2012年美国国际大学生数学建模竞赛(MCM+ICM)题目+翻译

2012 Contest Problems

PROBLEM A: The Leaves of a Tree

"How much do the leaves on a tree weigh?" How might one estimate the actual weight of the leaves (or for that matter any other parts of the tree)? How might one classify leaves? Build a mathematical model to describe and classify leaves. Consider and answer the following:

? Why do leaves have the various shapes that they have?

? Do the shapes “minimize” overlapping individual shadows that are cast, so as to maximize exposure? Does the distribution of leaves within the “volume” of the tree and its branches effect the shape?

? Speaking of profiles, is leaf shape (general characteristics) related to tree profile/branching structure?

? How would you estimate the leaf mass of a tree? Is there a correlation between the leaf mass and the size characteristics of the tree (height, mass, volume defined by the profile)?

In addition to your one page summary sheet prepare a one page letter to an editor of a scientific journal outlining your key findings.

2012美赛A题：一棵树的叶子

（数学中国翻译）

“一棵树的叶子有多重？”怎么能估计树的叶子（或者树的任何其它部分）的实际重量？怎样对叶子进行分类？建立一个数学模型来对叶子进行描述和分类。模型要考虑和回答下面的问题：

? 为什么叶子具有各种形状？

? 叶子之间是要将相互重叠的部分最小化，以便可以最大限度的接触到阳光吗？树叶的分布以及树干和枝杈的体积影响叶子的形状吗？

就轮廓来讲，叶形（一般特征）是和树的轮廓以及分枝结构有关吗？

? 你将如何估计一棵树的叶子质量？叶子的质量和树的尺寸特征（包括和外形轮廓有关的高度、质量、体积）有联系吗？

除了你的一页摘要以外，给科学杂志的编辑写一封信，阐述你的主要发现

PROBLEM B: Camping along the Big Long River

Visitors to the Big Long River (225 miles) can enjoy scenic views and exciting white water rapids. The river is inaccessible to hikers, so the only way to enjoy it is to take a river trip that requires several days of camping. River trips all start at First Launch and exit the river at Final Exit, 225 miles downstream. Passengers take either oar- powered rubber rafts, which travel on average 4 mph or motorized boats, which travel on average 8 mph. The trips range from 6 to 18 nights of camping on the river, start to finish.. The government agency responsible for managing this river wants every trip to enjoy a wilderness experience, with minimal contact with other groups of boats on the river. Currently, X trips travel down the Big Long River each year during a six month period (the rest of the year it is too cold for river trips). There are Y camp sites on the Big Long River, distributed fairly uniformly throughout the river corridor. Given the rise in popularity of river rafting, the park managers have been asked to allow more trips to travel down the river. They want to determine how they might schedule an optimal mix of trips, of varying duration (measured in nights on the river) and propulsion (motor or oar) that will utilize the campsites in the best way possible. In other words, how many more boat trips could be added to the Big Long River’s rafting season? The river managers have hired you to advise t hem on ways in which to develop the best schedule and on ways in which to determine the carrying capacity of the river, remembering that no two sets of campers can occupy the same site at the same time. In addition to your one page summary sheet, prepare a one page memo to the managers of the river describing your key findings.

问题B：沿长江大露营

到Big Long River（225英里）游玩的游客可以享受那里的风景和振奋人心的急流。远足者没法到达这条河，唯一去的办法是漂流过去。这需要几天的露营。河流旅行始于First Launch，在 Final Exit结束，共225英里的顺流。旅客可以选择依靠船桨来前进的橡皮筏，它的速度是4英里每小时，或者选择8英里每小时的摩托船。旅行从开始到结束包括大约6到18个晚上的河中的露营。负责管理这条河的政府部门希望让每次旅行都能尽情享受野外经历，同时能尽量少的与河中其他的船只相遇。当前，每年经过Big Long河的游客有X组，这些漂流都在一个以6个月长短的时期内进行，一年中的其他月份非常冷，不会有漂流。在Big Long上有Y处露营地点，平均分布于河廊。随着漂流人数的增加，管理者被要求应该允许让更多的船只漂流。他们要决定如何来安排最优的方案：包括旅行时间（以在河上的夜晚数计算）、选择哪种船（摩托还是桨船），从而能够最好地利用河中的露营地。换句话说，Big Long River在漂流季节还能增加多少漂流旅行数？管理者希望你能给他们最好的建议，告诉他们如何决定河流的容纳量，记住任两组旅行队都不能同时占据河中的露营地。此外，在你的摘要表一页，

