国际经济学作业答案-第九章
Chapter 9 The Political Economy of Trade Theory
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The efficiency case made for free trade is that as trade distortions such as tariffs are dismantled and
removed,
(a) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national economic welfare will decrease.
(b) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national economic welfare will increase.
(c) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, hence increasing national
economic welfare.
(d) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, hence decreasing national
economic welfare.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
2. The opportunity to exploit economies of scale is one of the gains to be made from removing tariffs
and other trade distortions. These gains will be found by a decrease in
(a) world prices of imports.
(b) the consumption distortion loss triangle.
(c) the production distortion loss triangle.
(d) Both (b) and (c).
(e) None of the above.
Answer: E
3. It is argued that special interest groups are likely to take over and promote protectionist policies,
which may lead to an increase in national economic welfare. This argument leads to
(a) a presumption that in practice a free trade policy is likely to be better than alternatives.
(b) a presumption that trade policy should be shifted to Non-Governmental Organizations, so as to
limit taxpayer burden.
(c) a presumption that free trade is generally a second-best policy, to be avoided if feasible
alternatives are available.
(d) a presumption that free trade is the likely equilibrium solution if the government allows special
interest groups to dictate its trade policy.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
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4. The optimum tariff is
(a) the best tariff a country can obtain via a WTO negotiated round of compromises.
(b) the tariff, which maximizes the terms of trade gains.
(c) the tariff, which maximizes the difference between terms of trade gains and terms of trade loses.
(d) not practical for a small country due to the likelihood of retaliation.
(e) not practical for a large country due to the likelihood of retaliation.
Answer: E
5. The optimum tariff is most likely to apply to
(a) a small tariff imposed by a small country.
(b) a small tariff imposed by a large country.
(c) a large tariff imposed by a small country.
(d) a large tariff imposed by a large country.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
6. The prohibitive tariff is a tariff that
(a) is so high that it eliminates imports.
(b) is so high that it causes undue harm to trade-partner economies.
(c) is so high that it causes undue harm to import competing sectors.
(d) is so low that the government prohibits its use since it would lose an important revenue source.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
7. The existence of marginal social benefits which are not marginal benefits for the industry producing
the import substitutes
(a) is an argument supporting free trade and non-governmental involvement.
(b) is an argument supporting the use of an optimum tariff.
(c) is an argument supporting the use of market failures as a trade-policy strategy.
(d) is an argument rejecting free trade and supporting governmental involvement.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
8. The domestic market failure argument is a particular case of the theory of
(a) the optimum, or first-best.
(b) the second best.
(c) the third best.
(d) the sufficing principle.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
.
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9. The difficulty of ascertaining the right second-best trade policy to follow
(a) reinforces support for the third-best policy approach.
(b) reinforces support for increasing research capabilities of government agencies.
(c) reinforces support for abandoning trade policy as an option.
(d) reinforces support for free-trade options.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
10. The authors of the text believe that
(a) second-best policy is worse than optimal policy.
(b) special interest groups generally enhance national welfare.
(c) national welfare is likely to be enhanced by the imposition of an optimal tariff.
(d) market Failure arguments tend to support free-trade policy.
(e) there is no such thing as national welfare.
Answer: E
11. The simple model of competition among political parties long used by political scientists tends to
lead to the practical solution of selecting the
(a) optimal tariff.
(b) prohibitive tariff.
(c) zero (free-trade) tariff.
(d) the tariff rate favored by the median voter.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
12. The median voter model
(a) works well in the area of trade policy.
(b) is not intuitively reasonable.
(c) tends to result in biased tariff rates.
(d) does not work well in the area of trade policy.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
13. The fact that trade policy often imposes harm on large numbers of people, and benefits only a few
may be explained by
(a) the lack of political involvement of the public.
(b) the power of advertisement.
(c) the problem of collective action.
(d) the basic impossibility of the democratic system to reach a fair solution.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
.
