴，与根植于生活的温馨舒适的休闲气氛相反，追求一种远离现实的体验。她的错在于没有考虑到所在城市的形象定位和城市规划，那么失败也是理所当然。
在准确定位主题酒店过程中，应从几方面着手寻找。一是注意密切关注竞争对手，避免主题定位相似；二是深度挖掘主题内涵，避免形式大于内容；三是主题有酒店适应性，避免定位本末倒置；四是主题适当回避“尘世”，避免陷入大众俗套。当较好地把握住了以上四点的时候，才能说把准了一个主题酒店的定位。
4. 深入展示主题
抓住主题酒店定位之后，就必须考虑如何让游客领略到酒店的主题魅力，这就要求主题酒店进行自我展示。一个成功的主题酒店能够通过其主题环境与氛围来展示主题概念，换句话说，主题环境与氛围是主题概念的物化。既可以通过主题建筑、主题景观等外在实物的表征来透视酒店的主题，也可以透过主题装饰物等内部的实物表象来展示酒店的主题。但均需精挑细选，严格把关，做到尽善尽美，和谐一致，才能烘托出一个惟妙惟肖的主题环境与氛围。
4.1主题建筑、主题景观和环境协调
主题建筑是主题酒店的有形展示，在顾客首次购买时起着关键性作用。主题建筑除了要追求独特外，还应该把握好
体验的一部分。下面介绍以自然风光为背景的两个主题酒店，其主题建筑和主题景观均与主题环境相符合，被证明是成功的。
早期的树顶旅馆完全搭建在几棵大树杈上，目前的建筑仍为全木结构，只是大树杈换成了数十根大木柱。建筑底层吊空，上有三层客房。顶层观景平台正对着肯尼亚山白雪皑皑的山顶，旅馆前面有大水塘，是大象、犀牛、白尾猴、狒狒饮水、补充盐分的地方，是人与动物和谐相处的最好镜头。特别是晚间，旅游会打开探照灯照亮楼下空地，工作人员把盐撒在地上，几十头大象就会争先恐后地用长鼻子卷食，游客可在树顶旅馆中观看给大象喂食盐的这一项特别表演。
位于奥地利东南的布鲁毛罗格纳温泉酒店的座右铭是“微妙的不同”，它带给房客的视觉震撼力实在是“大不同”。奥地利建筑艺术家百水先生的风格在这里发挥得淋漓尽致：一组公寓群，竟将房舍嵌进了地下，如同一座座土拨鼠的地穴；别墅群的顶端种植着绿茸茸的草坪和灌木，甚至连窗户里都会探出一棵棵的树来，对建筑的认识被彻底颠覆。游客从温泉酒店的游泳池一路游到温泉池，可体验到百水先生设计的无规则水路忽左忽右、忽上忽下的变化，眼前的景致一会儿是波斯宫殿，一会儿又变成了斑马小屋，令你忘记人世间所有的游戏规则。
当然除了自然风光酒店外，还有名人文化酒店、历史文
的酒店的不同，其所要展现的主题建筑与主题景观亦不同。但主题景观和主题建筑的和谐一致能够对主题起到渲染作用，达到锦上添花的效果。
4.2主题装饰物
从某种程度上讲，主题酒店是主题公园与酒店的完美结合，迪斯尼主题酒店是一个很好的例子，现在主题酒店的一种发展模式就是依托成功的主题公园进行经营，深圳的威尼斯酒店就是如此。而作为内部的实物表象，员工工服是主题氛围的重要表现之一，因为员工是流动的主题符号。除了员工工服，主题装饰物与灯光和色彩的合理搭配，都能给顾客美好的主题氛围体验。
4.3合理配置功能
通过对主题定位的把握，对主题建筑及主题景观的理念的理解，围绕着主题这条线索来将他进行分解，通过合理配置功能来完善主题酒店的规划设计。
酒店按服务区域划分，一般分客房区、餐饮区、公共活动区、会议和展览区、健身娱乐区、行政后勤区。这些区域既要划分明确，又要有机联系。
酒店从经营角度讲，酒店由收益部分和非收益部分构成，当总建筑面积确定之后，面积结构应精心安排以下几个部分：客房部分包括单床房、双床房、双人房、各种套房等。餐饮部门包括主餐厅、副餐厅、主酒吧、俱乐部、鸡尾酒室、
它营业部门，包括会议室、健身设施、桑拿、美容、游泳池、洗衣部、商业中心等。非收益部分包括，大堂、总服务台、办公室、行李房、电话总机室、电脑室、仓库、更衣室、医务室、职工食堂、锅炉房、停车场、洗车场等。
一家好的酒店，除了造型独特，外形美观，与当地环境融为一体，有深刻的文化内涵之外，就是酒店的内部功能布局非常合理，每一项功能所占的位置恰到好处，既方便客人使用，又便于经营者进行管理，既不浪费面积，又体现酒店浓郁的服务氛围，客人住后感到满意，经营者节约了大量人力。总的来说，就是要掌握酒店内部的功能分配的十分合理，完全具备方便客人和便于管理的要求。而其功能布局要注意以下几点：
(1)人各行其道互不交叉，包括行李入口也要与客人分开。当客人进入大堂，马上映入眼帘的是总服务台，当在总台办完入住手续之后，顺路进入电梯厅，乘电梯到达所住楼层。而员工呢，从员工入口进入酒店，第一步打卡，第二步更衣，第三步从员工通道乘员工专用电梯进入各自的工作岗位，员工与客人会各自行走，不会发生碰撞现象。
安排通道不仅员工与客人分开，员工通道也要注意把人与物分开。酒店的库房一般都在地下，员工出入拿东西、送货要分成上、下道，不要人物混杂，不然既影响工作，又容易出事故。
恰当。一家酒店的大堂，应是功能最多的。除了总服务台、礼宾部、行李柜台，还有大堂酒吧或茶座，咖啡厅，其至商务中心、鲜花店、书屋、精品店都要安排在大堂附近。对于西餐厅、封闭酒吧、风味餐厅的安排要与桑拿健身、泳池分别在不同楼层，不要相隔太近，不要安排在同一个楼层。有的酒店把这种不同的功能安排在同一楼层，各种不同的味道相互影响，严重影响了酒店形象，客人也非常不满意。
