2016电大《学前儿童语言教育》试题及答案

中央广播电视大学2008--2009学年度第一学期“开放专科”期末考试

学前儿童语言教育试题

一、填空题(每空l分。其20分)

1．个人的语言运用能力是一种多侧面的能力，大致包括---------的能力、-----------的能力。

2．学前生语言教育发展的是学前儿童听、说、读、---------以及---------等全面的语言能力。

3．学前儿童语言教育内容可以分为----------和--------- 两类结构。

4．婴儿说话呈现特殊的“小儿语”式发音，在发音上表现出的特殊策略常常有：---------.----------.-----------.

5．前语言交际能力的发展可分为三个阶段：--------------、---------.-------------.

6．-----------，即词义扩张，是指儿童扩大词义，对词义的理解和使用超出目标语

言范围的现象，即一词多义。

7．幼儿发音不准确，往往是由于在言语听觉上不能----------，在言语运动觉方面不能------------．8．儿童语句产生的评定和分析通常采用两种方式：儿童说出的句子中--------------- 、句子中----------------------。

9．由于儿童在早期阅读中往往要借助成人的帮助才能进行，——---------便成了早

期阅读的主要方式。

10．按讲述对象的特点分类，讲述活动分成-----------、----------------、情景表演讲述三种。

二、判断题(每小题1分，共20分)

1．没有语言，人类不但没法交流思想，并且也无法进行思维。( )

2．语言是一种非常复杂的符号结构系统，按其构成成分来说，包括音、形、义三个方面。( )

3．文字突破了语言交际中的时空限制，是最重要的交际工具。( )

4．语言系统的底层是一套音位，上层一般分为三级：第一级是音素，第二级是词，第三级是句子。( )

5．咳嗽声是人类发音器官发出的声音，也是语音。( )

6．轶事记灵法和实况详录法对学前儿童语言教育而言比较适宜的研究方法。( )

7．幼儿园语言教育方法一般的方法有亦范模仿法、视听讲做结合法、游戏法、表演法、练习法等。( )

8．“大班幼儿阅读能力的调查”通过调查，发现并分析了幼儿园大班儿童早期阅读中所存在的问题，它属于原因调查。( ) 9．前语言阶段，感知语音的能力是儿童获得语言的基础。( )

10．双词句结构不完整，句子成分常常缺漏，表达的意思也不明确，所以不具备句子的雏形。( )

11．婴儿出生后不久就有前语言交际的现象，如用不同的哭声表达需要，吸引成人的注

意。( )

12．幼儿语言教育的具体活动目标是指某一具体的教育活动中要达到的目的，一般由专

门的机构制订。( )

13．教育评价是为了甄别、检查儿童语言学习和发展的状况。( )

14．后天环境决定论，强调环境和学习对语言获得的决定性影响。( )

15．语言角的主要作用是让幼儿阅读文学作品，让有兴趣的幼儿认读汉字或练习运笔。

( )

16．在音乐活动中渗透语言教育，可以让儿童在学习歌曲后把歌词内容改编成故事，以提高音乐欣赏能力的语言表达能力。( ) 17．儿童文学作品是指那些浅显的诗歌、小说、散文、剧本等。( )

18．在谈话活动中，教师不能忘记自己组织者的身份，要直接对孩子的语言进行指导。

( )

19．听说游戏是由儿童自发组织，教师利用游戏中儿童兴趣而进行听说教学的游戏。

( )

20．“早期阅读”是指幼儿识一些字可以自己阅读。( )

三、问答题(前四题为简答题，答出要点即可；后二题为论述题。要求展开

分析论述。前四题每小题5分，后二题每小题l0分。共40分)

1·当幼儿进入围绕话题的自由交谈时，教师的职责和任务主要表现在哪些方面?

2·如何在日常生活和游戏中渗透语言教育?

3·影响学前儿童语言学习主要有哪些因素?

4·简述对语言“约定俗成”性的理解。

5·学前儿童语言学习有哪些重要特点?