国际经济学作业答案第一章
Chapter 1 Introduction Multiple Choice Questions Historians of economic thought often describe ___________ written by _______ and published in __________ as the first real exposition of an economic model. “Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1776 “Wealth of Nations,” David Hume, 1758 “Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1758 “Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1776 “Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1758 Answer: E From 1959 to 2000, the U.S. economy roughly tripled in size. U.S. imports roughly tripled in size. the share of US Trade in the economy roughly tripled in size. U.S. Imports roughly tripled as compared to U.S. exports. U.S. exports roughly tripled in size. Answer: C The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries because the United States is a relatively large country. the United States is a “Superpower.” the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything. the United States invests in many other countries. many countries invest in the United States. Answer: A Ancient theories of international economics from the 18th and 19th Centuries are: not relevant to current policy analysis. are only of moderate relevance in today’s modern international economy. are highly relevant in today’s modern internationa l economy. are the only theories that actually relevant to modern international economy. are not well understood by modern mathematically oriented theorists. Answer: C
国际经济学作业答案
C h a p t e r7I n t e r n a t i o n a l F a c t o r M o v e m e n t s Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following differs in its essential analytical framework (a) I nternational trade in goods (b) I nternational conflict resolution (c) I nternational trade in services (d) I nternational trade in factors of production (e) I nternational borrowing and lending Answer: B 2. The slope of the production function measures (a) t he physical increase in output as country grows. (b) t he dollar-value increase in output as a country grows. (c) t he increase in number of workers as immigration proceeds. (d) t he marginal product of labor. (e) t he marginal product of capital.
Answer: D 3. International free labor mobility will under all circumstances (a) i ncrease total world output. (b) i mprove the economic welfare of everyone. (c) i mprove the economic welfare of workers everywhere. (d) i mprove the economic welfare of landlords (or capital owners) everywhere. (e) N one of the above. Answer: E 4. If the world attained a perfect Heckscher-Ohlin model equilibrium with trade, then (a) w orkers in the labor abundant country would migrate to the capital abundant country. (b) w orkers in the labor abundant country would wish to migrate to the capital abundant country. (c) w orkers in the labor abundant country would have no desire to migrate to the capital abundant country.
[VIP专享]国际经济学(第四版)