(3)从客人需求的连续性布局功能。上述提到的几家酒店都具有这样特点，如将健身房安排在与游泳池较近的地方，西餐厅与封闭酒吧、咖啡厅安排在较近的地方，零点餐厅安排在一楼，中餐厅，风味厅靠近，多功能厅与会议室安排在同一楼层，这种安排充分考虑了客人需求的连续性。有些饭店在功能布局上没有相互照应，只是根据面积大小来布局，结果形成同类功能过于分散，不方便客人使用。
主题酒店在国内属于新兴事物，但在面对同质化产品和服务一般的酒店竞争中已经脱颖而出了，只是今后走的路还很长。只有坚持准确的定位主题、深入展示主题和不断的合理配置酒店功能，才能使酒店不断创新，继续前行。
Theme Hotel Design: When the hotel
event theme
Howard Stutz
Theme Hotels emerging as a new form of hotel development, in foreign countries, nearly 50 years, and in our short history, distribution range is also confined to more developed in the hotel industry in Guangdong, Shanghai, Shenzhen to have to return to nature, science, technology, or nostalgic-themed hotel, all reflect the unique operating characteristics. Although the theme hotel in China there are new things, but in the international hotel industry is a kind of new trend. Only a few themes from the domestic hotel business situation, business conditions were better than other hotels.
Looking into the future so bright theme hotel, theme hotels it is necessary to carry out planning and design analysis, developing the theme of the hotel to provide some pertinent "cannon fodder." This paper introduces the theme, theme, theme, and a rational distribution of functions of parts to elaborate.
Theme Hotel also known as "Featured Hotel", is based on a particular topic, to embody the hotel's architectural style and decorative arts, and culture-specific, so that customers receive personalized culture of feeling, at the same time services into the subject, personalized service to replace the generalized service for customers with joy, knowledge and stimulation. History, culture, urban, nature, myth, fairy tales can become the theme of the hotel to play.
2. Positioning theme
In doing scenic spot, the first to determine her direction and orientation to the many competitors, bigger and stronger. Similarly, the theme of the hotel is also true, but when it is located within the scenic area, the more the subject is attached to scenic location, with echoes of its services. When she is not only dependent on the city or scenic areas exist, the theme of the exact location of the hotel is particularly important to consider the problems to be more. Hangzhou "Dream Castle" is allowed to fail due to subject positioning a typical case.