准备一页给管理者的备忘录，用来描述你的关键发现。

ICM PROBLEM

PROBLEM C: Modeling for Crime Busting

2012美赛C题：犯罪克星

你的组织，银河犯罪建模中心（ICM），正在调查一个实施犯罪行为的阴谋。调查人员现在非常有信心，他们已经知道策划阴谋的一些成员，但是他们希望在逮捕嫌疑人之前确定其它的犯罪成员和组织的领导人。所有的嫌疑人和可能涉嫌的同谋都受雇于同一家公司，在一个大的综合办公室里工作。该公司发展迅速，正在开发和销售以自己的名字命名的计算机软件，该软件是为银行和信用卡公司服务的。ICM最近从公司的一组员工（有82人）那里获得了一些消息，他们认为这将帮助他们找到最有可能的未知身份的同谋者和组织领导人。由于公司中的所有员工都知晓该消息，所以一些消息的传播者（有可能很多）并没有卷入阴谋。事实上，他们可以确定有一些人没有卷入阴谋。建模工作的目标是确定在综合办公室里面的人谁最有可能是同谋者。一个优先级列表是最理想的，ICM可以按照优先级调查、监视或者审问最有可能的嫌疑人。一个判别是否为同谋人的分界线也是非常有用，可以用它来对各组人进行分类。对于检方来讲，如果模型能够识别出阴谋策划的领导人也是非常有帮助的。在你的犯罪建模团队获得当前案件的数据之前，你的上司给了你们下面的一些场景（被称作调查EZ），这些场景是几年前她在其他城市工作时遇到的。尽管她对她在EZ案件上的工作非常自豪，她仍然谦虚地说那是一个小的、简单的案例，但它可以帮助你了解你的任务。她的数据如下：

她考虑为同谋者的十个人分别为：Anne#，Bob，Carol，Dave*，Ellen，Fred，George*，Harry，Inez，and Jaye#。（*号表示事先已知是同谋者，#号表示事先已知为非同谋者）