国际经济学 名词： 1、国际经济学：是经济的一般理论在国际经济范围中的延伸和应用，是以经济学的一般理论为基础来研究国际经济活动与国际经济关系的经济学分支学科，是整个经济学体系的有机组成部分。主要研究对象有国际贸易理论与政策、国际收支、外汇理论、生产要素的国际流动、跨国公司、经济发展、经济一体化、开放经济的宏观调节、经济全球化与国际经济秩序研究等。 2、绝对利益:在某一种商品上，一个经济在劳动生产率上占有绝对优势，或其生产所耗费的劳动成本绝对低于另一经济，若各个经济都从事自己占有绝对优势商品的生产，继而进行交换，那么双方都可以通过交换得到绝对的利益，从而整个世界也可以获得分工的好处。 3、比较利益:甲国在生产任何产品时成本均低于乙国，劳动生产率均高于乙国，处于绝对优势，两个国家间进行贸易的可能性依然存在，因为两国劳动生产率之间的差距，并不是在任何产品上都一样。这样，处于绝对优势的国家集中生产本国国内具有最大优势的产品，处于绝对劣势的国家停止生产在本国国内处于最大劣势的产品，通过自由交换，双方都可节约社会劳动，增加产品的消费。世界也因而增加产量，提高劳动生产率。 4、国际分工:即各国之间的劳动分工,生产的国际专业化。它是国际贸易的基础,是社会分工从国内向国外延伸的结果。各国对于分工方式的选择以及分工的变化,反映了彼此之间经济发展水平的差异及各国经济联系的程度。主要有产业间、产业内、垂直、水平以及不同要素密集度之间的分工等类型。 5、贸易乘数:在开放的条件下，对外贸易的增长可以使国民经济成倍增加，对外贸易乘数研究一国对外贸易与国民收入、就业之间的互相影响，描述了在开放经济体系内部出口促进经济增长的动态过程。公式为： dY＝[l/(dM/dY)] dX。（2003） 6、一价定律:在完全竞争的市场上，相同的交易产品或金融资产经过汇率调整后，在世界范围内其交易成本一定是相等的。这个定律在经济中是通过诸如购买力平价、利息平价、远期汇率等经济关系表现出来的。 7、贸易创造与贸易转移:关税同盟成员国产品从生产成本较高的国内生产转向成本较低的关税同盟中贸易对象国生产，本国从贸易对象国进口的一种过程和现象。的部分进口产品从过去进口自较低生产成本国(非成员国)转向从较高生产成本国(成员国)进口的过程和现象。 8、流动借贷:国际金融中决定汇率的理论——国际借贷说中的重要概念，指国际借贷中形成了借贷关系并且进入了实际支付的那种债权、债务关系，它对国际收支的平衡从而对汇率的走向有着重要的决定性影响。 9、固定借贷:国际金融中决定汇率的理论——国际借贷说中的重要概念，指国际借贷中形成了借贷关系但尚未进入实际支付的那种债权债务关系。它对国际收支从而对汇率的走向无实质决定性作用，有时甚至会产生相反的现象，即债务存在时汇率反而走高。 10、边际进口倾向：国际贸易理论中的一个重要概念，指每一单位增量国民收入中，用于进行进口的比重。通常在公式中用m来表示。边际进口倾向大,则每一单位增量国民收入中用于进口的比重大，乘数效应对于经济的刺激作用就会较小,反之则较大。 11、外汇倾销:利用本国货币对外贬值的机会,向外倾销商品和争夺市场的行为称外汇倾销。这是因为本国货币贬值后，出口商品用外国货币表示价格降低，提高了该国商品在国际市场上的竞争力，有利于扩大出口；而因本国货币贬值，进口商品的价格上涨，削弱了进口商品的竞争力，限制了进口。外汇倾销需要一定的条件，主要是本国货币对外贬值速度要快于对内贬值以及对方不进行报复等。 12、幼稚产业:具有比较利益的产业处于幼稚状态，经过保护使之发展，具有现实的比较利益。（1）穆勒标准：某种产业由于技术不足、生产率低下，成本高于国际市场，无法竞争，在保护下，能够在自由贸易下获利，自我投资发展，即为幼稚产业。（2）巴斯塔布尔标准：保护、扶植幼稚产业所需的社会成本不能超过该产业将来利润的现值总和，符合条件即为幼稚产业。（3）肯普标准：除了穆—巴标准的内容外，应考虑产业在被保护时期内的外部效应，如某种技术可为其他产业所获得，因而使得本产业利润无法增加，将来利润无法补偿投资成本，国家应该予以保护。 13、外汇：是货币行政当局以银行存款、财政部库券、长短期政府证券等形式保有的在国际收支逆差时可以用作支付使用的国际支付手段或债权。 14、汇率：是本国货币与其他货币之间的比价关系，是外汇在市场中的价格。从不同角度出发，汇率有多种表
国际经济学第九版英文课后答案 第7单元
CHAPTER 7 ECONOMIC GROWTH AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE OUTLINE 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Growth of Factors of Production 7.2a Labor Growth and Capital Accumulation Over Time 7.2b The Rybczynski Theorem 7.3 Technical Progress 7.3a Neutral, Labor-Saving, and Capital-Saving Technical Progress 7.3b Technical Progress and the Nation's Production Frontier Case Study 7-1: Changes in Relative Resource Endowments of Various Countries and Regions Case Study 7-2: Change in Capital-Labor Rations in Selected Countries 7.4 Growth and Trade: The Small Country Case 7.4a The Effects of Growth on Trade 7.4b Illustration of Factor Growth, Trade, and Welfare 7.4c Technical Progress, Trade, and Welfare Case Study 7-3: Growth of Output per Worker from Capital Deepening, Technological Change, and Improvements in Efficiency 7.5 Growth and Trade: The Large-Country Case 7.5a Growth and the Nation's Terms of Trade and Welfare 7.5b Immiserizing Growth 7.5c Illustration of Beneficial Growth and Trade Case Study 7-4: Growth, Trade, and the Giants of the Future 7.6 Growth, Change in Tastes, and Trade in Both Nations 7.6a Growth and Trade in Both Nations 7.6b Change in Tastes and Trade in Both Nations Case Study 7-5: Change in the Revealed Comparative Advantage of Various Countries or Regions Case Study 7-6: Growth, Trade, and Welfare in the Leading Industrial Nations Appendix: A7.1 Formal Proof of Rybczynski Theorem A7.2 Growth with Factor Immobility A7.3 Graphical Analysis of Hicksian Technical Progress Key Terms Comparative statics Antitrade production and consumption Dynamic analysis Neutral production and consumption Balanced growth Normal goods Rybczynski theorem Inferior goods
2020年整理国际经济学作业答案第九章.doc