3. Hangzhou "Dream Castle"
The end of 2003 and plans to spend 1.5 billion yuan, known as "China's first super-star hotel" and "Dream Castle" from Hangzhou Xiaoshan District, the start of the news came,
abortion, the person said: "As the program changes, 'Fantasy Castle' can not be built." "Dream Castle" is the original plan of Hangzhou World Leisure Expo 2006, the landmark building, covers an area of 130,000 square meters, more than 100 meters high, the investor is well-known private enterprise Song City Group. Its designers, but also designed the world's largest hotel (MGM Grand) and American designer Mr. Johnson.
This ultra-luxurious design, is supposed to be a successful model, but ended in failure. The root causes of failure, not to say that she did not locate, but in their positioning committed two fatal. One theme too far out of market positioning: Hangzhou as a leisure capital, but also to be at the center of the Yangtze River Delta area, located in the Yangtze River Delta is why leisure tourist and the business meeting customer is reasonable. The "dream castle" theme chosen not to support this position, the super star of the building will be far beyond the casual market's spending power. Second, the theme from the city location too heterogeneous: Hangzhou is a beautiful and peaceful south of Yangtze River, is a modern leisure city; the "Dream Castle" to "dream" as the theme, luxurious and magnificent, and rooted in the comfortable life of leisure atmosphere the contrary, the pursuit of a far away from reality experience. She's wrong is not
taken into account where the city's image positioning and urban planning, then failure is a matter of course.
Theme hotel in the accurate positioning process, several aspects should be looking for. First, pay attention to pay close attention to competitors, to avoid similar subject positioning; Second, the depth of excavation subject content, to avoid the form than in content; Thired themes of the hotel is adaptive, to avoid positioning cart before the horse; Forth the theme appropriate to evade the "earth", to avoid falling into the public cliche. When better grasp the above four points, when to say to prospective location of a theme hotel.
4.Show topics in depth
After positioning the hotel to seize the theme, we must consider how to let visitors experience the charm of the hotel's theme, which requires self-display of themed hotels. A successful theme hotel theme through its theme of environment and atmosphere to demonstrate the concept, in other words, the theme is the theme of environment and atmosphere of the concept of reification. Either by theme architecture, landscape theme extrinsic kind of characterization to look into the hotel's theme, theme decorations, etc through the physical appearance to display within the theme of the hotel. But need to be selective,
strictly, to be perfect, harmony, a vivid contrast to the theme of environment and atmosphere.
4.1 Architectural, landscape and environment in the subject
Subject building is a tangible demonstration of the theme hotel in the customer plays a key role when the first purchase. In addition to the pursuit of a unique architectural theme, but also should grasp the good and the surrounding geographical coordination, coordination with the surrounding environment itself is part of the customer experience. Here's the background of natural scenery, two themed hotels, theme of landscape architecture and its theme were consistent with the theme of environment, proved to be successful.
Early in the trees at the top of the tree hotel completely built large Shucha Shang, the current building is still full of wood, but dozens of large branches to root a large wooden posts replaced. Building bottom hanging space, there are three rooms. Top viewing platform opposite the snowcapped Mount Kenya's peak, the hotel in front of a large pond, is the elephant, rhinoceros, white-tailed monkey, baboons water, add salt is that there is harmony between man and animals, the best shot. Particularly at night, travel light the downstairs space will be
elephants will be scrambling to paper with a long nose food, visitors can watch the tree tops hotel elephant feeding salt this a special performance.
Located in the southeast of Austria's Blue hair Rogne Spa's motto is "subtle difference", it gives the tenant is visually shocking "big difference." Austrian Artist Hundertwasser building, Mr. (Hundertwasser) style here on its head: a set of Wald Juan hofhaeuser apartment group, saying that the premises and embedded itself in the ground, like a groundhog in the crypt Block; villas, the top of the plant with soft and thick green lawn and shrubs, and even the window of the tree will be unearthed Yi Keke, knowledge of the construction was misplaced. Tourists from the hotel swimming pool spa swim spa pool the way, to experience the design of Mr. Hundertwasser Comparative Study and Integration irregular sea, and down changes in front of the scenery while the Persian palace, while he is a zebra cabin make you forget all the rules of the game on earth.