6·实地观察评价法和间接信息评价法、自我评价法和他人评价法各有什么优缺点?

四、根据所给材料设计活动方案(共20分)

要求：1·设计应符合语言教育目标和幼儿年龄发展特点；

2·任意选择一种活动类型设计相应的活动方案，可提炼“材料2，，主题设计谈话活动或听说游戏方案，可围绕“材料2”设计讲述活动、文学作品学习活动或早期阅读活动方案；

3·方案结构完整，包含活动目标、活动准备、活动过程等内容；

4-按照活动设计与实施的步骤列出活动过程每一环节的要点。

材料l：

中班儿童语言教育目标

第一，谈话活动。能集中注意力，耐心倾听别人谈话，不打断别人的话；乐意与同伴交流，能大方地在集体面前说话；能说普通话，较连贯地表达自己的意思；学会围绕一定的话题谈话，不跑题；学会用轮流的方式谈话，不抢着讲，不乱插嘴；继续学习交往语言，提高语言交往能力。

第二，讲述活动。养成先仔细观察，后表达讲述的习惯；逐步学会理解图片和情景中展示的事件顺序；能主动地在集体面前讲述，声音响亮，句式完整；学习按照一定的顺序讲述实物、图片和情景的内容；能积极地倾听别人的讲述内容，发现异同，并从中学习好的讲述方法。

第三，听说游戏。在游戏中巩固练习发音，正确运用代词、方位词、副词、动词、连词和介词等；能说简单而完整的合成句；能听懂并理解多重游戏规则；学习较迅速地领悟游戏中的语言规贝0，并能及时作出相应的反应。

第四，文学作品学习活动。喜欢不同形式的文学作品，主动积极地参加文学活动；知道文学作品语言与日常生活语言的不同，进一步感受文学作品的语言美；学习理解文学作号的人物形象，感受作品的情感基调，能运用较恰当的语言、动作、绘画形式表现自己韵理解；能根据文学作品提供的线索，扩展想象，仿编或续编一个情节或一个画面。

第五，早期阅读。能仔细观察图画书画面的人物情节、看懂单页多幅的儿童图画书的内

容，增强预知故事情节发展和结局的能力；懂得爱护图书，知道图书的构成，有兴趣模仿制作图画书；在阅读过程中初步了解汉字的由来和汉字认读的规律，并有主动探索汉字的愿望；喜欢描画图形，尝试用有趣的方式练习汉字的笔画。

材料2：

小熊醒来吧

熊妈妈很早就起来干活了。小熊还在睡觉。鸟儿唱着歌，喊小熊起床：“嘀哩哩!嘀哩!

嘀哩!”小熊没听见。老鼠叫：“吱吱吱，吱吱吱!”小熊还没听见，小狗喊：“汪汪，汪汪!”小熊睡得很好，什么也听不见。

“啪嗒!啪嗒!”是小鹿来了。小熊还睡着。“砰砰!砰砰!”是大象走过，地都震动了，小熊还睡着。但是，当熊妈妈回来，轻轻地朝他说：‘‘小肇醒来吧!”小熊听得很清楚，说：“噢!妈妈！我睡得多香呀!”小熊醒来了！

试卷代号：2508

中央广播电视大学2008--2009学年度第一学期“开放专科’’期末考试

学前儿童语言教育试题答案及评分标准

(供参考)

一、填空题(每空l分，共20分)

1．运用社会交往规则运用语言进行认识和思考

2．前书写外语

3．专门的语言教育内容渗透的语言教育内容

4．省略音替代音重叠音

5·产生交际倾向学习“交际”规则扩展交际功能

6．词义泛化

7．正确分辨语音正确掌握发音动作

8．包含的语词数量结构的完整性和复杂性

9．亲予共读

10．看图讲述实物讲述

二、判断题(每小题1分。共20分)

1．√ 2．X ．3．× 4．× 5．×

6·× 7．√8．× 9．＼／ 10．×

11·＼／ 12．× l 3．X l4．√ l5．×

16·√ l7．× l8．X l9．X 20．×

三、问答题(前四题每小题5分，后二题每小题l0分，共40分)

