00015英语二(自考)精讲
重点语法 （结合考题讲解） 综合英语（二）常考的语法为：名词单数变复数，定语从句，虚拟语气，反意疑问 句，非谓语动词，时态，名词性从句，形容词副词的比较级，主谓一致，倒装等等。 下面我们把这些语法项目进行详细的有重点的讲解。
名词
1. 大多数集体名词可作单数，也可作复数，如： army ， audience ， class ， committee ， crew ( 全体船员，乘务员 ) ， crowd ， faculty ， family ， government ， group ，
orchestra ， team ， union 等。强调整体时谓语动词用单 数，强调个体时谓语动词用复数。如：
The government is paying close attention to economic development.
The government are having a heated discussion on this matter.
2. 有些名词形式为复数，却用作单数，如 :electronics( 电子学 ) ， mathematics( 数 学 ) ， optics( 光学 ) ， politics ， statistics( 统计学 ), economics (经济学) , physics 等。例如 : Linguistics is a difficult subject to study.
3. 名词作定语时，除了 man 和woman 要和中心词一起变成复数之外，其它修饰词不 能变成复数。例如
a woman teacher --- two women teachers
a man doctor --- two men doctors
a girl student --- five girl students
a boy student -- six boy students
4. 复合名词的复数只把其中所包含的主体名词变成复数。如 :
looker(s)-on sister(s)-in-law ， passer(s)-by shoe lace(s) 5.
如果没有主体名词，就在最后一个词上加复数词尾。如 go-
between(s) ， drawback(s), grown-ups
“Of 抽象名词”相当于形容词
Of interest interesting
Of importance---important
Of value---valuable
Of necessity---necessary
Of possibility---possible
Of great importance--- greatly important/very important
Of no value---valueless
切记 invaluable=priceless
这里主要讲一下 不定代词some 和any 。通常some 用于肯定句，any 用于疑问句和否 定句。但在下列情况下例外：
(1) 在表示请求、建议时，some 及其派生词可以用于疑问句。如： Would you like some coffee?
Can somebody come and help me?
Could you lend me some books?
Why don?t you buy some flowers for her birthday?
00015英语二
， runner(s)-up ， editor(s)-in-chief ， ， grand-child(ren) ， ， blood type(s) 等。
注意“any单数名词”和“any other单数名词”的区别。现在用两个例子进行说明。
China is larger than any other country in Asia. (China belongs to Asia.)
China is larger than any country in Africa. (China does not belong to Africa.)
(2) any及其派生词用于肯定句时，起强调作用，意思是任何的……”如：You can come any day you like. 你哪天来都行
He is taller than any of the other boys in the class. (any of the other boys=any other boy)
形容词和副词
以下情况形容词常用于后置定语:
1) 一些表语性形容词要后置，如:present (到场的，出席的) ，available ，
involved ，concerned ，etc 。
2) 形容词修饰不定代词something ，anything ，everything 时要后置。例如: There was something wrong with her.
I came across a tricky question hard to answer.
I wondered if there was a room available.
注意enough的位置：enough修饰名词时放在名词前后均可，修饰形容词或副词时要放在后面。如：
enough water /water enough
careful enough/ well enough
形容词和副词的原级比较由“as +形容词或副词原级（或后跟名词或短语）+as ”构成，“as…as前可力口not , just , almost , nearly , quite , twice , several
times 等词修饰。否定式中not 后面的as 可改为so 。如：
He is as tall as I.
He is not as/as careful as his brother.
形容词与副词的比较级形式为：“形容词（副词）比较级+than+…”，应注意than 前后相比较的人或物要一致（否则没有可比性）。比较级前可以跟even ，much ，stilI, far, a lot 等副词修饰比较级，表示强调。
You voice is more beautiful than your classmates?/that of your classmates.
The population in China is much larger than that in America.
The values of the young differ from those of their elders.
不可数名词或名词单数，后面用that代替，可数名词复数后面用those代替。
注意一些以-ior结尾的来自于拉丁语的单词，虽表示比较的含义，但后面要用to而不
是than。常用的有七个：
be junior to ---be younger than
be senior to ---be older than
be posterior to ---be later than
be anterior to ---be earlier than
be prior to ---be earlier than/be more important than
be inferior to ---be worse than
be superior to ---be better than
还要注意比较级重要结构：
the +比较级，the +比较级(越…… 就越……)，常考选择或翻译。如：
The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you make.