Of course, in addition to natural beauty the hotel, there are hotels celebrity culture, history and culture hotels, city hotels and artistic characteristics of the hotel features and so on. Various topics in different types of hotel, they want to show the theme of landscape architecture and the theme is different. But
be played on the theme of playing up the role, to achieve even better results.
4.2 Theme decorations
To some extent, theme hotels theme park and hotel is the perfect combination of Disney themed hotel is a good example, is a theme hotel development model is relying on the success of the theme park business, Shenzhen Venice Hotel is so. As the physical representation within the staff work clothes are an important manifestation of the theme atmosphere, because the employee is subject movement symbols. In addition to staff working clothes, theme decorations and lighting and a reasonable color match, can give customers a better experience theme atmosphere.
4.3 Rational distribution of functions
Through the mastery of subject positioning on the theme of the concept of landscape construction and understanding of the theme, around the theme of this thread to him to break it down, through the rational allocation of functions to improve the planning and design theme of the hotel.
Hotel service area divided by the general sub-room area, dining area, public activity areas, conference and exhibition area, fitness and entertainment district, administrative and logistical
areas. It is necessary to divide these areas clear, but also organically.
From the business point of view hotel, the hotel part and the non-revenue from the income part of composition, when the total building area is established, area of structure should carefully arrange the following sections: some rooms including single rooms, twin rooms, double rooms, all suites and so on. Catering sector, including the main restaurant, the Deputy restaurant, main bar, club, cocktail room, cafe, etc. should be included with the banquet the other large, medium and small banquet hall; other business sectors, including meeting rooms, fitness facilities, sauna, beauty, swimming pool, Laundry, Commerce Centre. Non-income section includes the lobby, the main desk, office, luggage room, switchboard room, computer room, storage, changing rooms, medical clinic, canteen, boiler room, parking, car wash, etc.
A good hotel, in addition to the unique style, beautiful appearance, and the local environment together with profound cultural connotations, the layout of the internal functions of the hotel very reasonable, the location of each share of a feature just right, not only to facilitate the guests to use also facilitate the management of the operator, not a waste of space, but also
satisfied, having lived, the operator saves a lot of manpower. In general, it is necessary to grasp the functions of distribution within the hotel very reasonable, fully equipped to facilitate the requirements of guests and manageable. Layout and its features to note the following:
(a)staff and guests each his own, do not cross each other, including luggage and guests have separate entrance. When guests enter the lobby, immediately greeted by the service center, when the total occupancy Taiwan after finishing the procedures, the give a lift into the elevator hall, take the elevator to the living floor. The employees do, from the employee entrance into the hotel, first punch, the second step change clothes, the third step from the elevator staff access by employees into their jobs, their employees and guests will be walking, not collision behavior.
Arrangements to facilitate access not only to separate the staff and guests, employees must also pay attention to people and objects separated channels. The hotel is generally in the underground warehouse, employees take things out, delivery to be divided into Upper and Lower Road, not personalities mixed, otherwise it will affect the work, but also susceptible to accidents.
(b)various functions, all in their place, not a waste of space, but also very appropriate arrangements. A hotel lobby, should be the most versatile. In addition to the main desk, concierge, luggage counter, there is the lobby bar or cafe, coffee, and at the business center, flower shop, book store, gift shop near the lobby to be arranged.
The restaurant, closed bar, restaurant style arrangement with sauna, swimming pool at different floors, not separated by too close, not arranged in the same floor. Some hotel arrangements for the different functions that the same floor, the interaction of different flavors, seriously affected the image of the hotel, guests are very satisfied.
(c)the continuity of the demand from the customers distribution function. Several hotels mentioned above have such characteristics, such as the gymnasium and swimming pool close arrangement where restaurant and closed bars, cafes close local arrangements, zero arrangement on the first floor restaurant, Chinese restaurant, style Office near, multi-function hall and meeting room on the same floor, this arrangement needs fully into account the continuity of the guests. Some hotels do not have the functional layout take care of each other, but according to the size distribution, resulting in a fragmentation of
Hotels in China is an emerging theme of things, but in the face of the homogenization of products and services, competition in the hotel in general has come to the fore, and just take the long way to go in the future. Only by upholding the accurate positioning theme, the theme in depth and continuous display of the rational allocation of hotel features, can the hotel innovation to move.
