语言学教程复习题

Part One Please read the following sentences and choose the best answer to each question. (25%)

1. Semantics is the study of ____.

A. linguistic competence

B. language functions

C. meanings

D. social behavior

2．Which of the following is not generally believed to be area of linguistics?

A. syntax

B. semantics

C. phonology

D. etiology 3．There are morphemes in the word “boyish”.

A．one B．two C．three D．four

4．The semantic components of the word “man” can be expressed as .

A．+animate, +human, +male, -adult

B．+animate, +human, -male, -adult

C．+animate, +human. +male, +adult

D．+animate, +human, -male, +adult

5．The maxim of ______ requires that a participant's contribution be relevant to the conversation.

A. quantity

B. quality

C. manner

D. relation 6．The words such as “editor”, “hawker” are .

A．formed by blending B．acronyms

C．coined by back formation D．Clipped words

7．The Swiss linguist laid the foundation of linguistics in the 20th century, and thus was described as “Father of Modern Linguistics”.

A．L. Bloomfield B．F. D. Saussure

C．N. Chomsky D．M. A. K. Halliday

8. is NOT a distinctive feature of human language.

A．Arbitrariness B．Productivity

C．Cultural transmission D．Displacement

9. TG grammar was advanced by ____.

A. Searle

B. Whorf

C. Halliday

D. Noam Chomsky

10．Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole?

A. Saussure

B. Chomsky

C. Halliday

D. Anonymous

11．The study of static, or so-called “literal”, meaning of language falls into the scope of , a major branch of linguistics.

A．Pragmatics B．Semantics C．Syntax D．Morphology 12．first put forward the speech act theory.

A．J. Searle B．J. Austin C．N. Chomsky D．M. A.K Halliday 13．The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning i n communication is_____

A.morphology

B.general linguistics

C.phonology

D.semantics 14．The famous Cooperative Principle was first put forward by .

A．J. Austin B．G. Leech C．H. P. Grice D．S. Levinson 15．Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and refers to the actualized language.

A．speech B．language C．parole D．language 16．Normally, a syllable consists of three parts, that is, the , the , and the .

A．onset, peak, coda B．peak, coda, onset

C．peak, onset, coda D．coda, peak, onset

17．According to morphology, “-ful” in the word “colorful” is called a(n) morpheme, while “-es” in “apologies” is called a(n)

morpheme.

A．derivational, free B．inflectional, bound

C．inflectional, free D．derivational, inflectional

18．In semantics, the relationship between “buy” and “sell” are opposites, and “single” and “married” are called antonyms.

A．relational, complementary B．gradable, relational

C．relational, gradable D．complementary, relational

19．is the study of the rules governing the ways words, word groups and phrases are combined to form sentences in a language.

A．Semantics B．Pragmatics C．Syntax D．Morphology

20. Which of the following word classes are open classes?

A. conjunction

B. determiner

C. article

D. verb

21. “Concord” has the same meaning as _____.

A. perfective

B. progressive

C. agreement

D. government

22. Synonymy is the technical term for the _____ relation.

A. oppositeness

B. complementary

C. gradable

D. sameness

23.Which of the following are correct readings of “CAUSE (x, (BECOME (y,

(~ALIVE (y)))))”?

A. x causes y to become not alive.

B. x causes y to become alive.

C. x causes y to become not dead.

D. y causes x to become dead.

24. Linguists give priority to the spoken language not the written language

because .

A. vocal sounds are derived from writing systems

B. speech precedes writing everywhere in the world

C. we have recording devices to study speech

D. spoken language precedes written language only in Indo-European languages.

25. The study of language development over a period of time is generally

termed as linguistics.

A. applied

B. diachronic

C. comparative

D. synchronic

Part Two Read each in the following statements and judge whether it is true or false. Write “T”for true, “F”for false on your answer sheet. (10%)

26. For sounds to be allophones of the same phoneme they must be

complementarily distributed and must have phonetic similarity.

27. A closed syllable is one without a coda.

28. Every word has a sense just as every word has a reference.

29. Conversational implicative is a kind of implied meaning, deduced on the

basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context,

under the guidance of the CP and its maxims.

30. The first meaning for a word that a dictionary definition gives is usually its

figurative meaning.

31. Similes and metaphors are different in that a metaphor makes a

comparison between two unlike elements.

得分得分

得分32. “Shit, you ’ve put the peanut butter in the refrigerator again.” This is

mostly likely to be said by a woman.

33．The relation between “vehicle ” and “car ” is called hyponymy.

34．The consonant [s] in English can be described as: voiced alveolar fricative.

35．Inflection is the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the

addition of inflection affixes, which do change the grammatical class of the stem.

Part Three Please define the following terms briefly (20%)

36．the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

37．Conversational Implicature

38．IC analysis

39．the London School Part Four Answer the following questions: (15%)

40. How to understand the term “affix ”? Give examples for its different

subtypes.

41. What is synonymy? What is antonymy? Give examples.

42. What is syllable? Use an example to illustrate its components.

Part Five ．Essay writing. (30%)

B ：Directions ：Choose any one from the given topics and develop it into an

essay in not less than 200 words. （30%）

The Prague school TG Grammar American Structuralism

Linguistics of My View

Part One．

此部分共25题，一题1分，合计25分。主要考察学生语言学基本知识的掌握程度。

1-5 ADBCD 6-10 CBCDA 11-15 BBCCC

16-20 ADACD 21-25 CDABB

Part Two．

此部分共10题，一题1分，合计10分。主要考察学生运用语言学基本知识

进行分析判断的能力。

Part three．

此部分共4题，一题5分，合计20分。主要考察学生语言学术语及基本理

论的掌握程度。

评分标准：

1) 每题5分。

2) 拼写错误、语法错误、用词错误、语法错误每处扣1分。因拼写错误、语法错误或

用词错误造成与原文意思不符，每处扣2分。

3) 内容比答案少按比例扣分，内容多于答案但没有概念性的错误不扣分。内容多于答

案但有概念性错误（如举例不当）酌情扣1－2分。

36. the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis:a hypothesis developed by Benjamin Lee Whorf on his and Edward Sapir’s anthropological research and

experience with Hopi, an American Indian language. It suggests that ‘our

language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express speakers’ unique ways of understanding the world’. Following this argument, two important points could be captured in this theory. On the one hand, language may determine our thinking patterns; on the other, similarity between languages is relative. The greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. For this reason, this hypothesis has alternatively been referred to as linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity—a view which “was first expounded by the German ethnologist, Wilhelm von Humboldt”.