71．①教师必须在场。

②教师参与谈话。

③教师要观察记录幼儿谈话情况，了解他们运用原有谈话经验进行交谈的状态，明了幼儿

谈话的水平差异，为下一阶段活动的指导作进一步准备。

2．日常生活中游戏为学前儿童提供了大量的语言交往机会，使儿童通过实践，练习、巩固、理解和运用语言。日常生活和游戏还为幼儿提供了有关各种事物和人际交往的丰富经验，为幼儿的语言活动积累了素材。通过日常生活中的一些主题活动，教师可以对幼儿的语言学习进行有针对性的指导。

(1)在日常交往中指导儿童学习语言。

(2)通过常规主题活动发展幼儿的语言。

(3)通过区角活动发展幼儿的交往语言。

3．(一)生理因素。生理因素包括三个方面：一是整套健全发音系统，包括肺、器官、喉头、声带、口腔、鼻腔等；二是大脑神经系统的健全，涉及到儿童接受信息、分析信息、传递信息的能力；三是感知觉系统的完善，包括视觉、听觉、触觉、味觉、嗅觉等。

(二)心理因素。心理因素包括知识经验的积累、认知能力的发展、心理素质的差异三个方面，其中最为重要的是大脑的认知能力。

(三)社会因素。较为重要的是儿童的社会生活环境，成人语言观和儿童教育观的影响。

4．语言符号的音义关系是由社会约定的，用什么样的“音”去表达什么样的“义”，完全由社会约定，因而这种音义的任意性关系又叫约定性。“约定俗成”的含义：第一，语言符号的语音形式和意义内容之间没有必然的、本质的联系，完全是任意的，音义结合的任意性是人粪语言多样性的一个重要原因。第二，用什么样的声音形式表达什么样的意义，什么样的意义用什么样的语音表达，是由社会全体成员共同约定并共同遵守的。

符号的任意性特点是就语言起源符号创制之初而言的，符号一旦进入交际，也就是某一语音形式与某一意义结合，就对人们有强制性，每一个人都只能接受它，如果破坏约定擅自更改，就必然遭到社会的拒绝。所以，语言符号的任意性和强制性是对立的统一，人们不能随意更改已经约定的音义关系。

5．(一)语言学习是儿童语言主动建构的过程。首先，儿童在与成人交往和运用语言的过程接触到了语言环境，这个环境为他们提供了种种语言模型，足以用来选择。只有那些他们能够理解、能够模仿的模型，才会被有意识地挑选上，并被不断地加以模仿和练习。其次，与此同时，儿童语言模型稍加改动，增添、减少或变换个别语言单位，作为自己的语言表达出来。这种根据自己需要进行的创造性和变通式的模仿，正是儿童主动参与语言构建的过程。此外，成人在与儿童交流时，一定程度上考虑到了儿童对语言的接受和模仿，成人所提供的语言模型也会义剑儿重自身特点的影响。这就是儿童对语言环境的反作用力。

(二)语言学习是儿童语言是语言个性化的过程。每个儿童所依托的语言环境都不一样，

既有的经验和语言的积累使得儿童在交往中带有鲜明的个性印记。特定的语言习惯显现其语言个性’这种个性可以从语言使用的句式、词汇、口头禅甚至是语调体现出来。除去语言表达的形式的个性化之外，语言内容同样呈现出个性色彩。不同的儿童在语言学习中表现出不同的特点他们对话题的偏好、句式的选择都呈现明显的个体差异。在学习过程中的速度、效果，

运用语言交际的积极性也各有不同。

(三)语言学习是儿童语言是语言综合化的过程。语言本身是音义结合的符号系统，儿童

在学习语言的时候，语音和语义是必须结合在一起学习的，儿童学习语言的过程往往就是他们认识事物的过程。同时，语言的学习也儿童在其他领域的学习紧密联系在一起，儿童的成长成熟通过语言的成长成熟表现出来。