Chapter 9 The Political Economy of Trade Theory Multiple Choice Questions 1. The efficiency case made for free trade is that as trade distortions such as tariffs are dismantled and removed, (a) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national economic welfare will decrease. (b) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national economic welfare will increase. (c) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, hence increasing national economic welfare. (d) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, hence decreasing national economic welfare. (e) None of the above. Answer: C 2. The opportunity to exploit economies of scale is one of the gains to be made from removing tariffs and other trade distortions. These gains will be found by a decrease in (a) world prices of imports. (b) the consumption distortion loss triangle. (c) the production distortion loss triangle. (d) Both (b) and (c). (e) None of the above. Answer: E 3. It is argued that special interest groups are likely to take over and promote protectionist policies, which may lead to an increase in national economic welfare. This argument leads to (a) a presumption that in practice a free trade policy is likely to be better than alternatives. (b) a presumption that trade policy should be shifted to Non-Governmental Organizations, so as to limit taxpayer burden. (c) a presumption that free trade is generally a second-best policy, to be avoided if feasible alternatives are available. (d) a presumption that free trade is the likely equilibrium solution if the government allows special interest groups to dictate its trade policy. (e) None of the above. Answer: A
国际经济学第十版课后答案(萨尔瓦多、杨冰译)
国际经济学（第十版）多米尼克.萨尔瓦多(著) P16页练习题 6.（1）根据消费者需求理论，当其他条件不变时，一种商品价格的提高（如由于税率的上浮所致），会带来需求量的什么变化？ 答：根据消费者需求理论，当其他条件不变时，一种商品价格的提高，则该商品的需求量将会下降。 （2）根据消费者需求理论，一种进口商品价格的提高（如由于进口关税的上浮所致），会带来需求量的什么变化？ 答：根据消费者需求理论，一种进口商品价格的提高，则该商品的出口量将会下降。 7．（1）一国政府如何能消除或减少预算赤字？ 答：一国政府可以通过减少政府支出、增加税收，来消除或者减少预算赤字。（2）一个国家如何能消除或减少贸易逆差？ 答：一个国家要消除或减少其贸易逆差的方式有：对进口商品增税、补贴出口，借如更多的国外债券、减少借出外国债券，降低该国的国民收入水平。 8．（1）国际经济关系与地区经济关系有何区别？ 答：在国际经济关系下，国家通常限制在国际间的自由流动的货物、服务和因素，不同的语言、消费习惯和法律规定同样也阻碍了它们在国际间的流动，此外，国际收支会在各种货币收据和付款中流通。 而在地区经济关系下，就关税和进行相同的货币而言,区际流动的货物、服务和因素没有面临这样的限制因素，它们经常是在同样的语言环境下，在类似的消费习惯和法律规定下进行的，这就与国际经济关系形成了鲜明对比。 （2）它们在哪方面相似？ 答：国际经济关系和地区经济关系的相似点：两者都跨越了空间距离，事实上，它们都是在远距离贸易下的产物，把经济看待成在一个进行着生产、交换和消费的空间中的单一点，这也是从经济学的复位空间将它们区分。 1
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(第8版)课后习题详解(第9章 贸易政策中的政治经济学)【圣才出品】
第9章贸易政策中的政治经济学 一、概念题 1．约束（binding） 答：在国际贸易中，约束一般是指税率的约束，即“约束”关税的税率。约束税率是指经过谈判达成协议而固定下来的关税税率。按关贸总协定规定，缔约各国应该在互惠互利的基础上通过有选择的产品对产品的方式，或者为有关缔约国所接受的多边的程序进行谈判，谈判结果固定下来的各国税则商品的税率为约束税率，汇总起来形成减让表，作为总协定的一个附属部分付诸实施。按关贸总协定规定，关税减让谈判有四种减让形式来约束关税的税率：①降低关税并约束在降低了的关税水平；②约束现行关税税率；③约束在现行关税水平以上的某个关税水平；④约束免税待遇。 2．支持自由贸易的政治依据（political argument for free trade） 答：支持自由贸易的政治依据是指，尽管理论上可能还有比自由贸易更好的政策，但从政治上认可和支持自由贸易的原则更重要。现实中的贸易政策经常会由具有特殊利益关系的集团所左右，而不考虑国家的成本与收益。虽然从理论上可以证明某些选择性的关税和出口补贴政策能够增进整体社会福利，但现实中，任何一个政府机构在制定一套干预贸易的详细计划时都有可能被利益集团所控制，从而成为在有政治影响的部门中进行收入再分配的工具。如果上述观点正确的话，那么倡导自由贸易无疑是最好的选择。 3．集体行动（collective action） 答：集体行动是指关于经济活动中个人理性并不必然导致集体理性。如果某项活动或者