下面是28条消息的列表，这些消息是在她的案件中获得的，每条消息后面有一个标号，这个标号反映了她对于消息的主题的分析。

安妮对鲍勃说：为什么你今天迟到了？（1）

鲍勃对卡罗尔说: 这该死的安妮总是看着我。我没有迟到。（1）

卡罗尔对戴夫说: 对于鲍勃的迟到，安妮和鲍勃有争执。（1）

戴夫对艾伦说：我需要今天早晨看见你。什么时间你能来？把预算文件带来。（2）

戴夫对弗雷德说：今天我随时都可以来见你。如果时间合适就告诉我。我应该把预算文件带上吗？（2）

戴夫对乔治说：我之后要见你---有很多话要说。我希望其他人做好准备。重要的是要得到这个权利。（3）

哈里对乔治说：你似乎在强调。这是怎么回事？我们的预算很优秀。（2）（4）

伊内兹对乔治说：我今天真的感觉很累。你感觉怎么样？（5）

杰伊对伊内兹说：今天没有太多事可做。去吃午餐怎么样？（5）

伊内兹对杰伊说：好想法，但是我筋疲力尽了，不能做午餐了，对不起！（5）

乔治对戴夫说：谈话时间，现在！（3）

杰伊对安妮说：你今天能去吃午餐吗？（5）

戴夫对乔治说：我不能。我要在回家的路上去看弗雷德。（3）

乔治对戴夫说：那之后到这。（3）

安妮对卡罗尔说：谁应该去看看鲍勃？他正在消磨时间。（1）

卡罗尔对安妮说：别理他。他和乔治、戴夫相处的很好。（1）

乔治对戴夫说：这是非常重要的。该死的弗雷德。艾伦如何？（3）

艾伦对乔治说：你和戴夫谈话了？（3）

乔治对艾伦说：还没有。你呢？（3）

鲍勃对安妮说：我没有迟到。我要让你知道---午餐时间我也在工作。（1）

鲍勃对戴夫说：告诉他们我没有迟。你知道的。（1）

艾伦对卡罗尔说：去找安妮，弄清楚下周预算会议的具体日程，并且帮助我让乔治冷静一下。（2）

哈里对戴夫说：你没有注意到今天乔治又压力很大？（4）

戴夫对乔治说：该死的哈里认为你压力很大。不要让他担心或者别让他察觉。（4）

乔治对哈里说：仅仅是因为工作太晚了，家里也出了点问题。我很好。（4）

艾伦对哈里说：如果我错过了今天的会议，一切还会都好吗？弗雷德在会议上，他知道的预算比我做的好。（2）

哈里对弗雷德说：我认为明年的财政预算案使一些人压力很大。也许我们应该花些时间来让人们放心。（2）（4）

弗雷德对哈里说：我认为我们的预算是非常健康的。我没有看到任何压力。（2）

消息流完毕。

你的上司指出，她分配并编码了仅仅5种不同的消息主题：1）鲍勃的迟到，2）预算，3）重要但未知的问题，被认为是阴谋的一部分，4）乔治的压力，5）午餐和其他社会问题。正如所看到的消息编码，一些消息因为其内容被和两个主题联系在了一起。

你的上司分析情况采用的方法是一个网络，它显示了消息的通讯连接情况和消息的类型。下图是一个消息网络模型，网络图上注明了消息类型的代码。

图1：EZ案件的消息网络

你的上司指出，除了已知的同谋乔治和戴夫，根据她的分析，艾伦和卡罗尔分别被因为同谋起诉，后来鲍勃自己认罪，被判处减刑。但对卡罗尔的起诉后来被撤销了。你的上司仍然坚信伊内兹参与其中，但对于她的诉讼始终没能成立。你的上司给你们团队建议，一定要明确人群中有罪的一部分人，像伊内兹这样的人不能漏网，像卡罗尔这样的人也不能被错误地起诉，并且ICM得到证据，像鲍勃这样的人就没有机会获得减刑。

目前情况下，你的上司已经得到了一个网络形式的数据库，它有着相同的结构，但是在规模上稍大一些。有一些迹象表明,一个阴谋正在从公司挪用资金，并且使用网络欺诈窃取与公司做生意的的人的信用卡内的资金。她给你示范了一个小例子，在EZ情况下只有10个人（节点），27条边（信息），5个主题，一个可疑的/阴谋的主题，2个已知的同谋者，还有2个已知的非同谋者。目前，这个新的情况下，有83个节点，400条边（其中一些包含不止一个主题），超过21000个字符的信息传输，15个主题（3个被视为是可疑的），7个是已知的同谋者，还有8个已知的非同谋者，数据在给出的附件：Names.xls, Topics.xls，Messages.xls和Names.xls中，names.xls包含办公室员工的姓名，和节点的数目一样。topics.xls 包含了15个主题的代码和简短描述。由于安全和隐私的问题，你的团队将不能得到所有信息流的副本。messages.xls提供链接节点的，用来传递信息的边，信息中包含数字代码。一些信息包含了三个主题。为了可视化信息流动，对于人和信息传播的网络模型如图2所示。图上没有像图1一样标注消息的主题。这些主题的编号在文件Messages.xls中给出，主题描述在Topics.xls中给出。