(四)语言学习是儿童语言是循序渐进、逐步累积的过程。儿童掌握语言，要掌握语音、词汇、语法，并将其运用成熟，会经历从无到有、积少成多、逐步完善等过程。

6·(1)实地观察评价法的优点是，全面、客观，具有鲜活、原生态的特征，能比较真实地反映活动的本来面貌，可信度比较高。但实地观察评价由于组织评价要求的即时性，状态展现的短暂性，所以对评价者的时间、精力要求都比较高。

‘2’间接信息评价法的语言教育信息丰才料具有可反复回放、重现的特征，彘灵活地按照需要再现当时的活动情境，方便组织安排，可以用来不断的、多层次评价剖析，也便于深入研究、探索规律。但是由于信息资料均来自于间接，如被评价者由于某种原因，或者收集者的水平等问题'都可能会造成信息的失真，那就较难反映被评价真实的状态，使评价失去意义。因此，间接收集的信息尽量要求做到保持原貌，力求以最真实的状态呈现，使评价减少不必要的误差。

‘3’自我评价法的优点，是不受时间和场合的晖制，简便易行，省时省力，可以在较长时间内连续操作，机动灵活，有利于发挥评价对象——教师的主体作用。缺点为，由于，缺少外界参照系’不易进行横向比较，所以容易出现过高或过低的趋向，其结果的客观性较差。

(4)他人评价法的优点是，客观性强，有利于避免主观片面性；可信度较高，可避免对自己评价过高或过低；也有利于优秀经验的及时分享与推广。但对组织主持者要求较高，需要有专业理论素养、实践能力和较好的组织协调能力，发挥好专业引领者作用。团体的研究氛围也十分重要，要求成员间能真诚合作，本着相互探讨、共同提高的目的，而不是一团和气净说好话，或者故意找茬，鸡蛋里面挑骨头。他人评价法相对于自我评价法而言，比较化费精力和人力，故不大适宜频繁进行-

四、根据所给材料设计活动方案(共20分)