The earlier you come, the better (it is).
形容词与副词的最高级的形式分别为：“the+形容词最高级+名词十范围表达”和“副词最高级十名词+ 范围表达” ，副词的比较级和最高级不需要加the 。例如We are the happiest when staying with friends.
I carried out the task more successfully than he had expected.
Most有时并不都是最高级形式，相当于very，该用法比较正式。如：
It is a most touching film. 这是一部非常感人的电影。
They shall most certainly come. 他们很可能回来。
时态
国考中的考试重点是完成时态，现在我们详细讲完成时态的用法。只有延续性动词可以和时间
段连用,瞬间动词要改为相应的持续性的表示状态的短语。die-be dead
leave/go-be away
buy/borrow-keep/have
start/begin-be on
注意重要句型：
It is (has bee n) …这一结构也常用于现在完成时。
It has been (也可用is) a long time since they last met each other.
“This/lt/That be the first (second) time that 句型中，从句常用完成时态。
例如：Is this the first time that you have visited Hong Kong?
This will be the second time that I have broken a cup this week.
That was the third time he had been interrupted that afternoon.
** 现在完成进行时表示一种不间断的动作，因此在提到做某事的次数或所做事情的种类时，不能用该时态，而只能用现在完成时．
I have knocked at the door five times, but I?m afraid nobody is in.
The pop singer has sung three songs.
关于过去完成时
1. 由had +过去分词构成，表示在过去某一时刻以前已经完成的动作，常与由by, before，until 等介词或连词引起的表示到过去某一时间为止的时间状语连用。
The girl had learned a lot of English words before she went to school.
2. 用在表示与过去情况相反的虚拟句的从句中。
If he had studied hard last term, he would have passed the examination.
I wish I had gone to the party last night.
关于将来完成时
由shall (will) + have + 过去分词构成，表示将来某个时间之前会发生或可能完成的事
情，常与by, before, when等介词或连词引导的表示将来的时间短语或从句连用。
When we get there they?ll probably have left.
By the end of this century China will have become one of the strongest and wealthiest country in the world.
下面我们要讲的是语法中的重中之重：
情态动词+完成式
(1)could+have+过去分词有时表示过去的时间，说明某事可能已发生，有时也表示与事实相反，表示本来有能力做某事，但却未做。
例What happened in the airport could have been true.
The director could have produced a better film.
He could have helped me, but he didn?t.
⑵might/may+have+过去分词表示对已经发生的情况进行揣测，但语气相当不肯定，表示近乎未实现的行为.
例：You might have done the work better.
你本来可以把工作做得更好一些。
(3) must+have+过去分词是对发生在过去的一种行为的推测，表示过去必定发生过的事情，语气相当肯定，表示“肯定，一定”。
例：It must have rained last night. The ground is wet. 昨夜一定下雨了，地上湿乎乎的。
⑷should/ought to +have+过去分词表示该做而未做到的事，表示本应”
例：They should have made a good job of it.
他们本来可把工作做好。
(5) should not/oughtn?t to+have+过去分词表示做了不该做的事，表示本不应该” 例：You should not have done such things.
你不该干出这种事情来。
(6) can?t(couldn?t)+have+过去分词表示对过去的动作进行否定性推测。意为肯定
没有，肯定不是”。
例：The poem can?t have been written by the little girl; she is only fou.r 这首诗肯定不是这个小女孩写的，她才刚四岁。
⑺would+have+过去分词经常用于虚拟条件句中，表示与过去事实相反的猜测。
例：If she had known about it, she would have talked about it.
她要是知道这件事的话，早就对此说东道西了。
(8) needn?t +have +过去分词表示不必做的事情却做了，可译为“原本不必”其“实不必”。
例：You needn?t have done all these calculationWe have a computer to deal with that sort of thing.