英文论文及中文翻译
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f63063601.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能 李专，肖鹏，熊翔 粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日） 摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材
关于力的外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
五、外文资料翻译 Stress and Strain 1.Introduction to Mechanics of Materials Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading. It is a field of study that i s known by a variety of names, including “strength of materials” and “mechanics of deformable bodies”. The solid bodies considered in this book include axially-loaded bars, shafts, beams, and columns, as well as structures that are assemblies of these components. Usually the objective of our analysis will be the determination of the stresses, strains, and deformations produced by the loads; if these quantities can be found for all values of load up to the failure load, then we will have obtained a complete picture of the mechanics behavior of the body. Theoretical analyses and experimental results have equally important roles in the study of mechanics of materials . On many occasion we will make logical derivations to obtain formulas and equations for predicting mechanics behavior, but at the same time we must recognize that these formulas cannot be used in a realistic way unless certain properties of the been made in the laboratory. Also , many problems of importance in engineering cannot be handled efficiently by theoretical means, and experimental measurements become a practical necessity. The historical development of mechanics of materials is a fascinating blend of both theory and experiment, with experiments pointing the way to useful results in some instances and with theory doing so in others①. Such famous men as Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) made experiments to adequate to determine the strength of wires , bars , and beams , although they did not develop any adequate theo ries (by today’s standards ) to explain their test results . By contrast , the famous mathematician Leonhard Euler(1707-1783) developed the mathematical theory any of columns and calculated the critical load of a column in 1744 , long before any experimental evidence existed to show the significance of his results ②. Thus , Euler’s theoretical results remained unused for many years, although today they form the basis of column theory. The importance of combining theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident as we proceed with
外文翻译
Load and Ultimate Moment of Prestressed Concrete Action Under Overload-Cracking Load It has been shown that a variation in the external load acting on a prestressed beam results in a change in the location of the pressure line for beams in the elastic range.This is a fundamental principle of prestressed construction.In a normal prestressed beam,this shift in the location of the pressure line continues at a relatively uniform rate,as the external load is increased,to the point where cracks develop in the tension fiber.After the cracking load has been exceeded,the rate of movement in the pressure line decreases as additional load is applied,and a significant increase in the stress in the prestressing tendon and the resultant concrete force begins to take place.This change in the action of the internal moment continues until all movement of the pressure line ceases.The moment caused by loads that are applied thereafter is offset entirely by a corresponding and proportional change in the internal forces,just as in reinforced-concrete construction.This fact,that the load in the elastic range and the plastic range is carried by actions that are fundamentally different,is very significant and renders strength computations essential for all designs in order to ensure that adequate safety factors exist.This is true even though the stresses in the elastic range may conform to a recognized elastic design criterion. It should be noted that the load deflection curve is close to a straight line up to the cracking load and that the curve becomes progressively more curved as the load is increased above the cracking load.The curvature of the load-deflection curve for loads over the cracking load is due to the change in the basic internal resisting moment action that counteracts the applied loads,as described above,as well as to plastic strains that begin to take place in the steel and the concrete when stressed to high levels. In some structures it may be essential that the flexural members remain crack free even under significant overloads.This may be due to the structures’being exposed to exceptionally corrosive atmospheres during their useful life.In designing prestressed members to be used in special structures of this type,it may be necessary to compute the load that causes cracking of the tensile flange,in order to ensure that adequate safety against cracking is provided by the design.The computation of the moment that will cause cracking is also necessary to ensure compliance with some design criteria. Many tests have demonstrated that the load-deflection curves of prestressed beams are approximately linear up to and slightly in excess of the load that causes the first cracks in the tensile flange.(The linearity is a function of the rate at which the load is applied.)For this reason,normal elastic-design relationships can be used in computing the cracking load by simply determining the load that results in a net tensile stress in the tensile flange(prestress minus the effects of the applied loads)that is equal to the tensile strength of the concrete.It is customary to assume that the flexural tensile strength of the concrete is equal to the modulus of rupture of the
概率论毕业论文外文翻译
Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.