37. Conversational Implicature: it was proposed by Grice, Grice’s aware that speakers do not always follow CP and its maxims. In fact, they often violate them. Whether the speaker follows or violates these maxims, he produces some implicature – a kind of extra meaning that is not contained in the utterance. Particularly, when any of the maxims is blatantly violated that the hearer knows that it is being violated, then conversational implicatures arise.

38. IC analysis, immediate constituent analysis, may be defined as: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups (or phrases), which are in tern analyzed into the immediate constituents of

their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.

39. The London School generally refers to the kind of linguistic scholarship in England. The representatives are Malinowski, Firth and Halliday. The all stressed the importance of context of situation and the system aspect of language. Thus, London School is also known as systemic linguistics and functional linguistics.

Part Four.

此部分共3题，一题5分，合计15分。主要考察学生语言学术语及运用语言学基本原理分析诗歌的能力。

1) 每题5分。

2) 拼写错误、语法错误、用词错误、语法错误每处扣1分。因拼写错误、语法错误或用词错误造成与原文意思不符，每处扣2分。

3) 内容比答案少按采分点扣分，内容点多于答案但没有概念性的错误不扣分。内容点多于答案但有概念性错误酌情扣分，举例不当每处扣2分，概念或阐述性错误每处扣5分。

40 An affix is the collective term of the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).

e.g.: prefix para-, mini-

suffix -ise, -tion

infix foot/feet, goose/geese

41. synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness relation. Such as, buy and purchase.

antonymy is the name for oppositeness relation. Such as husband and wife, buy and sell.

42. The syllable is an important unit in the study of phonology. In English, a word may be monosyllabic (with one syllable, like cat and dog) or polysyllabic (with more than one syllable, like transplant or festival). A syllable usually consists of an onset, a nucleus or peak, and a coda. The nucleus and the coda are called the rhyme.

O(nset) R(hyme)

N(ucleus) Co(da)

k l a p s

All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda. A syllable that has no coda is called an open syllable while a syllable with coda is known as closed syllable.

Part Five

A. 具体得分要求如下：

分析方法见《语言学教程》第三版9.3，罗米欧和朱莉叶的这段对话采用的是十四行诗的形式写成，说明莎士比亚娴熟地掌握了商籁体诗的写作技巧。本题要求学生掌握

诗歌分析的方法，能够运用诗歌分析的术语对诗歌中的特殊语言现象进行细致的分析。答案要点和分值：

1) Information about the poem: Shakespeare and his four tragedies, esp. Romeo and Juliet, sonnet in his drama (2)

2) Form: layout (3 quatrains and a couplet = sonnet), number of lines (14), length of lines (10 syllables) (3)

3) Sound patterning: metre (iambic pentametre), rhymes (ababcacadedeff), other forms of sound patterning (eg alliteration) (3)

4) Language: figurative use of language, syntax, punctuation, register, intertextual allusion etc. (2)

B. (Omitted)

语言学概论试题及答案

语言学概论试题及答案 分享 首次分享者：◇﹎ゞ丫丫℡已被分享11次评论(0)复制链接分享转载举报语言学概论形成性考核作业及参考答案 语言学概论作业1 导言、第一章、第二章 一、名词解释 1、历时语言学——就各种语言的历史事实用比较的方法去研究它的“亲属”关系和历史发展的，叫历时语言学。 2、语言——语言是一种社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具和进行思维的工具。就语言本身的结构来说，语言是由词汇和语法构成的系统。 3、符号——符号是用来代表事物的一种形式，词这样的符号是声音和意义相结合的统一体。任何符号都是由声音和意义两方面构成的。 4、语言的二层性——语言是一种分层装置，其底层是一套音位；上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，这一层又分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是由语素构成的词，第三级是由词构成的句子。 5、社会现象——语言是一种社会现象和人类社会有紧密的联系。所谓“社会”，就是指生活在一个共同的地域中，说同一种语言，有共同的风俗习惯和文化传统的人类共同体。语言对于社会全体成员来说是统一的、共同的；另一方面，语言在人们的使用中可以有不同的变异、不同的风格。 二、填空 1、结构主义语言学包括布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写语言学三个学派。 2、历史比较语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。 3、人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 4、一个符号，如果没有意义，就失去了存在的必要，如果没有声音，我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。 5、用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员约定俗成。 6、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特点。 7、语言的底层是一套音位，上层是符号和符号的序列，可以分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是词，第三级是句子。 8、语言系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这两种关系是组合和聚合。 9、组合是指符号与符号相互之间在功能上的联系，聚合是指符号在性质上的归类。 三、判断正误（正确的打钩，错误的打叉） 1、文字是人类最重要的交际工具。（×） 2、地主阶级和农民阶级之间没有共同语言，这说明语言是有阶级性的。（×） 3、在现代社会，文字比语言更加重要。（×）

英语语言学试题及答案

英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.

语言学纲要的简答、论述题

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