福利的获得需要两个或者两个以上的人的共同努力才能完成，集体行动问题就出现了，即决策集体的每个成员必须单方面决定是否参与提供某种集体产品。因为集体产品具有非排他性和非竞争性的特征，所以使得不为集体产品的提供付出成本的集团成员也可以获得集体产品。集团越大，分享收益的人越多，个人的行动对集团利益的影响越小，集团内的成员“搭便车”的动机就越强烈。这就意味着仅仅依靠个人的自愿，集体产品的供给将是不足的，集体产品不可能依靠个人的自愿提供来解决。因此，个人理性并不必然导致集体理性，个人理性不是实现集体理性的充分条件。 4．特惠贸易协定（preferential trading agreement） 答：特惠贸易协定是指各签约方之间相互减让关税或实行其他贸易优惠措施，但不将其给予非签约方的贸易优惠协定。由于这种协定违反了最惠国待遇原则，因而一般被世界贸易组织所禁止。但是，如果它能够促进签约方之间的自由贸易，那么世界贸易组织就允许其存在。如下两种方式的特惠贸易协定是世界贸易组织允许的： （1）自由贸易区，各签约方设立对外关税率，但相互之间免除关税和取消非关税壁垒； （2）关税同盟，各成员国制定统一的对外关税率，而成员国之间则是“特惠”的。 5．关税同盟（customs union） 答：关税同盟是指两个或两个以上参加同盟的国家划为一个关税区域，在区域内取消关税和非关税壁垒，实行自由贸易，同时对区域外采取统一的关税及其他贸易限制等措施。关税同盟是跨国区域经济一体化的一种基本形式。关税同盟可以分为完全关税同盟和不完全关税同盟。完全关税同盟是指将各加盟国的关税完全废除，这种关税同盟按惯例不受最惠国待遇原则的约束。但事实上，当关税同盟成立时，各国原有的关税并不能立即完全废除，为避
国际经济学复习课后答案
第一章练习与答案 1．为什么说生产和消费只取决于相对价格？ 答：经济主体的经济行为考虑的是所有商品的价格，而不是单一价格因素。 3.在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。 答案：是 4.如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示： 5.如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？ 答案提示：不一定一致，x商品的价格是Px/Py，而y商品的价格是Py/Px. 7.如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？ 答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。 8.根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？ 答案提示：小国。 第二章答案 1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。 表1 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入
A B X Y 6 2 15 12 表2 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入 A B X Y 10 4 5 5 答案提示：首先将劳动投入转化为劳动生产率，然后应用与本章正文中一样的方法进行比较。（表2-2（a）和表2-2（b）部分的内容） 2．假设A、B两国的生产技术条件如下所示，那么两国还有进行贸易的动机吗？解释原因。 表3 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入 A B X Y 4 2 8 4 答案提示：从绝对优势来看，两国当中A国在两种产品中都有绝对优势；从比较优势来看，两国不存在相对技术差异。所以，两国没有进行国际贸易的动机。 3．如果一国在某一商品上具有绝对优势，那么也必具有比较优势吗？ 答案提示：不一定，比较优势的确定原则是两优取最优，两劣取最劣。
克鲁格曼 国际经济学第9版教材答案
Chapter 1 Introduction ?Chapter Organization What Is International Economics About? The Gains from Trade The Pattern of Trade How Much Trade? Balance of Payments Exchange Rate Determination International Policy Coordination The International Capital Market International Economics: Trade and Money ?Chapter Overview The intent of this chapter is to provide both an overview of the subject matter of international economics and to provide a guide to the organization of the text. It is relatively easy for an instructor to motivate the study of international trade and finance. The front pages of newspapers, the covers of magazines, and the lead reports on television news broadcasts herald the interdependence of the U.S. economy with the rest of the world. This interdependence may also be recognized by students through their purchases of imports of all sorts of goods, their personal observations of the effects of dislocations due to international competition, and their experience through travel abroad. The study of the theory of international economics generates an understanding of many key events that shape our domestic and international environment. In recent history, these events include the causes and consequences of the large current account deficits of the United States; the dramatic appreciation of the dollar during the first half of the 1980s followed by its rapid depreciation in the second half of the 1980s; the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s and the Mexican crisis in late 1994; and the increased pressures for industry protection against foreign competition broadly voiced in the late 1980s and more vocally espoused in the first half of the 