英文文献及中文翻译
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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外文翻译模板2010
中国石油大学（华东） 本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 学生姓名：王辰 学号：0607XXXX 专业班级：信息与计算科学06-2班 指导教师：陈华 2010年6月24日
（原文复印或打印材料,B5纸） In this paper based on the unique geometry and mechanical movement of beam pumping unit,we have presented a simple swing equation and computed motorial parameter;meanwhile under the conditions of the static load and inertial load of the polished-rod of a conventional pumping unit,we have also presented on equivalent dynamic model of the pumping unit system and the type-curves of net torque of the crankshaft with the characteristic of inertial counterbalance have been computed;Based on features and mechanical analysis of belt，a simple model for calculating belt transmission efficiency is developed the model can provide a theoretical base for study on the other transient variable of beam pumping unit;the cyclic loading coefficients is defined once and compute the nominal Power of the motor; at last we compare the beam pumping unit and the adjustable diameter and changeable toque pumping unit, based on this a program have been finished，and we also introduce other power saving pumping units. This graduation project mainly completes through the high accuracy data acquisition, the gain installs on the oil well oil extraction equipment the electric current, the voltage, the temperature, the pressure, the fluid position, the contact surface, the current capacity, contains water data and so on sensor, corresponds the connection with the many kinds of wireless communications (for example GPRS/CDMA) transmits it to the observation and control center, as well as will receive in the central server to the parameter carries on the real-time analysis and the processing parallel intergrowth becomes the database and the curve report form. Is advantageous for the oil field management level to carry on the prompt accurate management to the scene equipment. This system depends on in the Beijing Kunlun passing condition automation software science and technology limited company's entire center cultural work
10kV小区供配电英文文献及中文翻译
在广州甚至广东的住宅小区电气设计中,一般都会涉及到小区的高低压供配电系统的设计.如10kV高压配电系统图,低压配电系统图等等图纸一大堆.然而在真正实施过程中,供电部门(尤其是供电公司指定的所谓电力设计小公司)根本将这些图纸作为一回事,按其电脑里原有的电子档图纸将数据稍作改动以及断路器按其所好换个厂家名称便美其名曰设计(可笑不?),拿出来的图纸根本无法满足电气设计的设计意图,致使严重存在以下问题:(也不知道是职业道德问题还是根本一窍不通) 1.跟原设计的电气系统货不对板,存在与低压开关柜后出线回路严重冲突,对实际施工造成严重阻碍,经常要求设计单位改动原有电气系统图才能满足它的要求(垄断的没话说). 2.对消防负荷和非消防负荷的供电(主要在高层建筑里)应严格分回路(从母线段)都不清楚,将消防负荷和非消防负荷按一个回路出线(尤其是将电梯和消防电梯,地下室的动力合在一起等等,有的甚至将楼顶消防风机和梯间照明合在一个回路,以一个表计量). 3.系统接地保护接地型式由原设计的TN-S系统竟曲解成"TN-S-C-S"系统(室内的还需要做TN-C,好玩吧?),严格的按照所谓的"三相四线制"再做重复接地来实施,导致后续施工中存在重复浪费资源以及安全隐患等等问题.. ............................(违反建筑电气设计规范等等问题实在不好意思一一例举,给那帮人留点混饭吃的面子算了) 总之吧,在通过图纸审查后的电气设计图纸在这帮人的眼里根本不知何物,经常是完工后的高低压供配电系统已是面目全非了,能有百分之五十的保留已经是谢天谢地了. 所以.我觉得:住宅建筑电气设计,让供电部门走!大不了留点位置,让他供几个必需回路的电,爱怎么折腾让他自个怎么折腾去.. Guangzhou, Guangdong, even in the electrical design of residential quarters, generally involving high-low cell power supply system design. 10kV power distribution systems, such as maps, drawings, etc. low-voltage distribution system map a lot. But in the real implementation of the process, the power sector (especially the so-called power supply design company appointed a small company) did these drawings for one thing, according to computer drawings of the original electronic file data to make a little change, and circuit breakers by their the name of another manufacturer will be sounding good design (ridiculously?), drawing out the design simply can not meet the electrical design intent, resulting in a serious following problems: (do not know or not know nothing about ethical issues) 1. With the original design of the electrical system not meeting board, the existence and low voltage switchgear circuit after qualifying serious conflicts seriously hinder the actual construction, often require changes to the original design unit plans to meet its electrical system requirements (monopoly impress ). 2. On the fire load and fire load of non-supply (mainly in high-rise building in) should be strictly sub-loop (from the bus segment) are not clear, the fire load and fire load of non-qualifying press of a circuit (especially the elevator and fire elevator, basement, etc.
毕业设计外文翻译资料
外文出处： 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术 译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI）
毕业论文外文翻译模版
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。