(本题无统一答案，按所设计方案符合要求的程度酌情给分) ‘

要求：1．设计应符合语言教育目标和幼儿年龄发展特点(见试题材料1)；

2．活动类型应为文学作品学习、讲述活动、谈话活动、听说游戏活动、早期阅读活动中的一种

3．方案结构完整，包含活动目标、活动准备、活动过程等内容；

4．按照活动设计与实施的步骤(见所附材料)列出活动过程每一环节的要点。

附：活动过程一般步骤

文学作品学习设计与实施的步骤：1．初步感知文学作品；2·理解体验作品经验；3·迁移作品经验；4．创造性想象和语言表述。

讲述活动设计与实施的步骤：1．感知理解讲述对象；2．运用已有经验自+由讲述；3·引进并学习新的讲述经验。

谈话活动设计与实施的步骤：1．创设谈话情境，引出谈话话题；2·鼓励幼儿围绕话题自由交谈；3．引导幼儿围绕中心话题逐步拓展交谈内容；4·教师隐性示范新的谈话经验。

听说游戏活动设计与实施的步醵：1创设游戏情景，弓l发幼儿兴趣；2·交待游戏规则'明警游戏玩法；3．教师指导幼儿游戏；4．幼儿自主游戏。

早期阅读活动设计与实施的步骤：1．幼儿自己阅读；2．师幼共同阅读；3·围绕阅读重点开展活动；4．归纳阅读内容。

《学前儿童语言教育》作业参考答案

（2013年3月）

作业1（绪论、第一章、第六章）

一、填空题：（每空1分，共25分）

1.个人的语言运用能力是一种多侧面的能力，大致包括运用社会交往规则的能力、运用语言进行认识和思考的能力。

2.学前儿童语言教育主要是研究学前儿童语言获得、语言学习和语言教育的过程。

3.学前儿童语言教育的研究方法主要有：自然观察法、调查研究法和教育行动研究法等理论与实践相结合的综合方法。

4.语言可以分为底层和上层：底层是一套音位；上层一般分为三级，分别是语素、词、句子。

5.独词句的出现和从独词句到双词句是儿童学话中的关键的两步，因为语言基本的奥秘已开始渗入这些简单的学习之中。

6.儿童掌握语言，要掌握语音、词汇、语法，并将其运用成熟。

7.前儿童语言学习受到各种因素的影响，这些因素大致可以分为生理因素、心理因素和社会因素。

8.语言观念是指人们对于语言的认识、情感、看法、态度和审美情趣等有关语言的一系列态度和看法。

9. 学前全语言教育发展的是学前儿童听、说、读、前书写以及外语等全面的语言能力。

二、判断题（每小题1分，共25分）

（√）1.在一切动物中，唯独人类具有高度发展的语言系统。

（×）2.语言是先天遗传的，生理上正常的孩子，长大就会使用语言。

（×）3.动物也有语言，我们日常说的所谓“莺声燕语”就是动物的语言。

（√）4.一个社会可以没有文字，但是不能没有语言。

（×）5.文字突破了语言交际中的时空限制，是最重要的交际工具。

（×）6.体态语可以脱离语言而独立完成一定的交际任务，所以它能代替语言交际的功能。

（×）7.聋哑的人不会说话但能够思维，这说明思维可以离开语言而单独存在。

（√）8.语言发展最重要的生理基础是人类的神经系统特别是大脑的发展。

（×）9.语言是一种非常复杂的符号结构系统，按其构成成分来说，包括音、形、义三个方面。

（×）10.语音是口头语言的物质载体，是人类发音器官所发出的声音。

（×）11.咳嗽声是人类发音器官发出的声音，也是语音。

（√）12.人类的语言是分层装置的，靠组合、替换来运转。

（√）13.语言系统的上层是音义结合体，即符号和符号的序列，是表义单位。

（√）14.组合关系是符号与符号组合起来的关系，就是构成线性序列的语言成分之间的结构关系。

（√）15.独词句体现了词和事物的联系，特别是词指称整类事物的概括性。

（√）16.双词句体现了造句的基本原理。

（√）17.0—3岁是儿童语言真正形成时期，也是儿童语言发展最迅速阶段。

（√）18.双词句体现了造句的基本原理。

（×）19.“言语”就是“语言”，两者只是名称不同，实质上没有什么区别。

（×）20.“早期阅读”是指幼儿识一些字可以自己阅读。

（×）21.轶事记录法和实况详录法对学前儿童语言教育而言是比较适宜的研究方法。

（×）22.“大班幼儿阅读能力的调查”发现并分析了幼儿园大班儿童早期阅读中所存在的问题，它属于原因调查。

（×）23.“××地区幼儿学说普通话与方言关系的调查”，通过收集幼儿学说普通话过程中存在的发音问题，以便今后的语言教育中加以重点突破，它属于跟踪调查。

（×）24.“幼儿口头语言和书面语言发展关键时间的调查”主要调查儿童的语言发展特征随时间推移而发展变化的情况，它属于相关调查。

（×）25.行动研究属于正规性研究，其方案要求严密完善，并且随着研究与实践的进程加以调整。

三、简答题（每小题5分，共40分）

1.什么是语言能力？

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电大学位英语试题真题

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Often，only one section of a building needs to be changed. “You don‘t necessarily have to treat every window，”https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa11103412.html,urel said. “It would be too expensive to do the whole building.”The Jacob Convention Center，which has been undergoing alterations，is the most recent building to voluntarily correct the problem of bird crashes. The architects used less reflective glass and dot patterns. 1. What is the main idea of the passage？ A. New York is a city of glass towers. B. Glass tower are dangerous for migrating birds. C. New York adopted new safety standards for buildings. D. Glass towers are a new trend in the United States. 2. What is the number one cause of death for migrating birds？ A. Climate change B. Habitat loss C. Lack of food D. Crashing into buildings. 3. What does the word “fixes”in the third paragraph probably mean？ A. Choices B. Explanations C. Solutions D. Developments 4. _____are used in the alteration of the Jacob K. 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