1990s. The financial crisis that began in East Asia in 1997 and spread to many countries around the globe and the Economic and Monetary Union in Europe highlighted the way in which various national economies are linked and how important it is for us to understand these connections. These global linkages have been highlighted yet again with the rapid spread of the financial crisis in the United States to the rest of the world. At the same time, protests at global economic meetings and a rising wave of protectionist rhetoric have highlighted opposition to globalization. The text material will enable students to understand the economic context in which such events occur. ? 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》中文版·第九版 课后习题答案
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》中文版·第九版课后习题答案 第一章练习与答案 1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？ 答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。 2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。 答案提示： 3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？ 试解释原因。 答案提示： 4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示： 5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？ 答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。 7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？ 答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。 8．根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？ 答案提示：小国。 9*．为什么说两个部门要素使用比例的不同会导致生产可能性边界曲线向外凸？ 答案提示： 第二章答案 1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。
国际经济学作业答案-第七章
Chapter 7 International Factor Movements Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following differs in its essential analytical framework? (a) International trade in goods (b) International conflict resolution (c) International trade in services (d) International trade in factors of production (e) International borrowing and lending Answer: B 2. The slope of the production function measures (a) the physical increase in output as country grows. (b) the dollar-value increase in output as a country grows. (c) the increase in number of workers as immigration proceeds. (d) the marginal product of labor. (e) the marginal product of capital. Answer: D 3. International free labor mobility will under all circumstances (a) increase total world output. (b) improve the economic welfare of everyone. (c) improve the economic welfare of workers everywhere. (d) improve the economic welfare of landlords (or capital owners) everywhere. (e) None of the above. Answer: E 4. If the world attained a perfect Heckscher-Ohlin model equilibrium with trade, then (a) workers in the labor abundant country would migrate to the capital abundant country. (b) workers in the labor abundant country would wish to migrate to the capital abundant country. (c) workers in the labor abundant country would have no desire to migrate to the capital abundant country. (d) workers in the capital abundant country would wish to migrate to the labor abundant country. (e) workers in the capital abundant country would migrate to the labor abundant country. Answer: C
完整版克鲁格曼国际经济学第十版重点笔记