Exercises
1. The streets are all wet. It ______ d u r i ng the night. (2005/4)
A. must rain
B. must have rained
C. must be raining
D. must have been raining
2. I _____ this three-room apartment without the money I borrowed from the bank.
(2004/10)
needn?t have bought
mustn?t have bought
C. shouldn?t have bought
D. couldn?t have bought
D B
3. When we reached the cinema, the film ____ started, for there were no people at the entrance. (2004/4)
A. should have
B. ought to have
C. had to have
D. must have
4. I think you ought _____ me about the matter and not have let me make such a fool of myself. (2002/4)
A. have told
B. tell
C. had told
D. to have told
D D
5. In the past few months the project ___ held up by the heated discussion about whether it is worthwhile. (2005/10)
A ．is B．was
C．has been D．had been
6. This is the first time I _____ on an English-speaking soil. (2003/10)
A. set my foot
B. have set foot
C. set my feet
D. have set feet
C B
7. The job ____ by the time he comes back. (2003/10)
A. will have been done
B. will have done
C. is being done
D. has been done
8.It is the first time that I ______ really relaxed for months. (2002/4)
A. feel
B. have felt
C. felt
D. will have felt
B A
主动形式表示被动含义：
A. need/require/want/deserve doing= need/require/want/deserve to be done
B. smell /sound /taste /feel /prove +adj.
The story proved quite false.
The flowers smell sweet.
C. Can?t, won?t …+vi. (move, lock, ope n, …)
The door won?t shut.
D. read, write, wash, clean, draw, burn, cook, wear … +adv. (well, easily … .) 下面请看几个例子：
This kind of rice cooks more quickly.
The cloth washes easily.
His blue jeans have worn thin.
语态
还要注意一些主动形式表示被动含义的短语：
Be to blame: be responsible for
don?t know who is to blame.
sink in: be understood
come out: be published
重点短语：have/has sth. done (考试中出现的频率极高)
该短语有三个意思：
(1)请/让某人做某事
I will have my hair cut tomorrow.
He has just had his bicycle repaired.
(2)某物遭受到某一消极动作
He had his finger burnt yesterday.
He had his face cut when he was shaving his face.
(3)主语自己做某事
We?ll have all the dishes cleared away before seven p.m. every day.
国考中主要考前两个意思。
还要注意介词的使用：被动形式有时by 要被其它介词代替
be known to sb.
be popular with/among sb.
be covered with sth.
be engaged to sb.
be married to sb.
接不带to 的不定式(也称秃头不定式)做宾补的词改成被动时要加to. 常用的动词有(十个半动词)
一感feel
二听listen to/hear
三让make/let/have
四看watch/see/look at/notice
半帮助help (即可用to也可不用)
Did anyone see Tom enter the room? — Was Tom seen to enter the room?
The teacher makes us do a lot of homework—we are made to do a lot of homework by the teacher.
My house is full of dust because the old house just opposite _____ . (2005/4)
will be pulled down
has to be pulled down
C. has pulled down
D. is being pulled down
D
从句定语从句
注意关系代词that 的使用
A ．先行词为all everything nothing something anything little much 等不定代词时用that
e.g --- A hobby can be almost anything that a person likes to do in his spare time.
-- A hobby is something that we like to do in our spare time.
B. 先行词被all every no some any little much 修饰时用that
e.g --- I?ve read all the books that you gave me.
C. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时用that
e.g --- This is the first composition that he has written in English.
---- This is the best novel that I have ever read.
D. 先行词被the only the very the same the last 修饰时用that
e.g --- The last place that we visited was the chemical works.
---- The white flowers is the only one that I really like.
---- This is the very book that I want to find.
E. 当有两个或两个以上分别表示人或物的先行词时用that
e.g. -- He talked about the teachers and school that he had visited.
F. 当主句是who或which开头的特殊问句时，定语从句要用that
e.g --- Who is the person that is standing at the gate?
---- Which of us that know something about physics does not know this?
关系代词除连接句子外，一般在从句中做主语，宾语或定语由关系副词引导的定语从句能引导定语从句的关系副词有
when= in which, on which, at which
where=in which, at which, on which
why=for which
e.g --- T hat is the reason why I did it.
---- T he school where I?m studying si a key school.
---- T he time has come when ordinary people can use computer.