图2：可视化的网络模型，包含83个人（节点）和400条他们之间的信息（边）

要求：

要求一：目前，已知Jean，Alex，Elsie，Paul，Ulf，Yao，和Harvey是同谋者，还知道Darlene，Tran，Jia，Ellin，Gard，Chris，Paige，和Este不是同谋者。3个已知的可疑信息主题为7，11和13.更多的主题细节请见附件Topics.xls。根据83个节点为阴谋的可能性的大小，建立一个模型和算法对可能性大小进行排序，并说明你的模型及流程。Jerome，Delores和Gretchen是公司的高级管理人员，如果能知道他们中的任何一个是否参与了这个阴谋将是十分有用的。要求二：如果得到新的消息，主题一和阴谋有关，且Chris 是同谋者之一，请问要求一中的排序会是什么样子的？要求三：和这个消息传输类似的一种强大的用来获得和理解文本信息的技术被称为语义网消息传输分析。作为一个在人工智能和计算语言学的方法，它为知识推理和语言提供了一个结构和过程。另一种在自然语言处理能力方面的计算语言学叫做文本分析。在我们的犯罪现场破坏条件下，解释语义和文本内容的分析和消息传输的背景(如果你能获得原始信息)能使您的团队开发更好的关于办公室人员的模型和归类。你是否在文件Topics.xls中有使用这些功能来进行主题描述，从而提升你的模型? 要求四：你完成的报告最终将送给检察官，所以报告中必须详细的，清晰的陈述你的假设和方法论。但是报告不能超过20页。你可以在分开的文件中包含你的程序作为附录，附录不算在你的页数内，但这些附录不是必要的。你的上司希望ICM在解决白领，高技术的阴谋犯罪方面是世界上最好的。希望你提供的方法将有助于解决世界各地重大案件，尤其是那些拥有非常大消息传输的数据库(成千上万的人，成千上万的信息，可能数百万字)。她特别要求你在报告中要包含可以帮助你的信息模型和建议的讨论如何更深入的网络、语义和文本内容的分析的内容。作为你向她报告的一部分，说明你使用的网络建模技术，和你为什么使用它以及如何使用它在任何类型的网络数据库用来识别，优先和分类相似节点，而不仅仅是犯罪阴谋和信息数据。例如，在得到节点感染概率和部分已经确认感染节点的各种图像或化学数据的生物网络中，你的方法能否找到感染或患病的细胞的位置？*你提交的ICM论文应该包含一页摘要和不超过20页的解决方案，总计不超过21页。

考研英语阅读理解全文翻译

Text1 Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not ch In but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. 习惯是件有趣的事情。我们无意识间养成了一些习惯，我们的大脑是自动运 转的，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。“这并非选择，而是习惯控 制了那些没有思想的人”，这是威廉?华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）19世纪时 说的话。在现在这个日新月异的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。 因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。 But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But don’t bother trying to kil off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. 但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯的时候，我们创建了平 行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。但 是，不必费心试图摈弃各种旧习惯；一旦这些程序惯例融进大脑，它们就会留在 那里。相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯会创建平行路径能避开原来那些老路。 “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says D Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as decide is to kill off president calls himself ‘the Decider.’” She adds, however, that “to all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.” 大学英语

2014年11月份三级笔译实务(汉译英)真题

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Text1 Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth sai d in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. 习惯是件有趣的事情。我们无意识间养成了一些习惯，我们的大脑是自动运转的，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。“这并非选择，而是习惯控制了那些没有思想的人”，这是威廉?华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）19世纪时说的话。在现在这个日新月异的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。 But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deli berately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. 但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯的时候，我们创建了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。但是，不必费心试图摈弃各种旧习惯；一旦这些程序惯例融进大脑，它们就会留在那里。相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯会创建平行路径能避开原来那些老路。 “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She a dds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”

2005年5月翻译三级笔译综合能力真题有答案的

2005年5月英语三级《笔译综合能力》试题 Section 1: Vocabulary and Grammar (25 points) This section consists of 3 parts. Read the directions for each part before answering the questions. The time for this section is 25 minutes. Part 1 Vocabulary Selection In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences. Below each sentence, there are 4 choices respectively marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There is only ONE right answer. Blacken the corresponding letter as required on your Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET. 1. We have had to raise the prices of our products because of the increase in the cost of ______ materials. A. primitive B. rough C. original D. raw 2. With an eighty-hour week and little enjoyment, life must have been very______ for the students. A. hostile B. anxious C. tedious D. obscure 3. Whenever the government increases public services,______ because more workers are needed to carry out these services. A. employment to rise B. employment rises C. which rising employment D. the rise of employment 4. Our flight to Guangzhou was ______ by a bad fog and we had to stay much longer in the hotel than we had expected. A. delayed B. adjourned C. cancelled D. preserved 5. Container-grown plants can be planted at any time of the year, but ______ in winter. A. should be B. would be C. preferred D. preferably 6. Both longitude and latitude ______ in degrees, minutes and seconds. A. measuring B. measured C. are measured D. being measured 7. Most comets have two kinds of tails, one made up of dust, ______ made up of electrically charged particles called plasma. A. one another B. the other C. other ones D. each other 8. Good pencil erasers are soft enough not ______ paper but hard enough so that they crumble gradually when used. A. by damaging B. so that they damage C. to damage D. damaging 9. The magician picked several persons ______ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance. A. by accident B. at random C. on occasion D. on average 10. On turning the comer, they saw the path ______ steeply. A. departing B. descending C. decreasing D. degenerating