《国际经济学》（第10版）保罗·R·克鲁格曼 重点笔记 第三章劳动生产率与比较优势：李嘉图模型 1.机会成本：利用一定资源或时间生产一种商品时，而失去的利用这些资源生产其他最佳替代品的机会。 2.比较优势：如果一个国家在本国生产一种产品的机会成本（用其他产品来衡量）低于在其他国家生产该种产品的机会成本，则这个国家在生产该种产品上就具有比较优势。 比较优势和国际贸易的基本原理：如果每个国家都出口本国具有比较优势的商品，则两国之间的贸易能使两国都受益。 英国经济学家大卫·李嘉图提出的国际贸易模型。他指出，国际劳动生产率的不同是国际贸易的唯一决定因素。该理论被称为李嘉图模型。 3.单一要素经济 单位产品劳动投入（a）：生产率的倒数，用来表示劳动生产率。L生产可能性边界（PPF）：一个国家的资源是有限的，它所能生产的产品也是有限的，因此就存在着产品替代的问题：多生产一种产品就意味着要牺牲另一种产品的产量。 一个经济体的生产可能性边界（PPF）显示了其固定数量资源所能生产的商品的最大数量。 本国资源对产出的限制：aQ + aQ ≤ L WLWLCC （斜率的绝对值等于横轴商品的机会成本）奶酪的机会成本k= - a /a = (a – /a )Q ，Q = L/a LWCLCLWLCWLW相对价格与供给而劳奶酪和葡萄酒的供给是由劳动力的流向决定的，简化模型中，劳动是唯一的生产要素，等工资率单一要素模型中不存在利润，奶酪部门每小时的动力总会流向工资比较高的部门。 /a。，葡萄酒部门每小时的工资率等于小时内创造的价值P/aP于一个工人在1LWWCLC < /P时，奶酪部门的工资率就比较高，该国会专业化生产奶酪；当 > a/aP当P /P WLC CLWWC/a = aP /P/aa时，葡萄酒部门的工资率就比较高，该国会专业化生产葡萄酒；当LWCLC LC WLW时，该国会生产奶酪和葡萄酒两种产品。该国价格与生产之间关系的关键命题：当一个国家的奶酪的相对价格高于它的机会成本时，就专门生产奶酪；当奶酪的相对价格低于它的机会成本时，该国就专门生产葡萄酒。a = /P如：在没有国际贸易时，产品的相对价格等于它们的相对单位产品劳动投入。P LC CW /a LW 4.单一要素世界中的贸易我们就说当一个国家能够以少于其他国家的劳动投入生产出同样单位的商品时，：绝对优势 **aaaa < < 和该国在生产这种商品上具有绝对优势。如：LWLCLCLW ****/a/ aaaa/aa/a本国在生产奶酪上具有比较优势：或 < < LW LCLW LCLCLCLW LW **/a/aaa，外国奶酪的相对价格为。如果没有国际贸易，本国奶酪的相对价格为LW LWLCLC将奶酪从本国运到外国或将葡萄酒一旦进行国际贸易，因为外国奶酪的相对价格比本国高，外国将出口足
《国际经济学》第九讲 开放经济下的短期均衡(DD-AA模型)
第九章开放经济下的短期均衡（DD-AA模型） 教学目标： （1）掌握产品市场短期均衡的含义和调整机制； （2）掌握DD曲线的表达式和变化规律； （3）掌握货币市场短期均衡的含义和调整机制； （4）掌握AA曲线的表达式和变化规律。 （5）掌握马歇尔—勒纳条件和J曲线效应的内涵 （6）理解宏观经济短期均衡（汇率与产出决定）的内涵和调整机制 授课时间：4课时 一、短期宏观经济分析的假定条件 ●市场价格水平不变。 ?名义货币供给量的变化（M）等价于实际货币供给量（M/P）的变化； ●经济非充分就业，存在足够的剩余生产能力 ?产品市场的均衡取决于总需求 ●商品自由流动，资本自由流动：资本完全自由流动意味着国内利率必须始终保持与国际利率一致，即利率是一个外生变量。 ●DD—AA模型的研究对象：短期汇率与产出的决定问题。 上海https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f8943728.html, 1
上海 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f8943728.html, 2 二、产品市场的均衡——DD 曲线 （一）均衡的含义 ? 总供给等于总需求，表现为市场不存在非合意的存货。 ? 封闭条件，两部门经济下，均衡意味着家庭储蓄（S ）等于厂商投资（I ） ? 封闭条件，三部门经济下，均衡意味着家庭储蓄（S ）和政府储蓄（T-G ）之和等于厂商投资（I ） ? 开放条件，四部门经济下，均衡意味着国内储蓄和国外储蓄的和（s+（T-G ）+（EX-IM ））等于投资。 此处视学生宏观经济学掌握情况增加对国民收入恒等式的介绍。 （二）总需求的构成 ? 消费：D cY c C +=0，消费是可支配收入的函数 ? 投资：iR I I -=0，投资是利率的函数 ● 利率R 由货币市场决定，在产品市场中是外生变量，在货币市场中，利率与汇率之间也存在联系。为了不使问题过于复杂，在这里我们暂时假定投资是一个与汇率无关的外生变量，即I =I 。 ● i 是正值常数，表示投资对利率变化反应的灵敏程度。 ? 政府支出：G ，在模型中为外生变量 ? 国外净需求：TB=NX=EX – IM ，TB 会受到汇率影响，与汇率的关系有待进一步论证。
国际经济学作业答案-第六章
Chapter 6 Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and International Trade Multiple Choice Questions 1. External economies of scale arise when the cost per unit (a) rises as the industry grows larger. (b) falls as the industry grows larger rises as the average firm grows larger. (c) falls as the average firm grows larger. (d) remains constant. (e) None of the above. Answer: B 2. Internal economies of scale arise when the cost per unit (a) rises as the industry grows larger. (b) falls as the industry grows larger. (c) rises as the average firm grows larger. (d) falls as the average firm grows larger. (e) None of the above. Answer: D 3. External economies of scale (a) may be associated with a perfectly competitive industry. (b) cannot be associated with a perfectly competitive industry. (c) tends to result in one huge monopoly. (d) tends to result in large profits for each firm. (e) None of the above. Answer: A 4. Internal economies of scale (a) may be associated with a perfectly competitive industry. (b) cannot be associated with a perfectly competitive industry. (c) are associated only with sophisticated products such as aircraft. (d) cannot form the basis for international trade. (e) None of the above. Answer: B